useful

information
for
foundrymen

WHITING
METALLURGICAL
EQUIPMENT
SYSTEMS

A complete line
of
Ferrous Melting Equipment
With Material
and
Hot Metal Handling Equipment
Engineered for the job.

Copyright 2004, by Whiting Equipment Canada Inc., Welland, Ontario, L3B 5P4

To Our Friends
in the Metal Casting
Industry:
The information herein is revised periodically to include the
most current practical data useful to the people in the
Metallurgical Industry. Data is included on Induction Furnaces
to complete the line of melting and metal handling equipment
covered herein. We hope you find this useful.
For more information or additional copies of this booklet,
please contact us.

Metallurgical Equipment Division

WHITING EQUIPMENT CANADA INC.
Welland, Ontario, Canada
+1 905-732-7585

POINTS TO CONSIDER IN PLANNING

NEW CUPOLA INSTALLATION

Tonnage Requirements
Mechanical charging
Air weight control and recording
Hot blast system
Moisture control
Water cooling for heats of 16 hours and over
Slag Handling and Disposal
Front slag spout for continuous tapping, lower carbons and higher temperatures
Insulated mixing and desulphurizing ladle, forehearth, or duplexing furnace
Cupola service platform at charging door
Height of charging opening
Tappers platform
Cast iron block lining at charging zone
Blower capacity
Facilities for removing bottom drop
Bottom door hoist
Weighing and recording of charge materials
Emission Control Equipment
Roof hood
Ample height of cupola legs to allow for mixing ladle, forehearth or duplexing furnace
Automatic gas vents in wind box
Safety Overflow Spout

Page 2

POINTERS ON CONVENTIONAL
CUPOLA OPERATION
1.

AIR SUPPLY

Make sure that the blower or fan is in good operating condition, particularly the bearings. Check the air
line from blower to windbox for possible leaks. Check air losses with the air circuit under pressure. Check
function and calibration of air weight controller.

2.

LINING

Check for proper repair after each heat. See that all slag adhering after the heat is removed and worn
spots patched up. Lining should be repaired to a true circle at all times.

3.

BOTTOM PLATE AND DOORS

Inspect frequently for distortion or cracks.

4.

BLAST PRESSURE
See that the pressure gauge is working correctly and that it registers zero when the pressure is actually

zero.

5.

SAFETY SPOUT
Make sure that the lead disc is in place and clear from sand and clay.

6.

TAP HOLE AND SLAG HOLE

These should be maintained at the desired size and positions.

7.

TUYERES

Tuyeres should fit tight against the shell to minimize air leakage. These joints should be regularly
inspected and kept sealed with suitable refractory.

8.

SCALES

Scales for weighing up charges should be checked frequently. We recommend separate scales for
metallic charges and for coke and stone.

9.

CHARGES

Keep close tab on the charge makeup. See that proper amounts of pig, scrap, coke, and flux are
delivered to the cupola as called for by the metallurgist. Check the tares for buckets and harrows used in
making up charges.

10.

SIZE OF MATERIALS

Pig iron as well as scrap should not be larger than 1/3, and the coke from 1/10 to 1/12 of the inside
diameter of the cupola.

11.

TEMPERATURE

Check metal temperatures with pyrometer. Know what you are getting. Have pyrometer checked for
accuracy.

12.

ANALYSIS

Analyze all materials going into the cupola, also the test bars from every heat. Make chill tests
frequently.

13.

LOG
Insist on an accurate record of every heat.

NOTE: Heavy exhaust systems in the foundry may create a partial vacuum condition, causing a down draft
through the cupola stack. The cupola building should be properly vented.

Page 3

APPOXIMATE MELTING RATES IN TONS PER HOUR FOR

WHITING LINED CUPOLAS (Uninterrupted Operation)

Cupola
Size

Shell
Diam.

Lower
Lining
Thickness**

Diam.
Inside
Lining

Recommended
Blower Cap'y.

Area
Inside
Lining
Sq.
In.

Theoretical
Air Flow
thru
Tuyeres
SCFM

Volume
ICFM

METAL TO COKE RATIO (Carbon Content of Coke 90%)

6:1

7:1

8:1

9:1

10:1

11:1

12:1

Pressure
2*
oz./in.

333#/ton

286#/ton

250#/ton

222#/ton

200#/ton

182#/ton

167#/ton

99ft3/#c

107ft3/#c

112ft3/#c

118ft3/#c

123ft3/#c

128ft3/#c

132ft3/#c

27"

4"

18"

254

573

640

1.1

1.3

1.4

-----

-----

-----

-----

1
2
2
3
3
4
5

32"
36"
41"
46"
51"
56"
63"

4"
4"
7"
7"
7"
7"
9"

23"
27"
27"
32"
37"
42"
45"

415
573
573
804
1075
1385
1590

937
1293
1293
1815
2426
3126
3589

1040
1430
1430
2000
2700
3450
4000

16
20
20
24
24
24
28

1.9
2.6
2.6
3.7
4.9
6.3
7.3

2.0
2.8
2.8
4.0
5.3
6.8
7.8

2.2
3.1
3.1
4.3
5.8
7.4
8.5

2.4
3.3
3.3
4.6
6.2
7.9
9.1

------------4.9
6.6
8.5
9.7

--------------------9.0
10.3

-----------------------------

6
7
8
9
9
10

66"
72"
78"
84"
90"
96"

9"
9"
9"
9"
9"
9"

48"
54"
60"
66"
72"
78"

1810
2290
2827
3421
4072
4778

4085
5170
6380
7720
9190
10790

4500
5750
7100
8600
10200
11900

32
32
32
36
36
36

8.3
10.4
12.9
15.6
18.6
21.8

8.9
11.3
13.9
16.8
20.0
23.5

9.7
12.3
15.2
18.4
21.9
25.7

10.4
13.1
16.2
19.6
23.4
27.4

11.1
14.0
17.3
20.9
24.9
29.2

11.7
14.8
18.3
22.1
26.3
30.9

12.4
15.7
19.3
23.4
27.8
32.7

11
12

102"
108"

12"
12"

78"
84"

4778
5542

10790
12510

11900
13900

36
36

21.8
25.3

23.5
27.3

25.7
29.8

27.4
31.8

29.2
33.9

30.9
35.8

32.7
37.9

* Additional pressure capacity may be required when auxiliary equipment is added to the blast system or when ductwork is long or complicated.
** For long heats use heavier lining or use water cooling.

Page 4

APPOXIMATE MELTING RATES IN TONS PER HOUR FOR

WHITING LININGLESS HOT BLAST CUPOLAS (Uninterrupted Operation)
Cupola Cupola
I.D. of
Area
Melt
Sq.
Zone
In.
54"
60"
66"
72"
78"
84"
90"
96"
102"
108"
114"

2290
2827
3421
4072
4778
5542
6362
7238
8171
9161
10207

Theoretical
Recommended
Air Flow
Blower Cap'y.
thru
Volume Pressure
Tuyeres
ICFM
oz./in2*
SCFM
5170
6000
48
6380
7100
48
7720
8600
48
9190
10500
56
10790
12000
56
12510
13900
56
14360
16000
64
16340
18000
64
18440
20300
72
20680
22800
72
23040
25500
80

METAL TO COKE RATIO (Carbon Content of Coke 90%)

5:1
6:1
7:1
8:1
9:1
10:1
400#Coke/Ton

333#Coke/Ton

286#Coke/Ton

250#Coke/Ton

222#Coke/Ton

200#Coke/Ton

86ft3/#c

99ft3/#c

107ft3/#c

112ft3/#c

118ft3/#c

123ft3/#c

10.0
12.4
15.0
17.8
20.9
24.2
27.8
31.7
35.7
40.1
44.7

10.4
12.9
15.6
18.6
21.8
25.3
29.0
29.0
37.3
41.8
46.5

11.3
13.9
16.8
20.0
23.5
27.3
31.3
35.6
40.2
45.1
50.2

12.3
15.2
18.4
21.9
25.7
29.8
34.2
38.9
43.9
49.2
54.9

--------19.6
23.4
27.4
31.8
36.5
41.5
46.9
52.6
58.6

----------------29.2
33.9
38.9
44.3
50.0
56.0
62.4

NOTES: For larger Cupola sizes consult Whiting Metallurgical Equipment Division
* Recommended minimum pressure for use with 1000 F. Whiting-Thermo hot Blast Heater
For detailed specifications consult Whiting Metallurgical Equipment Division

Page 5

CUPOLA LINING DATA

B
A B
B
B
A
B

A B
A B

Key

A B

A. 9 4 x 2
Straight

A B

B. 9 x 4 x 9 Calliau
Block

A B
A B

.9D
Approx.

C. 9x 4 x 2 Straight

B
B
B
A B
B
A B
B

Key

AC

A. 9 4 x 2
Straights and arches
B. 9 x 6 x 4 Cupola
Block

.9D
Approx.

B
B

C. 9 x 4 x 1 Split

B
A B
B
A B
B

A B
D

A B
C

7 LINING

B
B
B
B
B

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

B
B
B
B
B
B
B

B
A B
B
A B
B

9 LINING

Key
A. 9 4 x 2
Straights and arches
.9D
Approx.

B. 9 x 6 x 4 Cupola
Block

10 LINING

Page 6

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B B
A B B
B B
A B B
B B
B B
A
B B

B
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B

Key

.9D
Approx.

A.

9x 4 x 2
Straight

B.

9 x 6 x 4 Cupola
Block

C.

9x 4 x 1
Split

12 LINING

CUPOLA LININGS
NUMBER OF BRICK AND BLOCK REQUIRED FOR WHITING CUPOLAS
NOTE: For long runs, heavier lining may be required. Consult your supplier for other available shapes.
LOWER LINING
UPPER LINING
Shell
Matls Reqd per Foot of Height
Matls Reqd per Foot of Height
Cupola
Lining
Lining
Cupola Inside
Inside
Cupola
Total
No. 1
Total
ThickThick- 9 Str.
Cupola 9 Str. Fire
Fire
No.
Diam.
Diam.
Block
Weight
Arch
Weight
ness
ness
Block Brick Clay
Brick
Clay
Inches
Approx.
Size No.
Approx.
Brick
Approx.
Inches
Inches Pcs.
Pcs.
Pcs. Lbs.
Lbs.
Inches
Lbs.
Pcs.
Lbs.
0
27
4
18
* A 16-25
12
3
15
335
1
32
4
23
* B 21-30
16
3
22
442
2
26
12
210
2
36
4
27
* C 27-36
18
24
494
2
30
14
242
2
41
7
27
* C 27-36
18
34
40
740
2
34
16
267
3
46
7
32
* D 30-39
20
42
44
863
2
39
18
315
3
51
7
27
* D 30-39
6
43
47
924
2
43
20
347
* E 40-49
16
4
56
7
42
* E 40-49
25
51
54
1067
2
48
22
387
5
63
9
45
* * 42-54
27
55
72
1390
4
5
101
44
800
* * 48-60
33
6
66
9
48
* * 48-60
63
56
76
1447
4
11
101
47
852
7
72
9
54
* * 54-66
69
64
83
1681
4
20
101
50
919
8
78
9
60
* * 60-72
78
68
91
1778
4
32
101
55
1000
9
84
9
66
* * 66-78
84
74
98
1920
4
42
101
58
1079
9
90
9
72
* * 72-84
90
80
105
2063
4
52
101
63
1160
10
96
9
78
* * 78-90
96
84
115
2194
4
65
101
65
1238
11
102
12
78
* * 78-90
96
122
3182
4
72
101
69
1318
* * 90-102
108
12
108
12
84
* * 84-96
102
130
3370
4
82
101
75
1400
* * 96-108
114

Page 7

CUPOLA LININGS
ALTERNATE ARRANGEMENTS FOR LOWER LINING, Cupola No. 0 Through No. 4

Cupola
No.

Shell
Inside
Diam.
Inches

0
1
2
2
3
3
4

27
32
36
41
46
51
56

Using Standard arch and Straight Brick (2 brick)

Cupola
Materials Required Per Foot of Heigth
Lining
Inside
No. 3
No. 2
No. 1
Total
9 Str.
Fire
Thickness
Diam.
Arch
Arch
Arch
Weight
Brick
Clay
Inches
(Approx.)
Brick
Brick
Brick
(Approx.)
Pcs.
Lbs.
Inches
Pcs.
Pcs.
Pcs.
Lbs.
4
18
6
40
18
311
4
23
48
7
22
384
4
27
42
20
25
440
7
27
42
20
34
40
706
7
32
32
38
39
46
820
7
37
24
54
43
50
916
7
42
15
71
48
55
1021

USING STANDARD CIRCLE BRICK (9 x 4 x 2) Cupola No. 1 Through No. 4

Materials Required Per Foot of Heigth
Cupola
Lining
Inside
24-33
36-45
45-57
Total
Cupola
9 Str.
Fire
Thickness
Diam.
Circle
Circle
Circle
Weight
No.
Brick
Clay
Inches
(Approx.)
Brick
Brick
Brick
(Approx.)
Pcs.
Lbs.
Inches
Pcs.
Pcs.
Pcs.
Lbs.
1
32
4
23
58
22
382
2
36
4
27
44
20
25
436
2
41
7
27
44
20
34
40
702
3
46
7
32
20
53
39
46
832
3
51
7
37
68
10
43
50
909
4
56
7
42
39
48
48
55
1025
Note: 3 series brick in these shapes are available fewer bricks with fewer joints would be required.
Shell
Inside
Diam.
Inches

Page 8

STANDARD LINING ARRANGEMENTS

4

4
2

Upper Lining
9 x 4 x 2
Firebrick

Upper Lining
9 x 4 x 2
Firebrick

Lower Lining
9 x 9 x 4
Cupola Block

Linings for Std. Cupolas

No. 1-2

Lower Lining
9 x 9 x 4
Cupola Block

9
4

Linings for Std. Cupolas

No. 2-3-3-4

2
2
4

Upper Lining
9 x 4 x 2
Firebrick

Upper Lining
9 x 4 x 2
Firebrick

Lower Lining
9 x 4 x 6
Cupola Block

9
2

6
8

Lower Lining
9 x 4 x 6
Cupola Block

9
6

Linings for Std. Cupolas

No. 5 to 10 Incl.

Linings for Std. Cupolas

No. 11 & 12

ALTERNATE ARRANGEMENTS FOR UPPER LININGS

FOR CUPOLAS NO. 5 THROUGH NO. 12
Using Standard Circle Brick (9 x 4 x 2)

Cupola
No.

Shell
Inside
Diam.
Inches

Upper
Lining
Thickness
Inches

5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12

63
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

Diam.
Inside
Upper
Lining
(Approx.)
Inches
54
57
63
69
75
81
87
93
99

MATERIALS REQUIRED PER FOR OF HEIGHT

48-57
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

60-69
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

48
20

58
92
82
29

72-81
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

44
106
101
34

84-93
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

44
120
111
24

96-105
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

53
149
120

108-117
Circle
Brick
Pcs.

63

Fire
Clay
Lbs.

Total
Weight
(Approx.)
Lbs

44
47
50
55
58
63
65
69
75

800
852
919
1000
1079
1160
1238
1318
1400

NOTE:3 series brick in these shapes are available fewer brick

with fewer joints would be required.

Page 9

RECOMMENDED TAP HOLE SIZES

FOR CONTINUOUS TAPPING
AND BACK SLAGGING
Melting Rate in
5
10
15
20
Tons per hr.
Diameter
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
Tap Hole
Equivalent
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
Pipe Size
NOTE: For other than round holes, use equivalent cross-sectional area

25
1-1/8
1

GOOD MONOLITHIC REFRACTORY LINING

(Acid) for Cupola Melting Zones, Converters,
Ladles, Electric Furnace Bottoms, etc.

50% Minus 3/8 Silica Ganister

30% Minus 1/8 Silica Ganister
14% 140 Mesh or finerSilica Flour
6% Western Bentonite
7% Or More Water by weight (Use as much water as possible without causing puffing
while ramming).
Mull in good muller eight (8) minutes or more.
Ram as hard as possible around steel form.
Dry slowly at 600F. as long as practicable; up to 36 hours is desirable.
Heat slowly from 600 to 1250F. in 3 to 4 hours.
Preheat from 1250 to 2000F. before charging with molten iron.
NOTE: To guide those wishing to make screen test on mixture. Particle size distribution of dry
mixture should be as follows:
On 28 Mesh
Thru 28 Mesh on 65 Mesh
Thru 65 Mesh

Page 10

53 to 55%
14 to 14 %
33 to 36 %

FRONT SLAGGING

SLAG NOTCH

SKIMMER BRICK

S
TAP HOLE

METAL DAM

H*

SAND BOTTOM

DRAIN HOLE

* H inches > cupola pressure oz./in.2 : 4

1 to 2

RECOMMENDED TAP HOLE SIZES FOR FRONT SLAGGING

Melting rate in tons per hour
Minimum Diameter of tap hole

10

15

20

25

1-1/4

1-3/4

2-1/4

2-1/2

2-3/4

Equivalent Std. Pipe Sizes

1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2 2-1/2
NOTE: For other than round holes, use equivalent cross-sectional area

Page 11

AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION*

(60 F Temp. and 29.92 Inches of Mercury)

Effluent
Gas
CO2% CO% N2%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

34.7
33.0
31.4
29.7
28.1
26.4
24.7
23.1
21.5
19.8
18.2
16.5
14.8
13.2
11.6
9.9
8.3
6.6
5.0
3.3
1.7
0.0

65.3
66.0
66.6
67.3
67.9
68.6
69.3
69.9
70.5
71.2
71.8
72.5
73.2
73.8
74.4
75.1
75.7
76.4
77.0
77.7
78.3
79.0

Fraction
of 1 Lb.
Carbon
Burned to
A
B
CO2 CO
0.000
0.029
0.060
0.092
0.125
0.159
0.195
0.232
0.271
0.312
0.354
0.400
0.447
0.496
0.547
0.602
0.658
0.720
0.783
0.852
0.922
1.000

1.000
0.971
0.940
0.908
0.875
0.841
0.805
0.768
0.729
0.688
0.646
0.600
0.553
0.504
0.453
0.398
0.342
0.280
0.217
0.148
0.078
0.000

Air Requirements
Lbs. per 1 Lb.
Carbon

Heat Developed
BTU. per Lb.
Carbon

O2

N2

Air

CO2

CO

N2

Total

CO2

CO

Total

1.33
1.37
1.41
1.45
1.50
1.54
1.59
1.64
1.69
1.75
1.80
1.87
1.93
1.99
2.07
2.13
2.21
2.29
2.38
2.47
2.57
2.67

4.44
4.57
4.70
4.85
4.99
5.14
5.30
5.47
5.64
5.82
6.01
6.21
6.42
6.64
6.86
7.11
7.35
7.63
7.91
8.21
8.52
8.87

5.77
5.94
6.11
6.30
6.49
6.68
6.89
7.11
7.33
7.57
7.81
8.08
8.35
8.63
8.93
9.24
9.57
9.92
10.29
10.68
11.09
11.54

0.00
0.11
0.22
0.34
0.46
0.58
0.71
0.85
0.99
1.15
1.30
1.47
1.64
1.82
2.01
2.21
2.42
2.64
2.87
3.13
3.39
3.67

2.33
2.26
2.19
2.11
2.04
1.96
1.88
1.79
1.70
1.60
1.51
1.40
1.29
1.17
1.06
0.92
0.80
0.65
0.51
0.34
0.18
0.00

4.44
4.57
4.70
4.85
4.99
5.14
5.30
5.47
5.64
5.82
6.01
6.21
6.42
6.64
6.86
7.11
7.35
7.63
7.91
8.21
8.52
8.87

6.77
6.94
7.11
7.30
7.49
7.68
7.89
8.11
8.33
8.57
8.82
9.08
9.35
9.63
9.93
10.24
10.57
10.92
11.29
11.68
12.09
12.54

000
422
873
1338
1819
2314
2837
3376
3943
4540
5151
5820
6504
7217
7959
8759
9576
10476
11393
12397
13410
14550

4350
4224
4089
3950
3806
3658
3502
3340
3171
2993
2810
2610
2406
2192
1971
1731
1488
1218
944
644
339
000

4350
4646
4962
5288
5625
5972
6339
6716
7114
7533
7961
8431
8910
9409
9930
10490
11064
11694
12337
13041
13749
14550

* See Page 13 for an explanation and example of the

data contained in this chart.

Page 12

Gases Produced
Lbs. per
Lb. Carbon

Efficiency Lbs. Air Cu. Ft.

of
per lb.
Air
Comper. lb.
busC
C
tion %
29.9
31.9
34.1
36.3
38.6
41.1
43.5
46.2
48.8
51.7
54.7
57.9
61.2
64.7
68.3
72.1
76.0
80.4
84.8
89.6
94.5
100.0

5.77
5.94
6.11
6.30
6.49
6.68
6.89
7.11
7.33
7.57
7.81
8.08
8.35
8.63
8.93
9.24
9.57
9.92
10.29
10.68
11.09
11.54

75.5
77.7
79.9
82.4
84.8
87.3
90.0
92.9
95.8
99.0
102.1
105.6
109.1
112.8
116.8
120.8
125.1
129.7
134.5
141.2
145.0
151.0

EXPLANATION.
(1) C + O2 = CO2
(2) CO2 + C = 2CO
For a gas analysis of 14 percent CO2 the table shows 11.6 percent CO and 74.4 percent N2 and the 11.6 percent CO results from the
reduction of CO2 no free oxygen being involved. It is now necessary to resort to the use of the Law of Hess which states that the result
of a series of reactions is the same regardless of the intermediate steps, and thus, when (2) is added to (1) the result is
or

2C + O2 = 2CO
C + O2 = CO

This reaction does not actually take place, but by the Law of Hess, its occurrence can be assumed.
The CO content of the effluent gases in the problem under consideration has been shown to be 11.6 per cent and this theoretically
results from the incomplete combustion of a certain amount of carbon of the coke. At the same time 14 per cent CO2 is derived from
the carbon that is completely consumed initially, When 1 lb. C is burned under these conditions, the fraction burned to CO2 is
Cco2 = 14/(14 + 11.6) = 0.547
and the fraction burned to CO is Cco = 11.6/(14 + 11.6) 0.453
Consequently, the air required to form CO is 0.547 x 151* = 82.6 cu. ft.
and that required to form CO 0.453 x 75.5** = 34.2 cu. ft.
The total volume of air used to burn one pound of carbon under these conditions is 116.8 cu. ft. It has been assumed that one ton of
iron is being melted at a ratio of 10 to 1, therefore 200 lbs. of coke containing 90% carbon, or 180 lbs. of carbon are being burned. The
total air consumption is
180 x 116.8 = 21,000 cu. ft. (approximately)
* 151 Cu. ft. of air required to burn 1 lb. of carbon to CO2.
** 755 Cu. ft. of air required to burn 1 lb. of carbon to CO.

Page 13

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METAL

TEMPERATURE AND MELTING RATE FOR
VARIOUS BLAST RATES AND FUEL RATIOS

10

15

20

Lbs. Metal per Hour per Sq. Ft. Cupola Area

2800

Cu. Ft. per Min. per

Sq. In. Cupola Area

2.92
2.43

2780

I.D.
Cupola
24
30
36
42
45
48
54
60
66
72
78
84

280

2.20
260

2760
1.94

2740

240

Lbs. Carbon per Ton

(2000 Lbs) Metal
220

2720
1.65
2700

2660

1.46

TEMPERATURE F

2680

200

Area of Cupola
Sq. In. Sq. Ft.
452.3 3.142
706.8 4.909
1017.8 7.069
1385.4 9.621
1590.4 11.04
1809.5 12.57
2290 15.90
2827 19.65
3421 23.76
4072 28.27
4778 33.18
5542 38.48

2800
2780
2760
2740
2720
2700
2680

180
2660
160

2640

2640

9.1
10.0

2620

140

2620

11.1
120

2600

2600

12.5
317

350

420

2580

2580
Lbs. Metal per
Lb. Carbon

2560

Cu. Ft. per Min. per Sq. Ft.

Cupola Area

280

2560

14.3
2540

2540

2520
2500
2480

16.7

2460

2520

Relationship between metal temperature and melting

rate for various blast rates and fuel ratios, from data
reported by Massori and Lindsay.
G.C. Wright American Foundryman Nov. 47

235

2500
2480

210

2460

Lbs. Metal per Minute per Sq. Ft. Cupola Area

2440

2440
14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

MELT RATE

Page 14

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

FORMULA FOR ESTIMATING

HEIGHT OF BED COKE
Multiply the square root of the blast pressure by 10.5 and add a factor F for operational
variables.
Coke Bed Height (above Tuyeres) in inches = 10.5

Wind Box Press.

(ox./in. 2 )

+F

For normal operating conditions and using a cone bottom charging bucket, an F factor of 6 may
be used. For other than normal operating conditions or when they are not exactly known (as
when starting up a new installation), the proper value for F may vary up to 12 to 18 maximum. If
lower carbon iron is desired, the F factor is lower than if high carbon iron is desired. If a quick
bottom release charging bucket is used, a higher F value is indicated. Some believe if the coke
size is smaller or larger than one-tenth 1/10) to one-twelfth (1/12) of the inside diameter of the
cupola lining, F is greater. Other conditions may affect the value too.
Example: Given a blast pressure of 16 oz., the square root is 4, and 10.5 x 4 is 42.0.
Using F = 6, the bed coke should be 48 above the tuyeres; for F = 12, it would be 54;
and for F = 18, it would be 60; all for a 16 oz. blast.
This should serve to estimate starting requirements. The exact value of F may be established
for a particular installation and operation by adjusting the initial value, as suggested above,
according to the results obtained and desired.
APPROXIMATE HOLDING CAPACITY
OF CUPOLA WELL
Dia. inside lining
(inches)
23
27
32
37
42
45
48
54
60
66
72
78
84

Approx Molten Iron Holding

Capacity Cupola Well
(lbs.)
570
820
1160
1540
1990
2280
2610
3390
4050
4910
5840
6840
7960

(Figures based on (1) 12-inch average depth of metal, and (2) molten metal occupies 46 percent
of available volume of the well.)
(Courtesy AFSThe Cupola and Its Operation)

Page 15

AIR
Humidity, pounds water vapor per pound dry air

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

Percentage relative humidity curves

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.000
20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Temperature F

Psychrometric chart: temperature range, 20 to 90F; pressure, 29.921 in. Hg.

Humidity, pounds water vapor per pound dry air

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25

Percentage relative humidity curves

0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

Temperature F

Psychrometric chart: temperature range, 10 to 210F; pressure, 29.921 in. Hg.

Page 16

(Both charts by permission of O.T. Zimmerman, author, and publishers of Kent

Engineering Handbook.)

COKE CONSUMPTION DUE TO MOISTURE

Grains Water per Cu. Ft. of Blast
20,000

10

11

12

13 14

15

16

17

18

19

20

18,000

Cu. Ft. Blast per Minute

16,000

14,000
% Blast
Increase*
1
0.9
2
1.9
3
2.9
4
3.8
5
4.8
6
5.8
7
6.7
8
7.7
9
8.7
10
9.8
11
10.8
12
11.8
13
12.8
14
13.8
15
14.9
16
15.9
17
17.0
18
18.0
19
19.1
20
20.1
*Based on Stand. Cond.
Grains

12,000

10,000

8,000
6,000

4,000

2,000

0
400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

3200

3600

4000

Lbs. of Coke per Hour

NOTE: To obtain grains of water per std. Cu. ft. of air, multiply lbs. of water per lb. of
dry air by 534.8
Page 17

STANDARD HYDRO-ARC FURNACE SHELL CAPACITIES

A
D

C
Furnace capacities
are based upon
lining burned back
to this dimension

E
E

These dimensions
may be increased
to add more scrap
holding
capacity

L
Slag allowance is based
upon 1 cu. ft. per ton of hot
metal. May be varied with
operational requirement

H
S
Slim line

This dimension
may be increased for hot metal
capacity
Floor line

F
For duplexing or hot metal operations
this dim. May be increased by as much
as 25% to increase hot metal capacity

Inside Shell
Dia.
A
3'-4"
4'-0"
5'-0"
6'-0"
7'-3"
8'-0"
9'-0"
10'-0"
11'-0"
12'-6"
13'-6"
14'-0"
15'-0"
16'-0"
17'-0"
18'-0"
19'-0"
20'-0"
21'-0"
22'-0"
23'-0"
24'-0"
25'-0"
26'-0"
28'-0"
30'-0"
32'-0"

Depth
B
2'-6"
3'-0"
3'-9"
4'-6"
5'-6"
6'-0"
6'-9"
7'-6"
8'-3"
9'-9"
10'-5"
11'-0"
11'-10"
11'-11"
12'-4"
12'-5"
12'-6"
13'-4"
14'-5"
14'-7"
15'-1"
15'-3"
15'-4"
15'-5"
15'-10"
15'-11"
16'-10"

Page 18

Molten
Metal
Capy.
To Sill
Line
Lbs.
900
1800
3540
6220
10770
14100
20700
33000
44500
65200
80600
94000
116200
136300
163100
187500
213700
241900
291800
337100
396400
451600
497400
545500
645200
737000
832900

Molten
Capy. Inside Total
Metal
Per
Dia.
Lining Brick
Metal Bottom
Wt. Per
Thick- Thick- Depth ThickInch of Scrap Foot of New
ness To Sill
ness
ness
Depth Capy. Depth Lining
Cu. Ft. Cu. Ft.
C
D
E
F
G
Lbs.
150
7
4.3
2'-4"
6"
6
7 1/2"
9"
250
14
7.1
3'-0"
6"
6
9 1/2"
10"
450
31
12.6
4'-0"
6"
9
11"
12"
700
51
19.6
5'-0"
6"
9
1'-1"
15"
930
97
26
5'-9"
9"
9
1'-4"
17"
1190
135
33.2
6'-6"
9"
9
1'-5"
18"
1580
210
44.2
7'-6"
9"
13
1'-7"
18"
2030
310
56.7
8'-6"
9"
13 1'-11"
18"
2540
435
70.9
9'-6"
9"
13
2'-1"
18"
3100
640
86.6
10'-6"
12"
13
2'-5"
20"
3560
800
99.4
11'-3" 13
13
2'-7"
20"
3890
925
108
11'-9" 13
13
2'-9"
21"
4580
1190
128
12'-9" 13
13 2'-11"
21"
5320
1380
149
13'-9" 13
13
3'-0"
21"
6120
1600
171
14'-9" 13
13
3'-2"
24"
6980
1830
195
15'-9" 13
13
3'-3"
24"
7900
2080
220
16'-9" 13
13
3'-4"
24"
8870
2520
247
17'-9" 13
13
3'-5"
24"
9890
3100
276
18'-9" 13
13
3'-8"
24"
10980
3470
306
19'-9" 13
13 3'-10"
24"
12120
3880
338
20'-9" 13
13
4'-1"
27"
13310
4300
372
21'-9" 13
13
4'-3"
27"
14570
4710
407
22'-9" 13
13
4'-4"
27"
15880
5150
443
23'-9" 13
13
4'-5"
27"
18660
6060
521
25'-9" 13
----4'-7"
30"
21670
7010
605
27'-9" 13
----4'-8"
30"
24910
8020
695
29'-9" 13
----4'-9"
30"
Ratings Based on Molten Density of 430 lbs/cu .ft.

Shell
Above
Sill
J
13
16
1'-10"
2'-2"
2'-9"
3'-1"
3'-8"
4'-1"
4'-8"
5'-8"
6'-2"
6'-6"
7'-2"
7'-2"
7'-2"
7'-2"
7'-2"
7'-11"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"
8'-9"

Sill
Height
Above
Floor
K
2'-8"
2'-8"
2'-6"
2'-6"
2'-6
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"
2'-4"

Depth
Panels
L
----------------1'-3"
1'-7"
2'-2"
2'-7"
3'-2"
4'-2"
4'-8"
5'-0"
5'-8"
5'-8"
5'-8"
5'-8"
5'-8"
6'-5"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"
7'-3"

Aprox.
Slag
Allowance
S
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
-------------

Cu.
Ft.
Per
Foot
Per
Inch*
----------------1.6
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.6
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.9
6.1
6.4
6.9
7.4
8.0

GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
(Courtesy Union Carbide Corp.)
(TYPICAL CURRENT CARRYING RANGES OPEN ARC APPLICATIONS)

The chart below is based on the heating effect in a graphite electrode column from applying an
assumed average phase current. Among other important operating factors, however, which must
be considered before selecting the electrode grade and size for your particular application are
these:
Type of scrap

Proximity of side walls

to electrode circle

Method of charging

Meltdown time/total heat

time ratio, tap-top-tap

Electrode column length below holder Type of fume system

120

Phase Current (Kilo-Amperes)

100

80

TYPICAL
CURRENT CARRYING
RANGE

60

40

20
0
inches 8
mm
200

12
300

16
20
400
500
Electrode Diameter

24
600

28
700

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS

(Approximate equivalent capacities)

Multiply:
KVA rating @ 35 C.
KVA rating @ 40 C.
KVA rating @ 45 C.
KVA rating @ 50 C.
KVA rating @ 60 C.
KVA rating @ 65 C.

By:
1.44
1.30
1.18
1.08
0.93
0.90

To Get:
KVA rating @ 55 C.
KVA rating @ 55 C.
KVA rating @ 55 C.
KVA rating @ 55 C.
KVA rating @ 55 C.
KVA rating @ 55 C.

Page 19

HYDRO-ARC FURNACE DATA

POWER COMSUMED IN MELTING IRON AND STEEL WITH AN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
KEY
Curve A Theoretical
Curve B Actual for Large
Furnaces
Curve C Actual for Small
Furnaces

% Carbon by Wt.

650
4

1100

600

1000
B

550

900
800

450

700

400
2066F
Melting Point for
43% Carbon Iron

350

A
C

300
B

2785F
Melting
Point for
Pure Iron

250
200

600
500
400
300

150
200

100

100

50
0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

TEMPERATURE, F

Page 20

2800

3200

BTU PER POUND

KHW PER TON

Curve A taken from pg20 of

Metals Handbook 1936. This
curve based on investigations
by Wust, Meuthen and
Duerrer.

500

WHITING
VERTICAL TYPE
LINE FREQUENCY CHANNEL INDUCTION FURNACE
F
D

1.
POUR SPOUT
2.
HOT METAL INLET
3.
SLAG BUCKET NOTE: 15 BACK TILT
4.
FOUNDATION & TILT STAND
5.
HYDRAULIC TILT CYLINDER
6.
SLAG DOOR
7.
FURNACE ROOF
8.
FURNACE SHELL
9.
INDUCTOR COOLING FRAME
10. INDUCTOR UNIT
NOTE:
a) POUR SPOUT AND HOT METAL
INLET MAY ALSO BE SUPPLIED
OPPOSITE HAND.
b) ALSO AVAILABLE WITH ROOF
LIFT & SWING MECHANISM FOR
COLD CHARGING.
c) ALSO AVAILABLE FOR TWO
INDUCTOR ACCOMMODATION.

1
B
A

C
I.D.

C
2
Clearance @
Full Tilt

6
J

G
H
K

3
9

4-2

10

I.D.

HEEL

TOTAL

10-10

5-5

2-11

3-11

3-10

5-6

2-2

5-3

14-2

7-1

12

11

15

12-6

6-3

3-6

4-8

4-8

6-5

2-2

6-3

16-6

8-3

12

15

20

20

13-2

6-7

3-8

4-10

4-8

6-8

2-4

6-9

17-3

8-8

12

20

26

30

14-10

7-5

4-0

5-3

4-8

7-6

2-7

6-9

18-10

9-9

12

30

37

40

14-10

7-5

4-0

5-3

4-8

7-6

2-7

8-5

18-10

9-9

12

40

10

50

22

50

12

62

VCF
TYPE

USABLE

IRON
CAPACITY
(TONS)

50 17-6
8-9 4-9
6-3
4-7
8-2 2-8 8-3 20-6
11-0
NOTE: Dimensions are approximate and may vary with operational requirement.

Page 21

WHITING
HORIZONTAL TYPE
LINE FREQUENCY CHANNEL INDUCTION FURNACE
B
A

6
5

R4

R3

R1
R2

K K

D
9

FIG.-1
B

1.
POUR SPOUT
2.
HOT METAL INLET
3.
TILT ROLLER ASSEMBLY
4.
TILT DRIVE
5.
TILT CHAIN
6.
SLAG DOOR (OPEN POSITION)
7.
FURNACE SHELL
8.
INDUCTOR COOLING FRAME
9.
INDUCTOR UNIT
NOTE:
a) POUR SPOUT AND HOT METAL
INLET MAY ALSO BE SUPPLIED
OPPOSITE HAND.
b) POUR SPOUT CAN BE OF END
POUT TYPE AS SHOWN OR OF
FRONT POUR TYPE.

FIG.-2

4-0

13-6

50

65

R1

R2

R3

R4

TOTAL

20-6

35

HEEL

FIG

HCF
TYPE

USABLE

IRON
CAPACITY
(TONS)

7-10 2-2 8-7 1-6 2-6 4-0

35 4-7 5-7 8-10 5-2

35 10

45

15-10 22-10 4-0

8-0

2-5 8-9 1-6 2-6 4-0

35 4-9 5-9 9-0

5-4

50 14

64

18-4

25-4

4-0

8-0

2-5 8-9 1-6 2-6 4-0

35 4-9 5-9 9-0

5-4

65 15

80

85

17-6

24-6

4-0

9-0

3-0 9-3 2-0 3-0 5-0

35 5-3 6-3 9-6

6-3

85 15 100

110

22-2

29-2

4-0

10-0 3-0 9-3 2-0 3-0 5-0

35 5-3 6-3 9-6

6-3 110 20 130

150

26-9

33-9

4-0

10-0 3-0 9-3 2-6 5-0 6-0

35 5-3 6-3 9-6

6-3 150 27 177

200

28-6

35-6

4-0

10-6 3-3 9-9 2-6 5-0 6-0

35 5-9 6-9 10-0 6-7 200 35 235

NOTE: Dimensions are approximate and may vary with operational requirement.

Page 22

USEFUL DATA ON COMBUSTION

AIR
Consists of 23% (by weight) of oxygen and 77% (by weight) of nitrogen; or by volume 20.7%
oxygen and 79.3% nitrogen. One pound at 62 F. (barometer at 30 inches) occupies 13.1 cu. ft., and 56
cu. ft. at this temperature contain 1 lb. of oxygen.
OXYGENO
One pound at 62 F. occupies 12 cu. ft. According to Welters theory, any material burned with one
pound of oxygen evolves 7,560 B.T.U.
CARBONC
One pound requires for its complete combustion 2-2/3 lbs. of oxygen, or, 11.54 lbs. air151 cu. ft.
of air, developing 20,160 B,T.U., of which 5,760 are latent, being expended in vaporizing the carbon;
leaving 14,400 sensible. If perfect combustion takes place, 12,610 effective B.T.U. may he realized
with the escaping flue gases at 600 F:
CARBON MONOXIDECO
One pound occupies 13 cu. ft. at 62 F. requires 4-7 lb. of oxygen or 32 cu. ft. of air for its
combustion and evolves 4,320 B.T.U. With perfect combustion and escaping flue gases at 600 F.,
3,820 effective B.T.U. may be realized. One cu. ft. requires 2.4 cu. ft. of air for combustion and
evolves 320 B.T.U.
HYDROGENH
One pound at 62 F. occupies 190 Cu. ft., requires 8 lbs. of oxygen or 450 Cu. ft. of air for its
combustion and evolves 60,480 B.T.U. when burned to liquid water. 42,000 B.T.U. may be realized
with flue gas at 600 F. One cu. ft. of hydrogen gas requires 2-1/3 cu. ft. of air for its combustion and
evolves 324 B.T.U.
SULPHURS
One pound requires one pound of oxygen or 56 cu. ft. of air for combustion and evolves 4,000
BT.U., exclusive of the heat required for volatilization of the sulphur. With perfect combustion and
flue gases at 600 F., 3,260 B.T.U. may be realized.
NATURAL GAS
One pound occupies 22 cu. ft. at 62 F., or 1,000 cu. ft. weigh 45 lbs. One cu. ft. requires 10 cu. ft.
of air for its combustion and evolves about 1,000 B.T.U.
OIL (BEAUMONT)
Specific gravity .92 weighs 7-2/3 lbs. per gallon. One barrel of 42 gals. weighs 322 lbs. Requires for
complete combustion 15 lbs. of air per lb. of oil or 1,500 cu ft. of air per gallon of oil. One pound
gives about 20,000 B.T.U.
HEAT
Evolved by the combustion of any organic fuel, such as coal, is approximately that of its carbon plus
that of as much of its hydrogen as exceeds the amount required to combine with its oxygen to form
water. Pulverized coal weighs approximately 35 lbs. per cu. ft.
EXAMPLE
If a fuel consists of 87% C, 5% H and 8% O, the 8% of oxygen will be sufficient to combine with
1% of hydrogen, leaving 4% of that element available for combustion. The B.T.U. to be derived from
1 lb. of this fuel will then be that corresponding to .87 lbs. of carbon plus .04 lbs. of hydrogen.
The above statements are approximately correct for the theoretical amount of air required at 62 F.
with the barometer at 30 in. In practice, 10% to 20% more air should be provided because of the
imperfect mixture with the fuel. Further corrections should be made for temperature in hot climates,
also for pressure in high altitudes.

Page 23

SELECTION OF U-TYPE HOLDING LADLE FOR

DESULPHURIZING WITH SODA ASH
The treatment of molten iron with soda-ash in a ladle or a forehearth has proved a very
practical and economical means of refining and mixing cupola metal, and has been
adopted by many foundries. For this purpose the U-shaped ladle has been found, by
comparative tests, to do the job better and with a smaller amount of refining agent than
any of the other types of reservoirs.
At the same time that the metal is being purified, there is a distinct mixing action which
tends to level off variations in composition.
The U-ladle extends the advantages of a mixer ladle and desulphurizer to foundries
making the lightest grades of castings and with melting rates as low as 2 or 3 tons per
hour. The capacity of the mixer ladle may vary widely for the same diameter cupola,
depending upon the class of work, the capacity of the transfer ladle and the extent of
desulphurizing that is desired. For refining light castings, where the iron is taken away in
50 or 100 lb. ladles the mixer should have a working capacity of 1/10 to 1/6 the hourly
melting rate. For instance, 600 to 1000 lbs. capacity for a melting rate of 3 tons per hour,
or 2400 lbs. to 4000 lbs. for a melting rate of 12 tons per hour where the metal is taken
away in 250 to 1000 lb. transfer ladles; in either case, holding the iron in the ladle in
contact with the desulphurizing slag from 6 to 10 minutes. For heavy castings the
capacity may well vary from 1/5 to 1/3 the hourly melting rate, thus providing an elapsed
time of 12 to 20 minutes in the refining ladle.

Extent of Desulphurizing
Ordinarily one pound of soda ash per ton of iron is required to neutralize silicates and
cupola slag entrained in the iron. Thereafter further additions reduce sulphur content
about as shown below:
Metal at Spout
.08%
With 2 lb. soda-ash per ton _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .070
With 4 lb. soda-ash per ton _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .060
With 6 lb. soda-ash per ton _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .050

Sulphur
.10% .13%
.085 .110
.070 .090
.060 .075

.17%
.145
.115
.095

The above values are usual for acid cupola operation. Lower sulphurs can be obtained
from cupolas operating with basic slag.
Choice of insulation between the refractory lining and the shell ranges from a sheet or
two of ordinary building asbestos paper to 1 thick insulating brick.

Page 24

WHITING U-LADLES IRON CAPACITY IN POUNDS

(Figures in bold and underlined indicate lining customarily used)
Lining
Thickness
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
18

13
x 46

14
x 50

2314
1856
1460
1123
840

3560
2939
2392
1913
1500
1146

16
x 54

4692
3934
3258
2659
2133
1675

18
x 64

19
x 67

20
x 74

20
x 80

20
x 90

6258
5332
4496
3746
3079
2488

7742
6630
5714
4841
4056
3355
2732

9302
8248
6982
5975
5062
4238
4198

10202
8998
7702
6611
5620
4724
3918

11702
10246
8906
7678
6557
5538
4618

22
x 90

25
x 96

27
x 90

14703
13028
11477
10044
8727
7519
4510

19700
17677
15791
14035
12405
10897
7062

25039
22667
20442
18358
16412
14599
9913

34
x 101

34
x 110

39360
36218
33243
30431
27724
20723
14931

43528
40145
36937
33895
31024
23349
16999

Capacities based on 411 lbs. per cu. ft. or .238 lbs. per cu. in.

Larger sizes engineered to order.

H

F
E
G
9 MIN.
GAUGE

WHEELBASE

STANDARD SPOUT ARRANGEMENTS

Size
13 x 46
14 x 50
16 x 54
18 x 64
19 x 67
20 x 80
22 x 90
25 x 96
27 x 90
34 x 101
34 x 110

E
27
27
35
35
35
35
35
35
42
511/8
511/8

F
51
54
65
67
69
69
72
74
86
90
90

G
18
20
27
26
26
24
21
15
14
13
13

H
58
62
681/8
781/8
815/8
955/8
1055/8
1115/8
1055/8
1185/8
1275/8

J
13
13
183/8
183/8
183/8
183/8
183/8
183/8
183/8
20
20

Ga.
24
24
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36

Wheelbase
79
83
891/8
991/8
1025/8
1151/8
1265/8
1325/8
1055/8
118
127

Page 25

IRON CAPACITY
Taper Side Ladles
Bowl Size

CAPACITIES IN POUNDS (Bold Face and Highlighted figures show lining ordinarily used)
Lining Thickness

Top
Allowance
Top Dia.
Bottom Dia.
1
2
2
3
& Depth
717
556
420
20
18
2
839
863
681
525
21
19
2
1001
23
20
2
1247
1087
873
687
1279
1039
830
24
21
2
1457
1415
1156
26
22
2
1921
1707
1705
1412
27
24
2
2273
2033
2100
1763
29
25
2
2748
2475
2571
32
28
2
3815
3474
3001
3370
34
30
3
4838
4439
3881
3945
36
31
3
5128
4512
4164
36
32
3
5388
4751
40
35
3
7342
6555
5825
40
35
3
7671
6861
6107
43
38
3
8768
7878
44
38
3
9138
8222
46
40
4
10455
9456
48
42
4
12030
10931
48
42
4
12486
11359
51
44
4
13502
52
45
4
14499
55
48
5
17212
56
49
5
18381
58
51
5
20876
61
53
5
62
54
5
66
58
5
72
63
6
77*
70
6
86*
77
7
*NOTE: 79" and 86" ladles are 72" deep. All others have the same depth as top diameter.
Based on density of molten iron at 411 lbs. per cu. ft. or 0.238 lbs. per cu. in.

Page 26

1002
1236
1558
2307
3054
3594
3799
3799
5635
7317
7646
8826
10236
10646
12700
13657
16270
17397
19804
23576
24767
31069

1944
2616
3105
3292
3292
4972
6525
6830
7931
9246
9629
11554
12454
14920
15985
18263
21842
22974
28980
38847
48372
58383

2804
2978
2978
4558
6029
6318
7368
8621
8987
10828
11691
14061
15085
17280
20733
21825
27639
37219
46513
56301

5330
5597
6571
7735
8076
9795
10603
12832
13797
15868
19137
20172
25702
34858
43810
53270

8214
8935
10939
11809
13682
16653
17597
22669
31139
39534
48458

15267
16157
20963
29034
37102
45711

25730
33266
41361

STEEL CAPACITY
Taper Side Ladles
Bowl Size

CAPACITIES IN POUNDS (Bold Face and Highlighted figures show lining ordinarily used)
Lining Thickness

Top
Allowance
Top Dia.
Bottom Dia.
1
2
2
3
& Depth
383
20
18
4
777
662
510
482
21
19
4
935
803
630
689
23
20
4
1176
1022
816
778
24
21
4
1381
1209
978
26
22
4
1630
1096
1346
27
24
4
1950
1630
1346
29
25
4
2388
2020
1690
32
28
4
2917
2492
34
30
5
3793
3287
36
31
5
4426
3863
36
32
5
4666
4082
40
35
5
5753
40
35
5
6038
43
38
5
7827
44
38
5
8176
46
40
6
9417
48
42
6
48
42
6
51
44
6
52
45
6
55
48
6
56
49
6
58
51
6
61
53
7
62
54
7
66
58
7
72
63
8
77*
70
8
86*
77
9
*NOTE: 79" and 86" ladles are 72" deep. All others have the same depth as top diameter.
Based on 430 lbs. per cu. ft. or 0.25 lbs. per cu. in.

310
398
536
660
948
1175
1491
2233
2974
3515
3720
5297
5566
7265
7597
8783
10214
10630
12720
13694
16719
17885
20378

219
289
403
506
749
946
1221
1877
2542
3031
3217
4656
4904
6471
6779
7883
9217
9606
11562
12477
15326
16428
18787
22048
23208
29359
39474

810
1060
1661
2278
2733
2907
4258
4491
5974
6266
7318
8588
8959
10829
11706
14440
15499
17771
20920
22040
27991
37808
47249
57161

1367
1915
2322
2478
3702
3915
5274
5543
6519
7697
8042
9786
10607
13173
14170
16314
19297
20358
26016
35395
44485
54059

2882
3063
4228
4460
5315
6347
6651
8194
8925
11222
12120
14058
16775
17741
22926
31596
40114
49138

5614
5895
7323
8002
10145
10586
12805
15368
16279
21189
29446
37629
46331

13193
14015
18484
26075
33712
41888

Page 27

(COVERED)

25

27.5

30

35
TIME IN MINUTES

Page 28

LAST IRON FROM BULL

LADLE INTO POURING
LADLE

ELECTRIC FURNACE
TAPPED

2500

FLUIDITY DANGER LEVEL

& IRON INTO FURNACES

2600

TAPPED

2700

LAST IRON FROM POURING LADLE

2800

FORHEARTH

Central Foundry
Division (G.M. Co.)

(OPEN TOP)

2900

TIME SCAL CHANGES

Courtesy of

Carl F. Joseph

TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

Time temperature curve

showing temperature of
iron from the time it is
tapped to the last iron
from
pouring
ladle,
including
period
of
superheating in the
electric furnace.

40

45

PRACTICAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING

LADLE CAPACITIES

A Top Dia. Bowl

A
D

B Bottom Dia. Bowl

C Height Bowl

D Top Dia. Inside of Lining

E Bot. Dia. Inside of Lining
V

F Height of Metal
G Thickness of Lining
H Top Allowance

G
G

V Vol. of Metal
W Weight of Metal
Z Density of Metal

D+E
V = Vol. of Metal =
.7854 F
2
W = V Z

APPROX. DENSITIES OF VARIOUS METALS

IN THE MOLTEN STATE
Metal
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Cast Iron
Blast Furnace Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Silicon
Steel
Tin
Zinc

Lbs./Cu. In.

Lbs./Cu. Ft.

.079
.243
.288
.238
.231
.379
.056
.0758
.250
.230
.237

137
420
487
411
400
655
97
131
430
400
410

Page 29

SUGGESTED CRANE OPERATING SPEEDS FEET PER MINUTE

Capacity
in
Tons

Slow

Medium

Fast

Slow

Medium

Fast

Slow

Medium

Fast

5
7
10

20
20
20

35
35
30

70
70
60

125
125
125

150
150
150

200
200
200

200
200
200

300
300
300

400
400
400

15
20
25

15
15
15

30
25
25

50
40
30

125
125
100

150
150
150

200
200
175

200
200
200

300
300
300

400
400
400

30
35
40

15
10
8

25
15
15

30
25
25

100
100
100

125
125
125

175
150
150

150
150
150

250
250
250

350
350
350

50
60
75

5
5
5

10
10
10

20
20
18

75
75
0

125
100
100

150
150
125

100
100
75

200
200
150

300
300
200

100
125
150

5
5
5

8
8
8

12
12
12

50
40
30

100
75
50

125
100
100

50
50
50

100
100
75

150
150
100

175
200

3
3

4
4

5
5

30
30

50
50

75
75

50
50

75
75

100
100

HOIST

TROLLEY

BRIDGE

NOTE: For Floor Controlled Cranes, it is recommended that trolley and bridge speeds not exceed those given in the slow columns.

Page 30

HOISTING ROPE
The following table shows breaking strengths for wire rope commonly used on
cranes, ship hoists & winches.
To obtain the safe working load for each diameter of rope, divide the breaking
strength by the factor of safety. Minimum factor of safety for general use is 5:1. For
hot metal handling equipment and high capacity ship hoists 10:1 is recommended.
Wire rope in daily use should be inspected at least once each week and more
frequently if rope is subjected to heavy duty service. Special attention should be given
to sections of rope which pass over sheaves as well as all rope end connections.
A special wire rope lubricant should be applied regularly. When installing new
hoist rope, not less than 2 turns should remain on the drum when the load is in its
lowest position to relieve stresses on the rope anchor.

Ultimate Strength In Tons Of Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope

Class 6 x 37
Class 6 x l9
Rope 6 Strands, 37 Wires/Strand 6 Strands, 19 Wires/Strand
Diam.
Wire Rope
Wire Rope
Fiber Core
Fiber Core
Core
Core
3/8
5.77
6.20
6.10
6.56
1/16
7.82
8.41
8.27
8.89
1/2
10.2
11.0
10.7
11.5
9/16
12.9
13.9
13.5
14.5
5/8
15.8
17.0
16.7
17.9
3/4
22.6
24.3
23.8
25.6
7/8
30.6
32.9
32.2
34.6
1
39.8
42.8
41.8
44.9
1-1/8
50.1
53.9
52.6
56.5
1-1/4
61.5
66.1
64.6
69.4

Page 31

SCRAP HANDLING MAGNETS (DEEP COIL)

Diameter, Inches
Net Weight, Pounds
Head Room Required, Inches
Cold Current @ 230 Volts
Generator Capacity Required
Rectifier Capacity Required
Size of Duplex Flexible Cable
Recommended Crane Capacity

45
2650
43
40 amps.
7.5 K.W.
10 K.W.
#8 B&S
4 Ton

54
4000
44
59 amps.
10 K.W.
13.5 K.W.
#6 B&S
5 Ton

63
6100
55
78 amps.
14 K.W.
18 K.W.
#6 B&S
8 Ton

69
7700
56
95 amps.
17 K.W.
22 K.W.
#4 B&S
10 Ton

75
10100
60
115 amps.
20 K.W.
27 K.W.
#4 B&S
13 Ton

AVERAGE (All Day) LIFTING CAPACITY IN POUNDS

Machine Cast Pig
No. 1 Heavy Melting Scrap
No. 2 Melting Scrap
No. 1 Machinery Scrap (Cast Iron)
No. 2 Busheling
Steel Turnings
Plate Punchings

Page 32

1500
1500
1030
815
565
475
1720

2560
2560
1660
1300
870
725
3000

3970
3970
2580
2040
1360
1230
4350

4520
4520
3000
2480
1630
1360
5770

5650
5650
3880
3320
2140
1800
7380

Grade
Cupola
* 32510 (B)
* 35018 (A)
** Pearlitic

GRADES OF MALLEABLE IRON

Ultimate
Yield
Lbs./Sq. In.
Lbs./Sq. In.
40,000 (Min.)
30,000 (Min.)
50,000 (Min.)
32,500 (Min.)
53,000 (Min.)
35,000 (Min.)
60,000 to 90,000
43,000 to 70,000

Elongation %
5 (Min.)
10 (Min.)
18 (Min.)
10 to 2

* Grades 32510 and 35018 refer to A.S.T.M. Specification A-47 and are frequently referred to as grades B and A.
** Specifications on mechanical properties for the many special grades of malleable iron are frequently decided
upon by agreement between producer and consumer.

COLOR SCALE FOR TEMPERATURES

The following color scale permits a rough approximation of high temperatures.
Degrees
Color
Centigrade
Lowest visible red
475
Lowest visible red to dark red
475 to 650
650 to 750
Dark red to cherry red
Cherry red to bright cherry red
750 to 815
Bright cherry red to orange
815 to 900
Orange to yellow
900 to 1090
Yellow to light yellow
1090 to 1315
1315 to 1540
Light yellow to white
White to dazzling white
1540 or higher

Degrees
Fahrenheit
885
885 to 1200
1200 to 1380
1380 to 1500
1500 to 1650
1650 to 2000
2000 to 2400
2400 to 2800
2800 or higher

FUSION POINTS OF ASH AND SLAGS

Coal Ash
Easily fusible
Moderately fusible
Refractory
Slags
Acid open-hearth slag
Basic open-hearth slag
Blast furnace slag
Heating furnace slag
Courtesy Harbison-Walker Refractories Co.

below 1200
1200 to 1430
above 1430
approx.1250
approx. 1250
approx. 1170
approx. 1165

below 2200
2200 to 2600
above 2600
approx. 2280
approx. 2280
approx. 2140
approx. 2130

MELTING POINTS OF MINERALS AND OXIDES

Cent.
Fahr.
(A12O3)
2050
3722
Corundum
Chromium Oxide
(Cr2O3)
1990
3614
(SiO2)
1728
3142.4
Cristobalite
(2MgOSiO2)
1910
3470
Forsterite
Lime
(CaO)
2570
4658
(MgO)
2800
5072
Periclase
(TiO2)
1825
3317
Rutile
Spinel
(MgOA12O3)
2135
3875
(ZrO2)
2720
4928
Zirconia
Zircon
(ZrO2SiO2)
2550
4622
(3Al2O32SiO2)
Mullite
Mullite melts incongruently at 1830C. (3326F.) to form corundum and a silicious liquid. It is
completely melted at approximately 1925C. (3497F.).
(A12O32SiO22H2O)
Kaolinite
Kaolinite has a P.C.E. value of cone 35, corresponding to a temperature of 1785C. (3245F.).

Page 33

INTERNATIONAL
ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Name

Aluminum
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hydrogen
Iridium
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury

Page 34

Symbol

Atomic
Weight

Al
Sb
A
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Cd
Ca
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
F
Ga
Ge
Au
H
Ir
Fe
Pb
Li
Mg
Mn
Hg

26.98
121.75
39.95
74.92
137.34
9.01
208.98
10.81
112.40
40.08
12.010
140.12
132.91
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
19.00
69.72
72.59
196.97
1.0080
192.2
55.85
207.19
6.940
24.31
54.94
200.59

Name

Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Radium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Thallium
Thorium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

Symbol

Atomic
Weight

Mo
Ni
Nb
N
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
K
Ra
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Ti
Tb
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yt
Zn
Zr

95.94
58.71
92.91
14. 008
190.2
16.000
106.4
30.97
195.09
39.10
226
78.96
28.09
107.87
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.95
127.60
204.37
232.04
118.69
47.90
183.85
238.03
50.94
88.90
65.37
91.22

PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS

Metal

Density

Symbol

g/cm3
Aluminum
Brass Yellow
Bronze
Bronze Cast
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Gold
Iron (Cast)
Iron (Wrought)
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Monel
Nickel
Silicon
Silver
Steel:
Carbon
Stainl. 304
Stainl. 410
Tin
Titanium
Uranium
Zinc

Al

Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Au

Fe
Pb
Mg
Mn

Ni
Si
Ag

Sn
Ti
U
Zn

lbs./in.3

2.70
0.098
8.20-8.60 0.296-0.310
8.80-8.78 0.318-0.317
8.78
0.317
8.648
0.312
6.93
0.250
8.71
0.315
8.89
0.321
19.32
0.698
7.03-7.73 0.254-0.279
7.87
0.284
11.36
0.410
1.74
0.063
7.43
0.268
8.84
0.319
8.90
0.322
2.33
0.084
10.49
0.379
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.30
4.51
19.07
7.13

0.282
0.285
0.278
0.264
0.163
0.689
0.258

Specific
Heat
(Room
Temp)
Cal./g/C

Melting Point
C

0.215
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.055
0.11
0.099
0.092
0.031
0.11
0.11
0.031
0.245
0.121
0.127
0.105
0.162
0.056

660
1220
931
1708
1046
1915
1050
1922
321
610
1878
3412
1497
2727
1084
1983
1064
1947
1088-1260 1990-2300
1510
2750
327
621
650
1202
1260
2300
1327
2421
1455
2651
1412
2574
962
1764

0.117
0.12
0.11
0.054
0.124
0.028
0.091

1482
> 1399
> 1482
232
1670
1132
419

2700
> 2550
> 2700
450
3038
2070
786

Linear Expansion per Unit

Length (at Room Temp.)
per C
-6

per F

23.6x10
20.3
18.4
18.4
29.8
6.2
13.8
16.8
14.2
10.6
11.4
29.3
27.1
23.3
14.0
13.3

19.7

13.11x10-6
11.28
10.2
10.2
16.5
3.4
7.7
9.3
7.9
5.9
6.3
16.3
15.0
12.94
7.78
7.39

10.94

11.0
17.3
11.0
23
8.4

39.7

6.11
9.61
6.11
12.78
4.67

22.06

Page 35

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

SUBSTANCE

Aluminum
Antimony
Beryllium
Bismuth
Brass, Muntz Metal
(60 Cu, 40 Zn)
Brass, Red
(85 Cu, 15 Zn)
Brass, Yellow
(65 Cu, 35 Zn)
Bronze, Aluminum
(90 Cu, 10 Al)
Bronze, Bearing
(80 Cu, 10 Sn, 10 Pb)
Bronze, Bell-Metal
Bronze, Gun-Metal
Bronze, Tobin
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Gold
Iron, Pure 60 to 2802F
Iron, Pure 60 to 2554F
Iron, Pure 60 to 1670F
Iron, Pure 60 to 1414F
Iron, Cast, Gray
(94 Fe, 3.5 C, 2.5 Si)
Iron, Cast, White
(97 Fe, 3 C)
Iron, Pig
(4.22 C, 1.48 Si, 0.73 Mn,
0.12 P, 0.03 S)
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Monel Metal
Nickel
Platinum
Rhodium
Silver
Steel
(0.00-0.60 C)
Steel
(0.60-0.80 C)
Steel
(0.80-1.00 C)
Tin
Titanium
(99.9 Ti)
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Zirconium

Mean
Specific
Heat
60 to
Melting
Point
BTU per
Lb. Per
F
.254
.054
.634
.032
.120
.105
.106
.126
.095
.100
.107
.107
.060
.156
.105
.034
.168
.168
.164
.141
.190
.180

Melting
Point
F
1220
1167
2343
520
1660
1880
1708
1905
1832
1598
1832
1625
610
3412
1983
1947
2802

2200
2150
3100

321
100.3
626

2800
2900

583
612

384

2300

450

11.3
160
115
126
122
133
49

28.7
472
506
498
427
479
165

720
1380
2400

31.9
522
529

2750
2850

464
506

45
118
118
118
26.1
100
79

148
563
543
539
47.6
395
299

1950
3100
2950
2900
650

160
621
644
608
59.5

43.4

114

900

125

2246
2102

Heat in
Solid at
Melting
Point
BTU/Lb.
288
58.5
1411
14.0
192
191
175
232
168
154
190
167
31.3
525
197
62.9
451
409*
254*
184*
415
368

Latent
Heat
of
Fusion
BTU/Lb.
170
68.9
470
22.5
69.0
86.5
84.4
98.6
79.9
76.3
84.2
73.5
23.8
136
91.1
29.0
117
3.06
6.53
0.0
41.1
60.3

.153

2012

299

84.6

.032
.281
.182
.078
.127
.136
.037
.076
.062
.165
.165
.165
.059
.173
.036
.153
.101
.066

621
1202
2300
4760
2421
2651
3224
3571
1764
2800
2670
2600
450
3038
6170
3150
786
3200

17.4
312
391
372
305
346
116
262
103
445
425
421
21.5
295
220
473
70.9
207

* Heat in solid up to transformation point

** Heat in solid after allotropic point

Page 36

Average
Pouring
Temp.
F
1380
1320
2500
620
1850
2250
2150
2200
2050
1900
2100
1850
750

Total
Heat
in Liquid
at
Pouring
Temp.
F
BTU/Lb.
500
136
1981
40.1
284
317
306
368
269
260
303
265
65.1

Total
Heat
in Liquid
at
Melting
Temp.
BTU/Lb.
458
127
1881
36.5
261
278
259
331
248
230
274
241
55.1
661
288
91.9
568
412**
261**
184**
456
428

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF GASES AND VAPORS
Specific Gravity Density

Gas or Vapor
Acetylene
Air
Ammonia
Butane
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Ozone
Propane
Sulfur Dioxide

Chemical
Formula

Specific
Gravity
Air = 1

Density
Lbs./Cu. Ft.
68F.
1 Atmosphere

C2H2

NH3
C4H10
CO2
CO
C2H6
C2H4
He
H2
CH4
N2
O2
O3
C3H8
SO2

0.9073
1.0000
0.5963
2.0854
1.5290
0.9671
1.0493
0.9749
0.1380
0.0695
0.5544
0.9672
1.10527
1.6580
1.5620
2.2638

06754
.07528
.04420
.15699
.11420
.07269
.07899
.07280
.01039
.00523
.04163
.07274
.0830b
.12481
.11759
.16630

Page 37

PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR

Temp.
Deg. F.

Density,
lb./cu. ft.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1500
1800
2100

.0863
.0854
.0845
.0836
.0827
.0819
.0810
.0802
.0794
.0786
.0778
.0771
.0764
.0756
.0749
.0742
.0735
.0728
.0722
.0715
.0709
.0696
.0684
.0673
.0662
.0651
.0640
.0630
.0620
.0614
.0601
.0584
.0567
.0551
.0536
.0522
.0490
.0461
.0436
.0413
.0393
.0374
.0342
.0315
.0292
.0272
.0239
.0202
.0175
.0155

Wolume of
1 lb. Dry
Air, cu. ft.
11.59
11.71
11.83
11.96
12.09
12.21
12.35
12.47
12.59
12.72
12.85
12.97
13.09
13.23
13.35
13.48
13.61
13.74
13.85
13.99
14.10
14.37
14.62
14.86
15.11
15.36
15.63
15.87
16.13
16.29
16.64
17.12
17.64
18.15
18.66
19.16
20.41
21.69
22.94
24.21
25.45
26.74
29.24
31.75
34.25
36.76
41.84
49.50
57.14
64.52

Fraction of
Volume*

Enthalpy
BTU/lb.

. 868
.877
.886
.896
.905
.915
.924
.934
.943
.953
.962
.971
.981
.990
1.000
1.009
1.019
1.028
1.038
1.047
1.057
1.075
1.094
1.113
1.132
1.151
1.170
1.189
1.208
1.227
1.245
1.283
1.321
1.359
1.396
1.434
1.528
1.623
1.717
1.811
1.906
2.001
2.190
2.378
2.567
2.756
3.133
3.710
4.278
4.834

109.90
111.10
112.30
113.50
114.69
115.89
117.08
118.28
119.48
120.68
121.87
123.07
124.27
125.47
126.66
127.86
129.06
130.26
131.46
132.66
133.86
136.26
138.66
141.06
143.47
145.88
148.28
150.68
153.09
155.50
157.92
162.73
167.56
172.39
177.23
182.08
194.25
206.46
218.72
231.06
243.48
255.96
281.14
306.65
332.48
358.63
411.82
493.64
577.51
662.99

* Fraction of volume at 70F or relative volume compared to 70F (must multiply by 100 for % volume.)

Page 38

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE

NOTE: The Fahrenheit equivalent is shown in the bold type to the right of the Centigrade temperature C.
The Centigrade equivalent is shown in the bold type to the left of the Fahrenheit temperature F.
C.

F.

-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
-9.44
-8.89
-8.33
-7.78
-7.22
-6.67
-6.11
-5.56
-5.00
-4.44
-3.89
-3.33
-2.78
-2.22
-1.67
-1.11
-0.56
0
0.56
1.11
1.67
2.22
2.78
3.33
3.89

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2

700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090

1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994

C.

F.
371
377
382
388
393
399
404
410
416
421
427
432
438
443
449
454
460
466
471
477
482
488
493
499
504
510
516
521
527
532
538
543
549
554
560
566
571
577
582
588

C.
4.44
5.00
5.56
6.11
6.67
7.22
7.78
8.33
8.89
9.44
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1

F.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2

1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490

2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
2642
2660
2678
2696
2714

C.
593
599
604
610
616
621
627
632
638
643
649
654
660
666
671
677
682
688
693
699
704
710
716
721
727
732
738
743
749
754
760
766
771
777
782
788
793
799
804
810

F.

C.
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
38
43
49
54
60
66
71
77
82
88
93
99
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143

F.
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290

176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212
230
248
266
284
302
320
338
356
374
392
410
428
446
464
482
500
518
536
554

1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890

2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
3272
3290
3308
3326
3344
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434

C.
816
821
827
832
838
843
849
854
860
866
871
877
882
888
893
899
904
910
916
921
927
932
938
943
949
954
960
966
971
977
982
988
993
999
1004
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032

F.

C.
149
154
160
166
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
216
221
227
232
238
243
249
254
260
266
271
277
282
288
293
299
304
310
316
321
327
332
338
343
349
354
360
366

F.
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690

572
590
608
626
644
662
680
698
716
734
752
770
788
806
824
842
860
878
896
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274

1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290

3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
3542
3560
3578
3596
3614
3632
3650
3668
3686
3704
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154

C.
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1099
1104
1110
1116
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254

F.

Page 39

USEFUL FORMULAS
MECHANICAL FORMULAS

Hp 5250
Torque RPM
Hp =
RPM
5250
120 Frequency
Rpm =
No. of Poles
P( pounds ) 2 R(inches) RPM
Horsepower =
33,000 12
P R RPM
Torque RPM
or
Horsepower =
63,000
63,000
Torque in Lb.-ft. =

1 KW = 1.341 HP
RPM
1750
1430
1170
950
870
780
640
580
520
420

1 HP = 0.7457 KW
LB.-IN
36
44
54
66
72
81
98
109
121
150

RPM
350
280
230
190
155
125
100
84
68
56

TORQUE (LB.-IN.) AT 1 HP
LB.-IN
RPM
180
45
225
37
274
30
331
25
406
20
504
16.5
630
13.5
750
11
926
9
1125
7.5

LB.-IN
1400
1703
2100
2520
3150
3818
4667
5727
7000
8400

RPM
6
4.7
4.0
3.2
2.7
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.0

LB.-IN
10500
13404
15750
19687
23370
28636
35000
42000
52500
63000

To compute torque at any horsepower, multiply torque values above by horsepower required.
Examples:
10 hp @ 350 rpm, Torque = 10 x 180 or 18000 lb.-in.
hp @ 30 rpm, Torque = x 2100 or 1050 lb.-in.
For intermediate speeds, approximate the torque from table, or apply standard torque formula above.

ELECTRICAL FORMULAS
To Find
Amperes when
horsepower is known
Amperes when
kilowatts are known
Amperes when
kva are known
Kilowatts
Kva
Horsepower
(output)

Alternating Current
Single-phase
Three-phase

Hp 746
E Eff pf
Kw 1000
E pf
Kva 1000
E
I E pf
1000
IE
1000
I E Eff pf
1000

Hp 746
1.73 E Eff pf
Kw 1000
1.73 E pf
Kva 1000
E
1.73 I E pf
1000
1.73 I E
1000
1.73 I E Eff pf
1000

I = Amperes; E = Volts; Eff. = Efficiency; pf= Power factor; Kva = Kilovolt-amperes; Kw = Kilowatts

RULES OF THUMB (Approximation)

At 1800 rpm, a motor develops 3 lb.-ft. per hp
At 575 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1 amp per hp
At 230 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 2.5 amp per hp
At 115 volts, a single-phase motor draws 10 amp per hp

Page 40

At 1200 rpm, a motor develops 4.5 lb.-ft. per hp

At 460 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1.25 amp per hp
At 230 volts, a single-phase motor draws 5 amp per hp

WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS MATERIALS

Material

Average
per cubic
foot in
pounds

Brick
Common

100

Cements
Portland

94

Coal and Coke

Anthracite
Bituminous
Charcoal
Coke

60
49
18.5
26.3

Concrete
Cement, fine
Rubble, coarse

137
119

Earth
Loam, dry, loose
Loam, packed
Loam, soft loose mud
Loam, dense mud

76
95
108
125

Gravel
Dry, packed
Wet, packed

118
130

Lime
Quick, loose lumps
Quick, fine
Stone, large rocks
Stone, irregular lumps

53
75
168
96

Masonry
Dry
Granite or limestone
Mortar, rubble
Sandstone, dressed

138
165
154
144

Metals
Aluminum
Brass, cast
Bronze
Copper, cast
Copper, rolled or wire
Iron, gray cast
Iron, white cast
Iron, wrought

166
524
548
537
555
445
475
490

Material
Metals (Contd)
Lead, cast
Lead, rolled
Nickel
Steel, cast
Steel, rolled
Steel, stainless
Tin, cast
Zinc, cast
Oils
Crude
Engine
Gasoline
Petroleum
Refractory Materials
Firebrick, insulating
Firebrick material
(superplastic)
Fireclay brick
(superduty)
Ganister, ground silica
Magnesite and magnesitechrome brick
Magnesite (loose)
Silica brick
Sand
Dry, loose
Dry, packed

Average
per cubic
foot in
pounds
708
711
537
490
495
473 - 516
455
443

48
55
43
55

30 - 60
135
137 - 154
123
170 - 197
155
102 - 115

100
110

Water
At 39.2F (Max density)

62.425

Woods, Dry
Hemlock
Hickory
Ironwood
Mahogany
Maple
Oak, live
Oak, white
Pine, white
Pine, yellow northern
Pine, yellow southern
Spruce

25
53
114
35 - 53
49
59
50
25
34
45
25

Page 41

PRESSURE EQUIVALENTS
Ounces
per
Sq. In.
0.25
0.50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Page 42

Lbs
per
Sq. In.
0.016
0.031
0.062
0.125
0.187
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.687
0.750
0.812
0.875
0.937
1.000
1.062
1.125
1.187
1.250
1.312
1.375
1.437
1.500
1.562
1.625
1.687
1.750
1.812
1.875
1.937
2.000
2.062
2.125
2.187

Inches
of
Water
0.433
0.866
1.732
3.464
5.20
6.92
8.66
10.39
12.12
13.86
15.59
17.32
19.05
20.78
22 52
21 25
25 98
27 71
29.44
31.18
32.91
34.64
36.37
38.10
39.84
41.57
43.30
45.00
46.8
48.5
50.2
52.0
53.7
55.4
57.2
58.9
60.6

Millimeters
of
Water
11.00
22.00
44.00
88.0
132.0
176.0
220.0
264.0
308.0
350.9
395.0
439.0
483.0
527.0
571
615
659
703
747
791
835
879
923
967
1011
1055
1099
1143
1187
1231
1275
1319
1363
1407
1451
1495
1539

Inches
of
Mercury
0.0319
0.0638
0.1275
0.2551
0.3826
0.570
0.638
0.765
0.893
1.020
1.148
1.275
1.403
1.531
1.658
1.786
1.913
2.041
2.169
2.296
2.424
2.551
2.679
2.806
2.934
3.061
3.189
3.317
3.444
3.572
3.699
3.827
3.954
4.08
4.21
4.34
4.46

Millimeters
of
Mercury
0.810
1.621
3.239
6.478
9.72
12.95
16.19
19.43
22.67
25.91
29.15
32.38
35.62
38.86
42.1
45.3
48.6
51.8
55.1
58.3
61.5
64.8
68.0
71.2
74.5
77.7
81.0
84.2
87.4
90.7
93.9
97.2
100.4
103.6
106.9
110.1
113.3

METRIC EQUIVALENTS
(Based on National Bureau of Standards)

LENGTH
cm
m
m
km

=
=
=
=

0.3937 in.
3.2808 ft.
1.0936 yd.
0.6213 mile

cm2
m2
m2
km2
hectare

=
=
=
=
=

0.1549 in.2
10.7638 ft.2
1.1959 yd.2
0.3861 mi. 2
2.471 acres

cm
m3
m3
Liter
Liter
Liter

=
=
=
=
=
=

in.
ft.
yd.
mile

=
=
=
=

2.5400 cm
0.3048 m
0.9144 m
1.6093 km

in.2
ft.2
yd.2
mi.2
acres
one hectare = 10,000 m2

=
=
=
=
=

6.4516 cm2
0.0929 m2
0.7645 m2
2.5900 km2
0.4047 hectare

AREA

VOLUME

0.0610 in.
in.3 =
16.3871 cm3
35.3142 ft.3
ft.3 =
0.0283 m3
3
3
1.3079 yd.
yd. =
0.7645 m3
0.0353 ft.3
ft.3 =
28.32 liters
0.2641 gal. (U.S.)
gal. =
3.7853 liters
61.0250 in.3
in.3 =
0.0163 liters
one Liter of pure water @ 4C = 2.2046 lb. = 1 kg
WEIGHT

g
g
kg
kg
m ton
m ton

= 15.4323 grains
=
0.0352 oz.
=
2.2046 lbs.
=
0.0011 ton (short)
=
1.1023 ton (short)
= 2205 lbs.
2

1 kg per cm =
1 kg per m2 =
1 kg per cm2 =

grain
oz.
lb.
ton (short)
ton (short)
ton (long)

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.0647 g
28.3496 g
0.4535 kg
907.1848 kg
0.9071 m ton
1016 kg

PRESSURE
14.22 lb. per in.
1 lb. per in.2 =
0.07031 kg per cm2
0.2048 lb. per ft.2
1 lb. per ft.2 =
4.882 kg per m2
0.9678 normal atmosphere
1 normal atmosphere = 1.0332 kg per cm2
1 normal atmosphere = 14.70 lb. per in.2
2

Density =
Energy =
Work =
Density =

MISCELLANEOUS
1 lb./ft.3 = 16.0185 kg/m3
1 BTU = 0.252 kg-calorie
1 ft. lb. = 0.13826 kg-m
1 KW = 14.3328 kg-Cal/min.

Page 43

CONVERSION FACTORS
BTU per min.
BTU per min.
Ft. Lbs. per min.
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Watts
Kilowatts
Inches of Water
Oz. per Sq. In.
In. of Water
U.S. Gallons
U.S. Gallons
In. of Mercury
Ft. of Water
Cu. Ft.
U.S. Gallons
BTU per Lb.
Cal per g
g per cm
M.P.H.
Diameter Circle
Side of Square
Side of Cube
Joule
Miles
Long Tons
Acres
Lbs.

x
0.02356
x
0.01757
x
0.0000303
x
42.44
x 33,000
x
10.70
x
745.7
x
0.7373
x
1.3410
x
0.5773
x
1.732
x
0.03613
x
0.8327
x
0.1337
x
0.4912
x
0.4335
x
62.428
x
8.336
x
0.586
x
1.8
x
62.428
x
88
x
0.886
x
1.414
x
1.732
x
0.7373
x 5,280
x 2,240
x 43,560
x 7,000

= Horsepower
= Kilowatts
= Horsepower
= BTU per min
= Ft. Lbs. per min
= kg cal per min.
= Watts
= Ft. Lbs. per sec.
= Horsepower
= Oz. per Sq. In.
= In. of Water
= P.S.I.
= Imperial Gallons
= Cubic Ft.
= P.S.I.
= P.S.I.
= Pounds of Water
= Pounds of Water
= KWH per Ton (Short)
= BTU per Pound
= Pounds per Ft.
= Ft. per Sec.
= Side of Equal Square
= Diagonal
= Space Diagonal
= Foot Pounds
= Feet
= Pounds
= Sq. Ft.
= Grains

POWER
1 KW
1 KW
1 HP
1 Watt
1 Watt

=
=
=
=
=

56.87 BTU per min.

1.341 HP
550 Ft.-Lb. per sec.
44.25 Ft.-Lb. per min.
14.34 g-cal per min.

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Degrees Fahrenheit =
Degrees Kelvin =
Degrees Rankine =

1.8 (Deg C) + 32
Deg C + 273.16
Deg F + 459.69

ENERGY
1 BTU
1 HP-HR
1 KWH
1 KWH
1 KWH
1 KWH

=
=
=
=
=
=

252.161 Calories
2544.48 BTU
One KW for one our
2,655,218 Ft.-Lb.
1.34 HP-HR
3412.19 BTU

COST OF OPERATING ELECTRIC MOTORS

One KWH is consumed for each one (1) HP used per hour. Calculate HP used per hour and multiply
by prevailing rate per KWH to get cost of operation.
(Above is based on a motor efficiency of 85% and average line loss.)

Page 44

INCHES TO MILLIMETERS
Inches
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
33/64
17/32
35/64

Millimeters
0.3969
0.7938
1.1906
1.5875
1.9844
2.3813
2.7781
3.1750
3.5719
3.9688
4.3656
4.7625
5.1594
5.5563
5.9531
6.3500
6.7469
7.1438
7.5406
7.9375
8.3344
8.7313
9.1281
9.5250
9.9219
10.3188
10.7156
11.1125
11.5094
11.9063
12.3031
12.7000
13.0969
13.4938
13.8906

Inches
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31/32
63/64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Millimeters
14.2875
14.6844
15.0813
15.4781
15.8750
16.2719
16.6688
17.0656
17.4625
17.8594
18.2563
18.6531
19.0500
19.4469
19.8438
20.2406
20.6375
21.0344
21.4313
21.8281
22.2250
22.6219
23.0188
23.4156
23.8125
24.2094
24.6063
25.0031
25.4000
50.8000
76.2000
101.600
127.000
152.400
177.800

Inches
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Feet
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Millimeters
203.200
228.600
254.000
279.400
304.800
330.200
355.600
381.000
406.400
431.800
457.200
482.600
508.000
533.400
558.800
584.200
609.600
Meters
0.9144
1.2192
1.5240
1.8288
2.1336
2.4384
2.7432
3.0480
6.0960
9.1440
12.1920
15.2400
18.2880
21.3360
24.3840
27.4320
30.4800

Page 45

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS

0.0052
0.0104

1/16
1/8

1/64

0.015625
0.0208
0.0260

3/16
1/4
5/16

1/32

0.03125
0.0365
0.0417

3/64

0.2552
0.2604

3 1/16
3 1/8

17/64

0.265625
0.2708
0.2760

3 3/16
3 1/4
3 5/16

3/8
7/16
1/2

9/32

0.28125
0.2865
0.2917

0.046875
0.0521
0.0573

9/16
5/8
11/16

19/64

1/16

0.06250
0.0677
0.0729

3/4
13/16
7/8

5/64

0.078125
0.0833
0.0885

3/32

0.5052
0.5104

6 1/16
6 1/8

33/64

0.515625
0.5208
0.5260

6 3/16
6 1/4
6 5/16

3 3/8
3 7/16
3 1/2

17/32

0.53125
0.5365
0.5417

0.296875
0.3021
0.3073

3 9/16
3 5/8
3 11/16

35/64

5/16

0.31250
0.3177
0.3229

3 3/4
3 13/16
3 7/8

15/16
1
1 1/16

21/64

0.328125
0.3333
0.3385

0.09375
0.0990
0.1042

1 1/8
1 3/16
1 1/4

11/32

7/64

0.109375
0.1146
0.1198

1 5/16
1 3/8
1 7/16

23/64

1/8

0.12500
0.1302
0.1354

1 1/2
1 9/16
1 5/8

3/8

9/64

0.140625
0.1458
0.1510

1 11/16
1 3/4
1 13/16

5/32

0.15625
0.1615
0.1667

11/64

Fractions
Of Inch of Foot

Inch Equivalents to Foot

Fractions

Fractions
Of Inch of Foot

Inch Equivalents to Foot

Fractions

Fractions
Of Inch of Foot

Inch Equivalents to Foot

Fractions

Fractions
Of Inch of Foot

Inch Equivalents to Foot

Fractions

DECIMAL OF AN INCH AND A FOOT

0.7552
0.7604

9 1/16
9 1/8

49/64

0.765625
0.7708
0.7760

9 3/16
9 1/4
9 5/16

6 3/8
6 7/16
6 1/2

25/32

0.78125
0.7865
0.7917

9 3/8
9 7/16
9 1/2

0.546875
0.5521
0.5573

6 9/16
6 5/8
6 11/16

51/64

0.796875
0.8021
0.8073

9 9/16
9 5/8
9 11/16

9/16

0.56250
0.5677
0.5729

6 3/4
6 13/16
6 7/8

13/16

0.81250
0.8177
0.8229

9 3/4
9 13/16
9 7/8

3 15/16
4
4 1/16

37/64

0.578125
0.5833
0.5885

6 15/16
7
7 1/16

53/64

0.828125
0.8333
0.8385

9 15/16
10
10 1/16

0.34375
0.3490
0.3542

4 1/8
4 3/16
4 1/4

19/32

0.59375
0.5990
0.6042

7 1/8
7 3/16
7 1/4

27/32

0.84375
0.8490
0.8542

10 1/8
10 3/16
10 1/4

0.359375
0.3646
0.3698

4 5/16
4 3/8
4 7/16

39/64

0.609375
0.6146
0.6198

7 5/16
7 3/8
7 7/16

55/64

0.859375
0.8646
0.8698

10 5/16
10 3/8
10 7/16

0.37500
0.3802
0.3854

4 1/2
4 9/16
4 5/8

5/8

0.62500
0.6302
0.6354

7 1/2
7 9/16
7 5/8

7/8

0.87500
0.8802
0.8854

10 1/2
10 9/16
10 5/8

25/64

0.390625
0.3958
0.4010

4 11/16
4 3/4
4 13/16

41/64

0.640625
0.6458
0.6510

7 11/16
7 3/4
7 13/16

57/64

0.890625
0.8958
0.9010

10 11/16
10 3/4
10 13/16

1 7/8
1 15/16
2

13/32

0.40625
0.4115
0.4167

4 7/8
4 15/16
5

21/32

0.65625
0.6615
0.6667

7 7/8
7 15/16
8

29/32

0.90625
0.9115
0.9167

10 7/8
10 15/16
11

0.171875
0.1771
0.1823

2 1/16
2 1/8
2 3/16

27/64

0.421875
0.4271
0.4323

5 1/16
5 1/8
5 3/16

43/64

0.671875
0.6771
0.6823

8 1/16
8 1/8
8 3/16

59/64

0.921875
0.9271
0.9323

11 1/16
11 1/8
11 3/16

3/16

0.18750
0.1927
0.1979

2 1/4
2 5/16
2 3/8

7/16

0.43750
0.4427
0.4479

5 1/4
5 5/16
5 3/8

11/16

0.68750
0.6927
0.6979

8 1/4
8 5/16
8 3/8

15/16

0.93750
0.9427
0.9479

11 1/4
11 5/16
11 3/8

13/64

0.203125
0.2083
0.2135

2 7/16
2 1/2
2 9/16

29/64

0.453125
0.4583
0.4635

5 7/16
5 1/2
5 9/16

45/64

0.703125
0.7083
0.7135

8 7/16
8 1/2
8 9/16

61/64

0.953125
0.9583
0.9635

11 7/16
11 1/2
11 9/16

7/32

0.21875
0.2240
0.2292

2 5/8
2 11/16
2 3/4

15/32

0.46875
0.4740
0.4792

5 5/8
5 11/16
5 3/4

23/32

0.71875
0.7240
0.7292

8 5/8
8 11/16
8 3/4

31/32

0.96875
0.9740
0.9792

11 5/8
11 11/16
11 3/4

15/64

0.234375
0.2396
0.2448

2 13/16
2 7/8
2 15/16

31/64

0.484375
0.4896
0.4948

5 13/16
5 7/8
5 15/16

47/64

0.734375
0.7396
0.7448

8 13/16
8 7/8
8 15/16

63/64

0.984375
0.9896
0.9948

11 13/16
11 7/8
11 15/16

0.25000

0.50000

0.75000

1.00000

12

1/4

Page 46

1/2

3/4

AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES

Dia.
In.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Area
Sq. In.
Sq. Ft.
0.7854
0.0055
3.14
0.0218
7.07
0.0491
12.57
0.0873
19.63
0.1364
28.27
0.1963
38.48
0.2673
50.27
0.3491
63.62
0.4418
78.54
0.5454
95.03
0.6600
113.1
0.7854
132.7
0.9218
153.9
1.069
176.7
1.227
201.1
1.396
227.0
1.576
254.5
1.767
283.5
1.969
314.2
2.182
346.4
2.405
380.1
2.640
415.5
2.885
452.4
3.142
490.9
3.409
530.9
3.687
572.6
3.976
615.8
4.276
660.5
4.587
706.9
4.909
754.8
5.241
804.2
5.585
855.3
5.940
907.9
6.305
962.1
6.681
1017.9
7.069

Circumference
In.
Ft.
3.1416
0.2618
6.28
0.5236
9.42
0.7854
12.57
1.047
15.71
1.309
18.85
1.571
21.99
1.833
25.13
2.094
28.27
2.356
31.42
2.618
34.56
2.880
37.70
3.142
40.84
3.403
43.98
3.665
47.12
3.927
50.27
4.189
53.41
4.451
56.55
4.712
59.69
4.974
62.83
5.236
65.97
5.498
69.12
5.760
72.26
6.021
75.40
6.283
78.54
6.545
81.68
6.807
84.82
7.069
87.96
7.330
91.11
7.592
94.25
7.854
97.39
8.116
100.5
8.378
103.7
8.639
106.8
8.901
110.0
9.163
113.1
9.425

Dia.
In.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

Area
Sq. In.
Sq. Ft.
1075.2
7.467
1134.1
7.876
1194.6
8.296
1256.6
8.727
1320.3
9.168
1385.4
9.621
1452.2
10.08
1520.5
10.56
1590.4
11.04
1661.9
11.54
1734.9
12.05
1809.6
12.57
1885.7
13.10
1963.5
13.64
2043
14.19
2124
14.75
2206
15.32
2290
15.90
2376
16.50
2463
17.10
2552
17.72
2642
18.35
2734
18.99
2827
19.63
2922
20.29
3019
20.97
3117
21.65
3217
22.34
3318
23.04
3421
23.76
3526
24.48
3632
25.22
3739
25.97
3848
26.73
3959
27.49
4072
28.27

Circumference
In.
Ft.
116.2
9.687
119.4
9.948
122.5
10.21
125.7
10.47
128.8
10.73
131.9
11.00
135.1
11.26
138.2
11.52
141.4
11.78
144.5
12.04
147.7
12.30
150.8
12.57
153.9
12.83
157.1
13.09
160.2
13.35
163.4
13.61
166.5
13.88
169.6
14.14
172.8
14.40
175.9
14.66
179.1
14.92
182.2
15.18
185.4
15.45
188.5
15.71
191.6
15.97
194.8
16.23
197.9
16.49
201.1
16.76
204.2
17.02
207.3
17.28
210.5
17.54
213.6
17.80
216.8
18.06
219.9
18.33
223.1
18.59
226.2
18.85

Dia.
In.
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

Area
Sq. In.
Sq. Ft.
4185
29.07
4301
29.87
4418
30.68
4536
31.50
4657
32.34
4778
33.18
4902
34.04
5027
34.91
5153
35.78
5281
36.67
5411
37.57
5542
38.48
5675
39.41
5809
40.34
5945
41.28
6082
42.24
6221
43.20
6362
44.18
6504
45.17
6648
46.16
6793
47.17
6940
48.19
7088
49.22
7238
50.27
7390
51.32
7543
52.38
7698
53.46
7854
54.54
8012
55.64
8171
56.75
8332
57.86
8495
58.99
8659
60.13
8825
61.28
8992
62.44
9161
63.62

Circumference
In.
Ft.
229.3
19.11
232.5
19.37
235.6
19.63
238.8
19.90
241.9
20.16
245.0
20.42
248.2
20.68
251.3
20.94
254.5
21.21
257.6
21.47
260.8
21.73
263.9
21.99
267.0
22.25
270.2
22.51
273.3
22.78
276.5
23.04
279.6
23.30
282.7
23.56
285.9
23.82
289.0
24.09
292.2
24.35
295.3
24.61
298.5
24.87
301.6
25.13
304.7
25.39
307.9
25.66
311.0
25.92
314.2
26.18
317.3
26.44
320.4
26.70
323.6
26.97
326.7
27.23
329.9
27.49
333.0
27.75
336.2
28.01
339.3
28.27

Page 47

INDEX
Air, dry, properties of
Air, Humidity percentages
Atomic weights
Circles, area and circumstances
Coke consumption due to moisture
Color scale for temperatures
Combustion, air required for
Combustion, useful data
Conversion factors
Crane Speeds
Crane hoisting rope, size and strength
Cupolas, formula for estimating height of bed coke
Cupolas, front slagging
Cupolas, melting rates for lined
Cupolas, melting rates for liningless hot blast
Cupolas, planning new installations
Cupolas, operation, pointers on
Cupolas, recommended tap hole sizes
Cupolas well, holding capacities
Cupolas lining data
Decimal equivalents
Electric Arc furnace transformers
Electrical motors, cost of operating
Electrodes, Graphite
Energy
Formulas, mechanical, electrical, rules of thumb
Fusion, points, ash and slag
Gases and vapors, physical properties
Hydro-Arc furnace data, power consumption
Hydro-Arc furnace, Shell capacities
Inches to Millimeters
Induction furnace, vertical type
Induction furnace, horizontal type
Ladles, capacities, iron
Ladles, capacities, steel
Ladles, selecting size of U-ladles
Ladles, capacities of U-Ladles
Ladles, method of calculating capacities
Ladles, standard spout arrangements
Magnets, scrap handling, lifting capacities
Malleable iron, grades
Metal densities in molten state
Melting points, minerals and oxides
Metal temperature and melting ratio
Metric equivalents
Monolithic linings
Power
Pressure equivalents
Properties of metals and alloys
Temperature, conversion
Temperature, cupola tapping
Temperature scales
Thermal properties, metals
Weights, various materials

Page 48

38
16
34
47
17
33
12,13
23
44
30
31
15
11
4
5
2
3
10
15
6, 7, 8, 9
46
19
44
19
44
40
33
37
20
18
45
21
22
26
27
24
25
29
25
32
33
29
33
14
43
10
44
42
35
39
28
44
36
41

Indexing Vibrating Feeder Type Cupola Charge

133 Cu. Ft. Clamshell Charging Bucket

for Loading Vibrating Feeder Cupola Charger

Size 18/19/18 Whiting

Hydro-Arc Electric Furnace

Pictured on these pages are a number of reasons why when planning to mechanize or
improve your foundry operations you should consult Whiting. No matter what your problem,
there is Whiting foundry equipment to solve it better and more economically.

Cupola Being Charged by Vibrating Feeder

50 Cu. Ft. Tilting Weigh Hopper Weighing Cupola
Charges and Loading them into Skip Hoist Bucket

Size 11 Whiting Hydro-Arc Electric Furnace

170 Cu. Ft. Charging Bucket and S Type Skip for

Cupola Charging

35 Ton A.O.D.
Vessel

Trambeam Hot
Metal Carrier

2850 Cu. Ft. Clamshell Arc Furnace Charging Bucket

on Self-Propelled Radio Controlled Transfer/Scale Car

10 Ton Charge Make-up Crane

80 Ton Channel Induction Holding Furnace

Copyright 2004, by Whiting Equipment Canada Inc., Welland, Ontario, L3B 5P4

WHITING

FY-177R3

available at www.whiting.ca