Chapter 1 -Latter half of 20th century English became mostly widely taught, learnt and spoken language 300

0 million Australia Canada New Zealand UK nd USA 700 Million Asia, Africa Europe and Latin America Two Diasporas (historical mass-dispersions of people with common roots,) 1) Migration of English Speaking people from UK to Australia , North America and New Zealand 2) Colonialism and other political and economic factors cause diffusion of English among speakers from diverse groups of peoples and language. a. Colonial officials, missionaries and business men carried he language Most debates in this field tend to present issues in binary categories o Standard vs. Nonstandard o Native vs. Nonnative o Briish vs American English has more centres than UK and America o Various language 3 cicles B. Kachru conceptualizing the pluricentricity 1) Inner Circle a) England and the countries that speakers took the language with them as they migrates i) Australia, New Zealand, North America 2) Outer Circle a) English implanted by colonial administrators, business mane, educators, and missionaries and is now nurtured by the indigenous multilingual users b) Use English as an additional language for their own purposes i) Many National and international domains 3) Expanding Circle a) China Japan Korea Thailand Europe Middle East and Latin America b) Spreading to the serve the need for an international medium in business and commerce, diplomacy finance and other spheres c) Also increased use in internal domains of academia media and medicine and engineering Language Dialect and Variety The term Language represents an idealization o Individuals speak variety or dialect not a language o American English, Australian English and Uk English Within these nation varieties are identified by regions US 18 dialects , Uk: Scots Northern central and southern dialects Classes, ethnic groups, age groups, gender, and education all lead to variation o Us African American vernacular o Cockney in England trudgill says its a working class London o South Asia dialect difference in castes and religion o Dialects identified by both religion and class Variety is a nicer term than dialect o Prince Charles of Britain thought of American variety as a danger to English and urged the need to keep British English as the standard

Accent Variation in accent Pronunciation of sounds, to stress and intonation or to the rhythm of speech David Abercrombie hard to believe RP English is not superior if you speak it yourself o In actuality RP never used by more than 3-4% of british population McArthur This is true of many standard upper-class accents Strevens Since accent/dialect pairs coexist in this way the terms are often confused o The pairing of accent and dialect breaks down in standard languages o Presidents of US have all had different accents but they are all considered speakers of standard American english o BBC broadcasters have regional accents but are all considered speakers of standard Educated British English. Varieties of World Englishs American and British English are accepted as legitimate forms of English to be taught The national varieties in Asian and Africa where English has official and societal status raise more debate and disagreement over what is legitimate Diffusion and variation The success of English brings elation and consternation to language experts Some are relieved that there is finally a viable medium for international communication in the place of a tower of Babel There is also the belief that the variation between Englishs will cause the disintegration of the language o What is stake is Standard English because a great deal of variation is already existent withing American and british english