Otc000005 Otn Introduction Issue1

OTN Introduction
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OTN Introduction
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Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
O p t i c a l t r an s po r t h i e r a r ch y P a g e 4 OTN interface structure..Page8 M ul t i p le xin g / m apping principles and bit rates....Page14 Overhead descriptionPage19 Maintenance signals and function for different layers..Page39 A l a r m a n d p e r f o r m a n ce e ve n ts . P a g e 5 0
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OTN Introduction
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Foreword
This course will introduce OTN, includes:
Optical transport hierarchy (OTH) , interface structure, overhead Maintenance signals, function for different layers Alarm and Performance events
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This Course is mainly based on ITU-T G.872 Architecture of optical transport networks ITU-T G.709 Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN) ITU-T G.874 Management aspects of the optical transport network element ITU-T G.798 Characteristics of optical transport network hierarchy equipment functional blocks
OTN Introduction
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe OTN frame structure, maintenance signals and function for different layers Outline alarm and performance events generation mechanism Analyze the alarm and performance events and locate the failures in OTN
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Reference: ITU-T G.709
OTN Introduction
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Contents
1. Optical transport hierarchy 2. OTN interface structure 3. Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates 4. Overhead description 5. Maintenance signals and function for different layers 6. Alarm and performance events
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Objectives for this chapter: Describe the features of OTN Outline the protocols which supports OTN system
OTN Introduction
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OTN
OTNOptical Transport Network
An Optical Transport Network (OTN) is composed of a set of Optical Network Elements connected by optical fiber links, able to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, routing, management, supervision and survivability of client signals.
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One important feature of OTN is that the transmission setting of any digital customer signal is independent of specific features of the customer, that is, independence of customer. According to the requirements given in Rec. G.872. The optical transport network supports the operation and management aspects of optical networks of various architectures.
OTN Introduction
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Features of OTN
Compared with SDH and SONET
Ultra capacity with high accuracy, Terabit/second per fiber via DWDM lines Service transparency for client signals Asynchronous mapping, powerful FEC function, predigest network design and reduce the cost
Compared with traditional WDM

Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services Dynamically electrical/optical layer grooming
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Compared with SDH/SONET, the benefits of OTN are as follows: Strong scalability of the capacity: The cross-connect capacity can be expanded to dozens of T bit/s. The customer signal transparency covers payload and clock information. The asynchronous mapping eliminates restriction on the synchronization in the whole network, with stronger FEC. The simplified system design can decrease the networking costs. Up to 6-level TCM monitoring management capability. Compared with the traditional WDM: Effective monitoring capability: OAM&P and network survivability Flexible optical/electrical grooming capability, carrier-class, manageable, and operable networking capability.
OTN Introduction
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OTN system
OTN
Jitter and wander G.8251 G.8201 Network protection G.873.1 G.873.2 Equipment function and features G.798 G.806 Structure and mapping G.709 G.7041 G.7042 Physic layer features G.959.1 G.693 G.694
management G.874 G.874.1
Architecture G.872 G.8080
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G.874, management features of optical transmission NE, describes the management feature of the OTN NE and transmission function of one or more network layers in the OTN. The management of the optical layer network is separated from the management of the customer layer network. Therefore, the same management method that is independent of the customer can be used. G.874 defines fault management, configuration management, billing management, and performance monitoring. G.874 describes the management network architecture model between the NE EMS and optical NE equipment management functions. G.798, feature of equipment function block of the optical transport network, defines the function requirements of the optical transmission network in the NE equipment. G.709, OTN interface, defines OTM-n signal requirements of OTN, including OTH, support of multi wavelength optical network overhead, frame structure, bit rate, and format of mapping customer signals. G.872, OTN architecture, defines the relation between OTN hierarchical architecture, feature information and customer/service layer, and the function description of the network topology and layer network.
OTN Introduction
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Contents
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Objectives for this chapter: Draw the frame structure of OTN; Outline the function of each part in OTN frame; Brief introduce the difference between OTM-n.m and OTM-0.m; Describe how does a client signal are encapsulated to OTN frame.
OTN Introduction
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OTN network layers and interface structure

OPUk: Optical channel Payload Unit-k ODUk: Optical channel Data Unit-k OTUk: completely standardized Optical channel Transport Unit-k OTUkV: functionally standardized Optical channel Transport Unit-k OCh: Optical Channel with full functionality OChr: Optical Channel with reduced functionality OMS: Optical Multiplex Section OTS: Optical Transmission Section OPS: Optical Physical Section OTM: Optical Transport Module IP/MPLS ATM Ethernet STM-N
OPUk ODUk OTUk OTUkV OCh OMSn OTSn

OTM-n.m
OTUk
OTUkV
OChr OPSn
OTM-0.m OTM-nr.m
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Customer signals (for example, IP/MPLS, ATM, Ethernet, and SDH signals), served as OPU, plus the OPU payload are mapped to the OPUk, where, k is 1, 2, 3. k=1 indicates that the bit rate is about 2.5 Gbit/s, k=2 indicates that the bit rate is about 10 Gbit/s, and k=3 indicates that the bit rate is about 40 Gbit/s. OPUk is added as the ODU payload. After ODUkP, ODUkT, frame alignment overhead, and all-zero OTU overhead are added, the ODUk is formed. ODUk is combined into the OTU overhead and FEC region, and then mapped to the completely standardized optical channel transport unit k OTUk, or standardized function optical channel transport unit k OTUkV. The OTUk is combined into OCh, and then mapped to the OCh with complete functions or, and simplified function optical channel OChr. After the OCh is modulated to the optical channel carrier (OCC), n OCCs performs the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and then are combined into the OMS overhead to form the OMSn interface. After the OMSn is combined into the OTS overhead, the OTSn unit is formed. The OChr is modulated to the OCCr. N OCCr perform the WDM to form the optical physical section OPSn. The OPSn is combined with the OMS without the monitoring information and the transport function of the OTS layer network. To be continued in the next page
OTN Introduction
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OTN network layers and interface structure

OPUk: Optical channel Payload Unit-k ODUk: Optical channel Data Unit-k OTUk: completely standardized Optical channel Transport Unit-k OTUkV: functionally standardized Optical channel Transport Unit-k OCh: Optical Channel with full functionality OChr: Optical Channel with reduced functionality OMS: Optical Multiplex Section OTS: Optical Transmission Section OPS: Optical Physical Section OTM: Optical Transport Module IP/MPLS ATM Ethernet STM-N
OPUk ODUkODUkP,ODUkT OTUk OTUkV OCh OMSn OTSn

OTM-n.m
OTUk
OTUkV
OChr OPSn
OTM-0.m OTM-nr.m
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As shown in the figure above, the OTM-n.m (n 1) is composed of OTSn, OMSn, OCh, OTUk/OTUkV, and ODUk. n indicates the number of the maximum wavelength supported by the interface in case of the minimum bit rate supported by the wavelength. When n is 0, it indicates one wavelength. m indicates the bit rate or bit rate set supported by the interface. r indicates the reduced function. OTM-0.m need not label r, because one wavelength indicates the reduced function. OTM-nr.m and OTM-0.m is composed of OPSn, OChr, OTUk/OTUkV, and ODUk. The information structure that supports the OTN interface is called OTM-n, that is, the optical transport module-n. The OTM-n includes two structures: OTM with full functionality OTM-n.m, OTM with reduced functionality OTM-0.m and OTM-nr.m.
OTN Introduction
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OTM-n.m Containment Relationships

Client signal
OPUk OH ODUk OH OTUk[V] OH OCh
OCCo OCCo OCCo Non-associated OH OChOH
OPUk payload
OTM-n. m
OPUk ODUk OCh payload OCCp OCCp OCCp FEC
2 1 OSC
OTM Overhead Signal (OOS)
OCG-n.m OMU-n.m OTM-n.m
comms OH
OMSn OH
OMSn payload OTSn payload
OTSn OH
OOS n represents the maximum number of wavelengths that can be supported at the lowest bit rate supported on the wavelength, m=1,2,3,12,23,123 OTS_OH, OMS_OH, OCh_OH and COMMS OH information fields are contained within the OOS OSCOptical Supervisory Channel used to transmit OOS
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page10
The figure on the right shows the composition of the OTM-n.m signals of the OTM interface with complete function. The OTM-n.m is composed of up to n multiplexing wavelengths and OTM overhead signals that support the non-associated overhead, m can be 1, 2, 3, 12, 23, or 123.m=1 indicates the signals are OTU1/OTU1V. m=2: indicate the signals are OTU2/OTU2V. m=3 indicates the signals are OTU3/OTU3V. m=12 indicates partial signals are OTU1/OTU1V and partial signals are OTU2/OTU2V. m=23 indicates partial signals are OTU 2/OTU2V and partial signals are OTU3/OTU3V. m=123 indicates partial signals are OTU 1/OTU1V, partial signals are OTU2/OTU2V, and partial signals are OTU3/OTU3V. The physical optical feature specifications of OTM-n.m signals are determined by the suppliers. The recommendations do not have specific specifications. The optical layer signal OCh is composed of OCh payload and OCh overhead. After the OCh is modulated to the OCC, multiple OCC time division multiplexes (TDM) constitute the OCG-n.m unit. OMSn payload and OMSn overhead constitute the OMU-n.m. OTSn payload and OTSn overhead constitute the OTM-n.m unit. The overhead and generic management information of the optical layer units constitute the OTM overhead signal (OOS), which is transmitted by 1-channel independent OSC in the non-associated overhead. The overhead of electrical layer units such as OPUk, ODUk, and OTUk are the associated channel overheads, which are transmitted together with the payload.
OTN Introduction
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OTM-nr.m Containment Relationships

Client signal OTM-16r.m OPUk ODUk OH OTUk[V]
16
OH
OPUk payload OPUk ODUk FEC
OH
OChr OCG-nr.m OTM-nr.m
2 1
OCh payload OCCp OCCp

OPSn
OCCp
Fixed channel spacing, irrespective of signal level 1<n16, m=1,2,3,12,23,123 Without optical supervisory channel
The OTM-nr.m signals are composed of up to n optical channel multiplexing, and does not support the non-associated overhead. At present, m of OTM-16r.m can be 1, 2, 3, 12, 23, or 123, where, the physical optical feature specifications of OTM-16r.1 and OTM-16r.2 are defined in G959.1 of ITU-T. The physical optical feature specifications of other four signals are in need of the further study. The electrical layer signal structures of OTM-nr.m and OTM-n.m are the same. The optical layer signals do not support the non-associated overhead OOS, without the optical monitor channel. Therefore, it is called the OTM interface with the reduced function. This OTM-16r.m supports 16 optical channels on a single optical span with 3R regeneration at each end. The OTM-16r.m signal is an OTM-nr.m signal with 16 optical channel carriers (OCCr) numbered OCCr #0 to OCCr #15. An optical supervisory channel (OSC) is not present and there is no OOS either.
OTN Introduction
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OTM-0.m Containment Relationships

OPUk OH ODUk OH OTUk[V] OH OChr OTM-0.m
OPUk payload OPUk ODUk OCh payload OPS0 FEC
The OTM 0.m supports a non colored optical channel on a single optical span with 3R regeneration at each end. m=1,2,3 Without optical supervisory channel
The OTM-0.m supports a non-coloured optical channel on a single optical span with 3R regeneration at each end. OTM-0.m is composed of the single optical channel. It does not support the associated overhead OOS and is without specific wavelength configuration. Only one optical channel is contained; therefore, m can be 1, 2, or 3 only. The physical optical feature specifications of OTM-0.1, OTM-0.2, and OTM-0.3 are defined in G.959.1 and G.693. The electrical layer signal structure of three OTM interfaces are the same, the electrical layer signals are monitored through the associated overhead. The difference is: The OTMn.m optical layer signals supports the transmission of the non-associated overhead through 1-channel OSC. The OTM-nr.m and OTM-0.m do not support the optical layer overhead.
OTM-0.m
Client signal
OTN Introduction
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Contents
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Objectives for this chapter: Draw the mapping route of OTM; List the rate of all types of OTUk,ODUk and OPUk signals; Describe how does a lower rate ODUk multiplex to a higher rate ODUk.
OTN Introduction
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OTM multiplexing and mapping structure

OTM-0.m
1 i+j+k n OTM-nr.m OCG-nr.m
i j k
OCCr 1 OChr OCCr OCCr 1 1 OChr OChr
1 1 1 OTU2[V] 1 1 1 OTU1[V] 1 1 1
Client signal
OPU3 1 ODTUG3 16 4 ODU2 1
OTU3[V]
ODU3
Client signal
OPU2
Client signal
1 i+j+k n OTM-n.m OCG-n.m
i j k 1
OCC OCC OCC OSC
1 1 1 1
OCh OCh OCh OOS
ODTUG2
4
ODU1
OPU1
Multiplexing OTS, OMS, OCh, COMMS Mapping
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Customer signals or ODTUGk is mapped to OPUk; OPUk is mapped to ODUk; ODUk is mapped to OTUk or OTUkV; OTUk or OTUkV is mapped to OCh or OChr. Finally, OCh or OChr is modulated to OCC or OCCr. The multiplexing includes the TDM from low-level ODU to high-level ODU and the WDM from up to n OCC or OCCr to one OCG-n.m or OCG-r.m (here, n 1). The TDM is used to transmit multiple low-rate optical channel signals on one high-rate optical channel, and to perform the end-to-end path maintenance for these low-rate channels. Through the TDM, up to four ODU1 signals can be multiplexed to one ODTUG2. Then, the ODTUG2 is mapped to the OPU2. Meanwhile, j ODU2 and 16-4j ODU1 signals can be multiplexed to one ODTUG3, where j4. ODTUG3 is mapped to OPU3. OPU2 and OPU3 can be multiplexed to the corresponding large granularity customer signals. For the WDM, the OCC or OCCr unit of OCG-n.m or OCG-r.m can adopt various rates. OTM-n.m or OTM-r.m transmits OCG-n.m or OCG-r.m. In addition, OTM-n.m interface can multiplex the OSC to the OTM-n.m through the WDM.
OTN Introduction
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Types and capacity

Types
OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 ODU1 ODU2 ODU3 OPU1 OPU2 OPU3
nominal bit rate

2 666 057.143 kbit/s 10 709 225.316 kbit/s 43 018 413.559 kbit/s 2 498 775.126 kbit/s 10 037 273.924 kbit/s 40 319 218.983 kbit/s 2 488 320 kbit/s
9 995 276.962 kbit/s 40 150 519.322 kbit/s
bit rate tolerance
20 ppm
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As we know,the size of OTUk is fixed, that is, OTU1, OTU2, and OTU3 are 4-line and 4080-column. For OTU1 frames, from Column 1 to Column 16, there are OTU1, ODU1, and OPU1 overhead. From Column 17 to Column 3824 (with 3808 columns in total), there are customer signals. From column 3825 to column 4080 (with 256 columns in total), there are FEC areas. Assume the customer signals are STM-16 SDH signals, the rate is 2 488 320kbit/s, the calculations are as follows: Customer signal /OTU frame = Customer signals rate / nominal OTU frame rate 3808/4080 = 2 488 320 / nominal OTU1 frame rate That is, nominal OTU1 frame rate = 255/238 x 2 488 320 kbit/s For OTU2 frames, four ODU1s are combined to ODTUG2 through the TDM. Four ODU1s operate as the OPU2 payload, occupying 3808 columns. In OPU2 payload, there are 16 columns of OTU1, ODU1, and OPU1 overhead. Therefore, the customer signals are 3792 columns. The calculation is as follows: 3792/4080 = 2 488 320 x 4 / nominal OTU2 frame rate That is, nominal OTU2 frame rate = 255/237 x 9 953 280 kbit/s The nominal OTU3 frame rate = 255/236 x 39 813 120 kbit/s For OTU1/2/3 frame rate, the conclusion is as follows: OTUk rate = 255/(239-k) x STM-N frame rate , k=1, 2, 3 correspond to the frame rate of STM-16, STM-64, and STM-256 respectively. The OTU bit rate tolerance is 20 ppm.
OTN Introduction
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ODUkTDM
Low rate ODUk signals are multiplexed into high rate ODUk signals using time-division multiplexing :
Up to 4 ODU1 signals are multiplexed into an ODU2 using time-division multiplexing A mixture of j (j 4) ODU2 and 16-4j ODU1 signals can be multiplexed into an ODU3 using time-division multiplexing.
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Two customer/service relationships are defined: One ODU2 transmits four ODU1. One ODU3 transmits 16 ODU1, or four ODU2, or other combinations in this range, where, one ODU2 is equivalent to four ODU1. TDM includes two cases: ODU1 multiplexing to ODU2, and ODU1/ODU2 multiplexing to ODU3.
OTN Introduction
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ODU1 into ODU2 multiplexing method

ODU1floats in of the OPU2 payload area. An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2 frame boundaries.
OPU1 OH
Alignm
ODU1
ODU1OH
Client layer signal (e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
x4
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH OPU1 OH OPU1 OH
ODU2
ODU2 OH
ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH OPU1 OH OPU1 OH
Alignm
OTU2 OH
ODU2 OH
OPU1 OH
OTU2
Alignm ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH
(e.g. STM-16) OPU2 Client Layer Signal Payload Client layer signal (e.g. STM-16)
Client Layer Signal Client Layer Signal (e.g. STM-16)
OPU1 OH
Alignm
Client Layer Signal Client Layer Signal (e.g. STM-16) Client Layer Signal (e.g. STM-16) Client layer signal (e.g. STM-16) (e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
(e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
OTU2 FEC
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ODU1floats in of the OPU2 payload area. An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2 frame boundaries. A complete ODU1 frame(15296 bytes) requires the bandwidth of (15296/3808 =) 4.017 ODU2 frame The figure shows the ODU1 frame, including the frame alignment overhead and all-zero OTUk overhead. The ODU1 adapts to the clock synchronization of the ODU2 signal through the asynchronous mapping. As shown in the frame structure in the figure, four ODU1 after adaptation is multiplexed to the OPU2 payload area in the byte interleaved mode; JC and NJO are inserted to OPU2 overhead area. After ODU2 overhead is added, ODU2 is mapped to OTU2 (or OTU2V). After OTU2 (or OTU2V) overhead, frame alignment overhead, and FEC area are added, the OTU2 signals transmitted through the OTM are formed. The frame size of ODU1 and ODU2 are the same, that is, 4 lines and 3824 columns, where, the payload is 3808 column. How can OPU2 take four ODU1 frames? The ODU1 frame must cross one ODU2 frame border, occupying 3824/3808, that is, 1.004 ODU2 frame. The frame frequency of the ODU1 differs from that of ODU2. The frame frequency of the ODU2 is higher than ODU1. Therefore, it is feasible when ODU1 is multiplexed to ODU2 with occupying one ODU2 frame.
OTN Introduction
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Contents
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Objectives for this chapter: List the overheads in OTN frame; Describe the function of each overhead.
OTN Introduction
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OTN frame formats (k=1,2,3)

3825
1 Alignm 2 3 4
OPUk OH
OTUk OH
ODUk OH
Client signal mapped in OPUk OPU k payload
3824
OTUK FEC
Client signal OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit ODUk Optical Channel Data Unit OTUk Optical Channel Transport Unit Alignment
k: 1 2 3 2.5G 10G 40G
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The OPUk is in the area from row 15 to row 3824, where, OPUk overhead area is from column 15 to column 16, OPUk payload area is from column 17 to column 3824, customer signals are in the OPUk payload area. The ODUk is in the block structure with 4 lines and 3824 columns, which is composed of ODUk overhead and OPUk, where ODUk overhead area is from row 1 to row 4 and from column 1 to column 14. The frame alignment overhead area is from column 1 to column 7 in the first line. Column 8 to 14 in the first line are all-zero. The OTUk overhead area is from column 8 to column 14 in the first line, and the FEC area is from column 3825 to column 4084 (256 columns in total) on the right of the frame. The frame alignment overhead area is from Column 1 to column 7 of the first line in the frame header. The customer signal rate corresponding to OTU1/2/3 is respectively 2.5G/10G/40Gbits/s. The OTUk frame structure of each level is the same. The OTUk signals at the ONMI must have the sufficient bit timing information. Therefore, the OTUk provides the scramble function, to construct an appropriate bit pattern by using a scrambler, with the avoidance of long 1 or long 0 series. With the consideration of the framing, the OTUk overhead FAS should not be scrambled. The scrambling operation is performed after FEC calculation and insertion of OTUk signals. The transmission sequences of the bytes in the OTUk frame is from left to right, from top down
4080
14 15 16 17
7 8
OTN Introduction
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OTN electrical overhead overview

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1 GCC2

TCM ACT
MFAS
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
RES JC JC RES JC PSI NJO
TCM6 TCM2 APS/PCC
FTFL RES
TCM1
ODUk OH
TCMACT: Tandem Connection Monitoring Activation/deactivation control channel TCMi:Tandem Connection Monitoring i FTFL:Fault Type & Fault Location reporting channel PM: Path Monitoring EXP:Experimental GCC1/2: General Communication Channel 1/2 APS/PCC:Automatic Protection Swiching coordination channel/Protection Communication Control channel
Alignment OH OTUk OH
FAS: Frame Alignment Signal MFAS: multi-frame Alignment Signal
SM: Section Monitoring GCC0:General Communication Channel0 RES: Reserved for future international standardisation
OPUk OH
PSI: Payload Structure Identifier JC: Justification Control NJO: negative justification opportunity
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The figure shows the overall electrical layer overhead, include frame alignment overhead, OTUk layer overhead, ODUk layer overhead, and OPUk layer overhead. The frame alignment overhead is used for the framing. It is composed of 6-byte frame alignment signal overhead FAS and 1-byte multi-frame alignment overhead MFAS. OTUk layer overhead supports the transmission operation function connected through one or more optical channel. It is composed of 3-byte SM, 2-byte GCC0, and 2-byte RES. It is terminated at the OTUk signal assembly and dissemble places. ODUk layer overhead is used to support the operation and maintenance of the optical channel. It is composed of 3-byte PM for end-to-end ODUk channel monitoring, 6-level TCM1-TCM6 with 3 bytes respectively, 1-byte TCMACT, 1-byte FTFL, 2-byte EXP, 2-byte GCC1, 2-byte GCC2, 4-byte APS/PCC, and 6-byte reservation overhead. The ODUk overhead is terminated at the ODUK assembly and disassemble places. TC overhead is added at the source, and is terminated at the sink. OPUk overhead is used to support the customer signal adaptation. It is composed of 1byte PSI, 3-byte JC, 1-byte NJO, and 3-byte reservation overhead. It is terminated at the OPUk assembly and disassemble places.
OTN Introduction
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Frame Alignment Signal

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1 byte 1 OA1 GCC2 byte 2 OA1

TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC byte 3 TCM2 TCM1
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES byte 4 OA2
RES EXP
RES JC RES JC PSI NJO
FTFL RES JC
byte 5 OA2
byte 6 OA2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OA1
FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

A six byte OTUk-FAS signal is defined in row 1, columns 1 to 6 of the OTUk overhead. OA1 is 0xF6(1111 0110 ) OA2 is 0x28(0010 1000).
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Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) is used for the frame alignment and positioning, with the length of six bytes. It is located in Column 1 to Column 6 of Line 1. The contents are shown in the figure: three OA1 plus three OA2 series. The value of OA1 is 0xF6, and the value of OA2 is 0x28.
OTN Introduction
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Multi-Frame Alignment Signal

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC TCM2 TCM1
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
MFAS OH Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6
. .
MFAS (Multi-Frame Alignment Signal)

7 8 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
defined in row 1, column 7 The value of the MFAS byte will be incremented each OTUk/ODUk frame and provides as such a 256 frame multi-frame. Individual OTUk/ODUk overhead signals may use this central multi-frame to lock their 2-frame, 4 frame, 8frame, 16-frame, 32-frame, etc., multi-frames to the principal frame.
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0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
. . . .
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
MFAS sequence
. .
Multi-Frame Alignment Signal (MFAS) follows the FAS. Some OTUk and ODUk overheads, for example, TTI, should cross multiple OTUk/ODUk frames. These overheads must implement the OTUk/ODUk frame alignment and multi-frame alignment processing. The MFAS is used for the multi-frame alignment. The length of the overhead is one byte, and is located in Line 1 Column 7. The value of the MFAS bytes increases with the increase of the OTUk/ODUk basic frame number, from 0 to 255 (with up to 256 basic frames). For the overhead of each multiframe structure, the length can be adjusted. For example, if an overhead uses the multiframe structure with 16 basic frames, bit1-bit4 are not calculated when the multi-frame signals are extracted.
OTN Introduction
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OTUk section monitoring overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
TCM ACT
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2
TCM1
TTI (Trail Trace Identifier)

a one-byte overhead is defined to transport the 64 byte TTI signal The 64-byte TTI signal shall be aligned with the OTUk multi-frame and transmitted four times per multi-frame. TTI struture
TTI
BIP-8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDI
SAPI
15 16
IAE
BEI/BIAE
RES
DAPI
31 32
Operator specific
63
16 bytes SAPI:Source Access Point Identifier 16 bytes DAPI:Destination Access Point Identifier 32 bytes operator specific
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The SM overhead is composed of three bytes. The trail trace identifier (TTI), with the length of one byte, is located in the first byte of the SM overhead. It is used to transmit 64-byte OTUk-level trail trace identifier signals. The content sequence of 64 bytes are: Byte 0 includes SAPI[0] character, with the fixed value of all zeroes. Byte 1-byte5 include 15-character SAPI. Byte 16 includes DAPI[0] character, with the fixed value of all zeroes. Byte 17-byte 31 include 15-character DAPI. Byte 32- byte 63 are the contents designated by the operator. The 64-byte TTI signal should align with the OTUk multi-frame. Transmit for four times in each multi-frame. Each multi-frame contains 256 frames.
OTN Introduction
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BIP-8 (Bit Interleaved Parity-8)
For section monitoring, a one-byte error detection code signal is defined. This byte provides a bit interleaved parity-8 (BIP-8) code The OTUk BIP-8 is computed over the bits in the OPUk (columns 15 to 3824) area of OTUk frame i, and inserted in the OTUk BIP-8 overhead location in OTUk frame i+2
1 14 15 3824
Frame i Frame i+1 Frame i+2
OPUk
BIP8
Page24
Bit Interleaved Parity-8 (BIP-8) byte is used for the detection of the OTUk-level bit error detection. The code is in the even parity inserted among bits. Its length is one byte, located in the second byte of the SM overhead. For BIP8 parity, calculate the bit in the whole OPUK frame area of the No.i OTUk frame to obtain the OTUk BIP-8. Insert the results to No.(i+2) OTUk frame OTUk BIP-8 overhead position. In No.(i+2) frame, as shown in the figure, compare this value with the DIP8 calculation results of the current frame. If both values mismatch, detect the bit error block of the near end.
OTN Introduction
P-25

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
TCM ACT
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2
TCM1
BEI/BIAE (Backward Error Indication/ Backward Incoming Alignment Error)

5 6 7 8
TTI
BIP-8
1 2 3 4
BDI
SAPI
15 16
IAE
BEI/BIAE
RES
BDI (Backward Defect Indication) IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)
DAPI
31 32
RES (Reserved)
Operator specific
63
Page25
Backward Error Indication (BEI) and Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BIAE) are used to return the detected bit errors to the upstream of the OTUk-level and to introduce the IAE. The length is four bits. It is located in the most significant four bits of the third byte of the SM overhead. In the IAE status, the field is set to 1011. The bit error number and non IAE state is omitted, insert the bit error number (0-8). Other six values may be caused by some irrelevant status. It should be explained as 0 bit error and BIAE inactivation. The backward defect indication (BDI) is used for OTUk-level to return the signal invalidity status detected in the terminal sink function. The length is one bit. It is located in Bit5 of byte3 of the SM overhead. When the BDI is set to 1, it indicates OTUk backward defect. Otherwise, it is set to 0. The Incoming Alignment Error (IAE) is used for the OTUk-level S-CMEP at the ingress point to notify the peer S-CMEP at the egress point that the alignment error is detected in the introduction signals. The S-CMEP egress point can use this information to stress the bit error number. These bit error may be caused by the ODUk frame phase change at the TC ingress point. The IAE length is one bit. It is located in bit6 of byte 3 of the SM overhead. The IAE bit is set to 1 to indicate the frame alignment error. Otherwise, it is set to 0. The last two bits of the SM is reserved, and is set to 00. S-Connection Monitoring End Point (CMEP): Section-Connection monitoring end-points represent end points of trails and correspond as such with the trail termination functions.
OTN Introduction
P-26
OTUk GCC0 and RES overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

TCM ACT
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
GCC0 (General Communication Channel)

Two bytes are allocated in the OTUk overhead to support a general communications channel between OTUk termination points A clear channel which are located in row 1, columns 11 and 12
RES (Reserved)
Two bytes of OTUk overhead are reserved for future international standardization Located in row 1, columns 13 and 14 Set to all ZEROs
Page26
General Communication Channel 0 (GCC0) is used to support the general communication between OTUk terminals. The length is two bytes. It is located in Column 11 to Column 12 of line 1. The GCC0 is the transparent channel. The format specification is not discussed here in this course. Then, it is the 2-byte OTUk reserved overhead, for the international standardization. It is located in column 13-column 14 of line 1. The reserved overhead is set to all zeroes.
OTN Introduction
P-27
ODUk path monitoring overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1 TTI TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2 BIP-8
TCM1
TTI / BIP-8 / BEI / BDI

For path monitoring, this overheads function are the same as OTUk SM signal, except BEI signal which doesnt support BIAE function. In row 3, columns 10 to 12
0 SAPI 15 16 DAPI 31 32 Operator specific 63
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BEI STAT BDI
Page27
The PM is similar to the SM. The PM overhead is composed of three bytes. It is located in column 10-column 12 of line 3. The PM is composed of 1-byte TTI, 1-byte BIP-8, 4-bit BDI, 1-bit BEI, and 3-bit STAT. The definitions of TTI / BIP-8 / BEI / BDI are similar to those in SM. These parts support the channel monitor. The PM overhead does not support IAE and BIAE function. In addition, BIP-8 of the PM overhead is parity of the whole OPUk frame (column 15- 3824). But, the parity position is in the PM overhead, which differs from the BIP regenerated node in the BIP8.The BEI field needs not to support the BIAE function. Therefore, one value is less that of the SM overhead to indicate the return of the IAE state. Four bits of BEI fields in the PM overhead have nine effective values in total. 0-8 indicates 0-8 bit errors respectively. The other seven values are caused by some irrelevant status, which can be interpreted as 0 bit error.
OTN Introduction
P-28
ODUk path monitoring overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1 TTI TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2 BIP-8
TCM1
STAT (Status)
For path monitoring, three bits are defined as status bits They indicate the presence of a maintenance signal
Bit 6 7 8 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 status Reserved for future international standardization Normal path signal Reserved for future international standardization Reserved for future international standardization Reserved for future international standardization Maintenance signal: ODUk - LCK Maintenance signal: ODUk - OCI Maintenance signal: ODUk - AIS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BEI STAT BDI
Page28
The STAT field is used for the maintenance signals of ODUk channel level. The length is 3 bits. It is located in the least significant 3 bits of Column 12 of Line 3. The table describes the meaning of the STAT field.
OTN Introduction
P-29
ODUk TCM overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1 TTIi TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2 BIP-8i
TCM1
TTIi / BIP-8i / BEIi/BIAEi / BDIi

For each tandem connection monitoring field, this overheads function are the same as OTUk SM signal Six fields of ODUk TCM overhead are defined in row 2, columns 5 to 13 and row 3, columns 1 to 9 of the ODUk overhead
BDIi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BEIi/BIAEi STATi
Page29
The ODUk overhead defines TCM1-TCM6 of six domains. The Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) overhead supports the monitoring of the ODUk connection. It is used to the scenarios such as one or more optical UNI to UNI, NNI to NNI serial line connection monitoring, linear and ring protection switch sub-layer monitoring, the fault location of the optical channel serial line connection, and the service delivery quality acceptance. TCM6-TCM1 are located in Column 5-Column 13 of line 2, Column 1-Column 9 of Line 3. Its format is similar to the SM of the OTUk overhead and the PM of the ODUk overhead. TTIi / BIP-8i / BEIi / BIAEi / BDIi support the TCMi sub-layer monitoring, where, i ranges from 1 to 6. The definitions and functions of these parts are the same as the corresponding parts in SM. But, only the monitoring levels are different.
OTN Introduction
P-30
ODUk TCM overhead

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FAS RES TCM3 GCC1

1 TTIi TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 APS/PCC

3
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
TCM2 GCC2
2 BIP-8i
TCM1
STAT (Status)
For each tandem connection monitoring field, three bits are defined as status bits. They indicate the presence of a maintenance signal, if there is an incoming alignment error at the source TC-CMEP, or if there is no source TC-CMEP active.
Bit 6 7 8 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 status No source TC In use without IAE In use with IAE Reserved for future international standardization Reserved for future international standardization Maintenance signal: ODUk -LCK Maintenance signal: ODUk -OCI Maintenance signal: ODUk -AIS
BDIi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BEIi/BIAEi STATi
Page30
STAT is used for the maintenance signal of TCMi sub layer, whether the IAE error exists in the source TC-CMEP, whether the source TC-CMEP is activated. The length is 3 bits. It is located in the least significant 3 bits of the TCMi field. It indicates the meaning of the STAT field. TCMi overhead has more BIAE function than PM overhead. In the maintenance signals in the STAT field, there are more two meanings: No source TC, and TC in use but with IAE error.
OTN Introduction
P-31
Nested and Cascaded ODUk monitored connections

TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 A1 B1 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 C1 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 C2 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 B2 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 B3 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 B4 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 A2
C1 - C2 B1 - B2 A1 - A2 TCMi B3 - B4
TCM OH field not in use
TCMi
TCM OH field in use
Page31
Along one ODUk trail, the monitored connections range from 0 to 6. The monitored multilevel connections can be overlay, nesting, or cascading. At present, the overlay mode is applicable to the test only. Each TC-CMEP inserts or extracts the TCM overhead from six TCMi overhead domains. The corresponding network operator, network management system or switching control platform provides the TCMi overhead domain contents. As shown in the figure, the monitored connects A1-A2, B1-B2, and C1-C2 are nested, A1A2 and B3-B4 are nested, B1-B2 and B3-B4 are cascaded.
OTN Introduction
P-32
Overlapping ODUk monitored connections

TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 A1 B1 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 C1 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 B2 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 C2 TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 A2
C1 - C2 B1 - B2 A1 - A2 TCMi
TCM OH field not in use
TCMi
TCM OH field in use
Page32
As shown in the figure, the monitored connects B1-B2 and C1-C2 are overlaid, A1-A2 and B1-B2 are nested, A1-A2 and C1-C2 are nested.
OTN Introduction
P-33
ODUk GCC1/GCC2
1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

TCM ACT
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
GCC1 / GCC2 (General Communication Channel)

Two fields of two bytes are allocated in the ODUk overhead to support two general communications channels between any two network elements with access to the ODUk frame structure (i.e., at 3R regeneration points). The bytes for GCC1 are located in row 4, columns 1 and 2, and the bytes for GCC2 are located in bytes row 4, columns 3 and 4 of the ODUk overhead.
Page33
GCC1 and GCC2 can be used to access to the ODUk frame structure (that is, located in 3R regeneration points) between any two NEs. The length is 2 bytes, respectively located in Column 1-2 and Column 3-4 of Line 1. It is the transparent channel. Its function is similar to OTUk overhead GCC0. The ESC function can be applied to the product.
OTN Introduction
P-34
Other overheads
1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

TCM ACT
MFAS TCM6 TCM2 APS/PCC TCM1
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
TCMACT (TCM Activation/Deactivation) APS/PCC (Automatic Protection Switching/Protection Communication Control) EXP (Experimental) FTFL (Fault Type & Fault Location)
Page34
TCM Activation/Deactivation (TCMACT) overhead is 1-byte long, and is located in Column 4 of Line 2. Its definition is not determined yet. Automatic Protection Switching (APS)/Protection Communication Control (PCC) overhead is applicable to the protection protocol communication, with the length of four bytes. This field can appear in up to 8-level nested APS/PCC signals. It can be used by multiple protection mechanisms. In the multi-frame, the first eight basic frames (for MFAS, it is 0-7) APS/PCC are sequentially allocated to ODUk channel layer, ODUk TCM1-TCM6 sub layers, and OTUk section layer. The ODUk overhead defines 2-byte EXP, which allows the equipment supplier or network operator to use the extra ODUk overhead on the subnet. The specific function of the EXP is not limited to the standard, which is not defined within G.709 range. The ODUk overhead is allocated with one byte to transmit total 256-byte Fault Type & Fault Location (FTFL). The FTFL message is composed of forward area and backward area, with 128 bytes in each area, respectively containing the forward and backward fault type, operator identifier, and operator designated domain.
OTN Introduction
P-35
OPUk payload structure identifier

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

TCM ACT
SM TCM5
GCC0 TCM4 PM RES
RES EXP
FTFL RES JC
0 1
PT
PSI (Payload Structure Identifier)

One byte is allocated in the OPUk overhead to transport a 256-byte payload structure
Mapping & concatenation specific

255
identifier (PSI) signal Aligned with the ODUk multi-frame. PSI[0] contains a one-byte payload type. PSI[1] to PSI[255] are mapping and concatenation specific .
Page35
The OPUk overhead defines 1-byte payload structure identifier (PSI) overhead to transmit the 256-byte PSI to indicate the OPUk signal type. The PSI overhead is in Column 15 of Line 4. The 256-byte PSI signal aligns with the ODUk multi-frame. PSI[0] is a 1-byte payload type (PT); PSI[1]-PSI[255] are used for the mapping and cascading; PSI[1] is reserved, and PSI[2]-PSI[17] is the multiplex structure identifier (MSI). The MSI includes the ODU type and transmitted ODU tributary port number information. For OPU2, there are only four ODU1 tributary port number. Therefore, only four bytes PSI[2]-PSI[5] are needed, and the last 12 bytes of the MSI are set to 0.
OTN Introduction
P-36
OOS
FDI-O TTI BDI-O BDI-P OMSn OTSn PMI FDI-P
2 1 n 3
BDI-O BDI-P OCh PMI
FDI-O FDI-P OCI
General Management Communications TTI: Trail Trace Identifier PMI: Payload Missing Indication OCI: Open Connection Indication BDI-O: Backward Defect Indication Overhead BDI-P: Backward Defect Indication Payload FDI-O: Forward Defect Indication Overhead FDI-P: Forward Defect Indication Payload
Page36
The OOS is the non-associated overhead, which is transmitted through the OSC. The optical layer overhead function should comply with the standard. The recommendation defines overheads and corresponding functions contained in the optical layer, and does not define the frame rate or frame structure. The optical layer overhead include OTS, OMS, OCh overheads, and generic management information overhead defined by the supplier, where, The OTS overhead is used to support the maintenance and operation function of the optical transmission section, and is terminated at the OTM signal assembly and dissemble places, including: TTI: Transmit the TTI consisting of 64-byte character string. The TTI includes the source access point indication, destination access point indication, and information designated by the operator. BDI-P: Transmit the OTSn payload signal invalidity status detected from the OTSn terminal sink function to the upstream. BDI-O: Transmit the OTSn overhead signal invalidity status detected from the OTSn terminal sink function to the upstream. PMI: It is used to transmit the status of payload that is not added at the upstream of the OTS signal source terminal to the downstream, to suppress subsequent reporting of loss of signal. To be continued in the next page
OTN Introduction
P-37
OOS
FDI-O TTI BDI-O BDI-P OMSn OTSn PMI FDI-P
2 1 n 3
BDI-O BDI-P OCh PMI
FDI-O FDI-P OCI
General Management Communications TTI: Trail Trace Identifier PMI: Payload Missing Indication OCI: Open Connection Indication BDI-O: Backward Defect Indication Overhead BDI-P: Backward Defect Indication Payload FDI-O: Forward Defect Indication Overhead FDI-P: Forward Defect Indication Payload
Page37
The OMS overhead is used to support the maintenance and operation function of the optical MS, and is terminated at the OMU signal assembly and dissemble places, including: FDI-P: Transmit OMSn payload signal status to the downstream direction. FDI-O: Transmit OMSn overhead signal status to the downstream direction. BDI-P: Transmit the OMSn payload signal invalidity status detected from the OMSn terminal sink function to the upstream. BDI-O: Transmit the OMSn overhead signal invalidity status detected from the OMSn terminal sink function to the upstream. PMI: Transmit the information with a OCCp containing optical channel signal information at the upstream of OMS signal source terminal to the downstream, to suppress subsequent reporting of signal invalidity status. The OCh overhead is used to support the maintenance function of the fault management in the optical channel, and is terminated at the OCh signal assembly and dissemble places, including: FDI-P: Transmit OCh payload signal status to the downstream direction. FDI-O: Transmit OCh overhead signal status to the downstream direction. OCI: It is the OCh open connection indication. The OCI is the signal sent to the downstream. It indicates that the matrix connection is opened when the upstream delivers the management commands in the connection function. Then, at the OCh terminal point, detect that the OCh signal loss status may be related to the open matrix.
OTN Introduction
P-38
Contents
Page38
Objectives for this chapter: List the maintenance signals type; Describe the function and application of maintenance signals.
OTN Introduction
P-39
OTN Maintenance Layers

Electrical layer
1 1 2 3 4 RES TCM3 GCC1 GCC2 FAS TCM ACT 7 MFAS TCM6 TCM1 APS/PCC 8 SM TCM5 PM RES GCC0 TCM4 RES 14 RES 15 JC JC JC NJO PJO 16 OTS TTI BDI-P BDI-O PMI OMS FDI-P FDI-O BDI-P BDI-O PMI OCh2 OCh1
Optical layer
OChn
FTFL RES EXP RES PSI
TCM2
FDI-P FDI-O OCI
General management communications (OSC)
PM TCM1 (UNI to UNI) (NNI to NNI) TCM2 OTUk SM OTUk SM (NNI to NNI) TCM2 OTUk SM
OTN boundary
OTN boundary
Och OMS OTS OTS OMS OTS OEO OTS
Och OMS OTS OTS
Och OMS OTS
OTM
OLA
OADM/ROADM
OTN XC
OLA
OTM
OTM
OLA
OTM
Page39
OTS, OMS, OCh are all optical layer trails and OTUk, ODUk, Client are all electrical layer trails. OSC trail is independent, which is related to supervisory signal. OTUK use SM section to send maintenance signals. ODUK use PM and TCM to send maintenance signals. OTS,OMS,OCh ,OSC send different optical layer maintenance signals.
OTN Introduction
P-40
OTN Layer Network Trail

Client ODUk OTUk OCH OMS OTS OTU OM OA OSC OSC OSC OA OD OTS OTS OTU
Page40
OCh client trail sets the source/sink port at the client side of OTU. LQG, as an example, it is GE service trail of the client port. OCh trail sets the source/sink port at the WDM side of OTU. LQG, as an example, it is the wavelength trail. OMS trail sets the source/sink port at the OUT/IN port of MUX/DeMUX. It is a trail of the multiplex signal. OTS trail is the fiber connection between adjacent OM/OD/OA in the main path. OSC trail is independent, which is related to supervisory signals.
OTN Introduction
P-41
Maintenance signals
FDIforward defect indication
FDI is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an upstream defect has been detected. An FDI signal is detected in a trail termination sink function to suppress defects or failures that would otherwise be detected as a consequence of the interruption of the transport of the original signal at an upstream point.. AIS and FDI are similar signals. AIS is used as term when the signal is in the digital domain. FDI is used as the term when the signal is in the optical domain. FDI is transported as non associated overhead in the OTM overhead signal (OOS).
Page41
The FDI is the signal sent to the downstream in OMS and OCh layers, to indicate the detected upstream defects. FDI-P indicates the payload forward defect, and FDI-O indicates the overhead forward defect. OMS-FDI-P indicates the OMS servcie layer dfect of the OTS network layer. OMS-FDI-O indicates that the transmission of the OMS overhead transmitted through the OOS is interrupted owing to the signal invalidity status of the OOS. OCh-FDI-P indicates the OCh service layer defect in the OMS network layer. When the OTUk is terminated, OCh-FDI-P serves as the ODUk-AIS signal to continue. OCh-FDI-O indicates that the transmission of the OCh overhead transmitted through the OOS is interrupted owing to the signal invalidity status of the OOS. The FDI signal is generated in the adaptation sink function. In the trail terminal sink function, it is generated to suppress the downstream defects and invalidities detected owing to the transmission interruption of the upstream signals. The FDI is similar to AIS. When the signal is in the optical domain, use the FDI. When the signal is in the digital domain, use the AIS. The FDI served as the non-associated overhead is transmitted in the OTM overhead signal (OOS)
OTN Introduction
P-42
Maintenance signals
AISalarm indication signal
AIS is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an upstream defect has been detected. An AIS signal is generated in an adaptation sink function An AIS signal is detected in a trail termination sink function to suppress defects or failures that would otherwise be detected as a consequence of the interruption of the transport of the original signal at an upstream point.
Page42
AIS is the electrical layer OTUk, ODUkP, ODUkT, and customer layer CBR sent to downstream to indicate the detected upstream defect, to suppress the downstream defects and invalidities detected due to the interruption of upstream signal transmission. The AIS of ODUkP and ODUkT layer uses the ASI with all-1 pattern. Note: OTUk-AIS supports the new service layer in future. At present, only the signal is required to be detected, instead of the generation of this signal. According to this recommendation, Huawei equipment only supports the detection of the OTUk-AIS, instead of inserting OTUk_AIS. CBR AIS is generated in the the ODUk/CBRx adaptation sink function. If the SDH receives this signal, it is detected as the LOF.
OTN Introduction
P-43
Maintenance signals
AISalarm indication signal
ODUk-AIS is specified as all "1"s in the entire ODUk signal, excluding the frame alignment overhead (FA OH), OTUk overhead (OTUk OH) and ODUk FTFL The presence of ODUk-AIS is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields
1 1 2
STAT STAT
78
STAT STAT
14
STAT
17
3824
FA OH
OTUk OH
FTFL
3 4
STAT
STAT
All-1s pattern
Page43
The AIS of ODUkP and ODUkT level uses the all-1 pattern, as shown in the figure. When we introduce the PM and TCMi overhead, we have learnt that the value 111 of STAT field of PM or TCMi indicates the detected ODUk_AIS signals. When ODUkP or ODUkT detects the AIS, it only concerns about the value of the STAT of the corresponding level. For example, to detect the AIS of the TCM1, check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the TCM1 is 111; To check the AIS of the PM, check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the PM is 111. To insert the AIS, the ODUkP or ODUkT is not distinguished. For either of them, insert to PM or 6-level PCM overhead area or all payloads (excluding FTFL byte). Therefore, it is called the insertion of ODUk-AIS signals. The ODUk_AIS may be generated in the adaptation sink function from OTU to ODU or in the ODUkT termination sink function. For the adaptation sink function from OTU to ODT, insert the ODUk_AIS owing to the invalidity of the service layer. For the ODUkT termination sink function, when the TCM is in the operation mode, insert ODUk_AIS owing to the detection of the LCK, OCI, and TIM. Whether the TIM is inserted with the AIS can be set. When the AIS is cleared, 111 of the STAT of the local area is cleared also. For example, for the TCM1 source function, change the STAT of the TCM1 from 111 to 001.
OTN Introduction
P-44
Maintenance signals
BDI (Backward Defect Indication)
Backward Defect Indication Payload defect (dBDI-P) is monitored at the OTS and OMS layers. The purpose of monitoring this parameter is to allow for single ended supervision of the trail During signal fail conditions of the overhead signal, dBDI-P shall be set to false
Page44
The Backward Defect Indication (BDI) includes the OTS of the optical layer, the BDI of the OMS layer, OTUk and ODUkP of the electrical layer, and the BDI of the ODUkT layer. The BDI-P indicates the payload backward defect. The BDI-O indicates the overhead backward defect. If the remote defect of the BDI inserting the OOS detected consecutively in X ms, the BDI is generated. If the BDI-P upstream defect inserted by OOS detected within the consecutive Y ms is cleared, clear the BDI-P. The values of X and Y needs the further study. For the electrical layer OTUk, ODUkP and ODUkT layers BDI, we have learnt the electrical layer overhead part. If the BDI bit of the SM/PM/TCMi overhead domain of the consecutive five frames (bit 5 of byte 3) is 1, generate the dBDI. If the BDI bit of the SM/PM/TCMi overhead domain of the consecutive five frames (bit 5 of byte 3) is 0, clear the dBDI. If the signal is invalid, the BDI should be cleared.
OTN Introduction
P-45
Maintenance signals
OCI (open connection indication)
A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the signal is not connected to a trail termination source The presence of ODUk-OCI is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields. The repeating "0110 0110" pattern is the default pattern; other patterns are also allowed as long as the STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields are set to "110".
1 1 2
STAT STAT
78
STAT STAT
14
FTFL
STAT
17
3824
FA OH
OTUk OH
3 4
STAT
STAT
Repeating 0110 0110 pattern
Page45
The Open connection indication (OCI) is used for the optical layer OCh, electrical layer ODUkP, and ODUkT to indicate that the upstream signal does not connect to the trail terminal source signals. The OCI signal is generated in the connection function. Through the connection function, output at any output connection point that is not connected to any input connection point. The OCI signals are detected in the trail terminal sink function. For the OCh layer, if the input and output is detected in the consecutive X ms, generate the OCI. If the input and output connection is normal or the overhead signal is invalid in the consecutive Y ms, clear OCI. The values of X and Y are still under the research. As shown in the figure, it is the OCI pattern of the ODUkP and ODUkT layer. Detect the OCI, which is similar to the detection of the AIS. Check whether the corresponding bit of the STAT is 110. For example, check the OCI of the TCM1 to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the TCM1 is 110. Detect the OCI of the PM, to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the PM is 110. Insert the OCI, and insert to PM and 6-level TCM area and all payloads. Clear the OCI to clear 110 of this area STAT. For example, for TCM1, it means to change the STAT of the TCM1 from 110 to 001. If the data signal is invalid, the OCI should be cleared.
OTN Introduction
P-46
Maintenance signals
LCK (locked)
A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the connection is "locked", and no signal is passed through. The presence of ODUk-LCK is detected by monitoring the ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields. dLCK shall be declared if the accepted STAT information (AcSTAT) is 101. dLCK shall be cleared if the accepted STAT information is not equal to 101. During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dLCK shall be set to false.
1 1 2
STAT
78
STAT STAT
14
FTFL
STAT
17
3824
FA OH
OTUk OH
STAT
3 4
STAT
STAT
Repeating 0101 0101pattern
Page46
To support the operator's requirement of locking the user access point signal, ODUkP and PDUkT layer provide the LCK maintenance signals to indicate the upstream connection is the locked signal, without signals passing. When the operator performs sets up the test, the customer signals are replaced by the locked (LCK) fixed digital signals. It is generated through the service layer adaptation sink and source function, and is sent to the downstream. The downstream termination sink function allows the report of the LCK alarm, indicating that the upstream connection is locked and no signals pass. As shown in the figure, it is the LCK pattern of the ODUkP and ODUkT layer. Detect the LCK, and check whether the corresponding bit of the STAT is 101. For example, check the LCK of the TCM1 to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the TCM1 is 101. Detect the LCK of the PM, to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the PM is 101. Insert the LCK, and insert to PM and 6-level TCM area and all payloads. Clear the LCK to clear 101 of this area STAT. For example, for TCM1 source function, change the STAT of the TCM1 from 101 to 001. The priority of inserting the LCK is higher than that of the AIS. That is, if a user sets the insertion of the LCK and meets the condition of automatic insertion of the ASI, the result is insertion of the LCK.
OTN Introduction
P-47
Maintenance signals
IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)
IAE at the OTUk layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the IAE bit in the SM overhead field (byte 3, bit 6) is 1/ 0 for X consecutive frames. X shall be 5. IAE at the ODUkT layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the accepted STAT information (AcSTAT) is/is not 010. During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dIAE shall be set to false .
BIAE (Backward Incoming Alignment Error)

dBIAE shall be declared/cleared if the BEI/BIAE bits in the SM/TCM overhead field (byte 3, bit 1 to 4) are/are not 1011 for X consecutive frames. X shall be 3. During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dBIAE shall be set to false .
Page47
Incoming Alignment Error (IAE) and Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BIAE). The electrical layer OTUk and ODUkT provide the maintenance signals of IAE and BIAE. IAE and BIAE are not the fault reasons. The IAE is used to suppress the near end performance of the OTUk and ODUkT (EBC and DS). The BIAE is used to suppress the remote performance of the OTUk and ODUkT. For the IAE of the OTUk, if the IAE bit in the consecutive 5-frame SM overhead domain (bit 6 of byte 3) is 1, generate the dIAE. If the IAE bit in the consecutive 5-frame SM overhead domain (bit 6 of byte 3) is 0, clear the dIAE. For the IAE of the ODUkT, if the received STAT information is 010, generate the dIAE. If the received STAT information is not 010, clear the dIAE. If the signal is invalid, the dIAE and dBIAE should be cleared. For the signals sent to the upstream by the BIAE, if the BEI/BIAE bit of the consecutive 3frame SM/TCMi overhead domain (bit1-bit4 of byte 3) is 1011, generate dBIAE. If the BEI/BIAE bit of the consecutive 3-frame SM/TCMi overhead domain (bit1-bit4 of byte 3) is 1011, clear dBIAE.
OTN Introduction
P-48
Maintenance and management signal

Management function Alignment Connectivity
LOF/LOM TTI AIS OCI
signal
Network layers OTUk

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
ODUkP
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
ODUkT
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Maintenance Signal
LCK LTC BDI BEI IAE/BIAE
Signal quality
BIP-8
Page48
For the framing and monitoring, the OTUk and ODUkP support to obtaining the LOF and LOM through the detection of the FAS and MFAS. The ODUkP is applicable to the scenario from the low-level ODU multiplexing to the high-level ODU signals. For the continuity monitoring, three layers support the TTI signals of the corresponding level. For the information maintenance, three layers support AIS, BDI, and BEI signals. The ASI of the OTUk layer is the generic AIS signal. In ODUkP and ODUkT, there are all-1 AIS signals. ODUkP and ODUkT layers support OCI and LCK signals. The ODUkT layer supports the LTC signals. Note: LTC indicates there is no TCM source. OTUk and ODUkT support the IAE/BIAE signals. For the monitoring of the signal quality, three layers support the performance detection based on the BIP-8 calculation. That is, check the OPUk frames. But the check location and layers are different.
OTN Introduction
P-49
Contents
1. Optical transport hierarchy 2. OTN interface structure 3. Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates 4. Overhead description 5. Maintenance signals and function for different layers 6. Alarms and performance events
Page49
Objectives for this chapter: Classify the alarms into the corresponding layer; Outline the suppression mechanism of alarms.
OTN Introduction
P-50
Alarms
Layer OTUk Alarms OTUk_LOF,OTUk_AIS,OTUk_LOM,OTUk_TIM,OTUk_DEG, OTUk_EXC,OTUk_BDI,BEFFEC_EXC ODUk_PM ODUk_PM_TIM,ODUk_PM_DEG,ODUk_PM_EXC, ODUk_PM_BDI,ODUk_PM_LCK,ODUk_PM_OCI,ODUk_PM_AIS,ODUk_L OFLOM ODUk_TCMi ODUk_TCMi_TIM,ODUk_TCMi_DEG ,ODUk_TCMi_EXC ,ODUk_TCMi_BDI, ODUk_TCMi_LCK,ODUk_TCMi_OCI, ODUk_TCMi_AIS,ODUk_TCMi_LTC
OPUk
OPUk_PLM,OPU2_MSIM,OPU3_MSIM
Remark: k=1,2,3,5G, i=16.

Firstly,about the OTN alarm of each electrical layer, for the alarms of OTUk layer, except the BEFFEC_EXC alarm related to the FEC, other alarm names start with OTUk. For the ODUkP layer, except ODUk_LOFLOM, other alarms start with ODUk_PM. For ODUkT layer alarms, the name starts with ODUk_TCMi. The OPUk layer alarm starts with OPUk.
OTN Introduction
P-51
Performance events
layer
OTUk
Performance events
OTUk_BBE ,OTUk_BBER,OTUk_BIAES,OTUk_ES,OTUk_FEBBE,OTUk_FEBBER,OTUk_FEES, OTUk_FESES,OTUk_FESESR,OTUk_FEUAS,OTUk_IAES,OTUk_SES,OTUk_SESR,OTUk_UAS, FEC_AFT_COR_ER
ODUk_PM
ODUk_PM_BBE,ODUk_PM_BBER,ODUk_PM_ES,ODUk_PM_FEBBE,ODUk_PM_FEBBER,O DUk_PM_FEES,ODUk_PM_FESES,ODUk_PM_FESESR,ODUk_PM_FEUAS,ODUk_PM_SES, ODUk_PM_SESR,ODUk_PM_UAS
ODUk_TCMi
ODUk_TCMi_BBE,ODUk_TCMi_BBER,ODUk_TCMi_BIAES,ODUk_TCMi_ES,ODUk_TCMi_F EBBE,ODUk_TCMi_FEBBER,ODUk_TCMi_FEES,ODUk_TCMi_FESES,ODUk_TCMi_FESESR, ODUk_TCMi_FEUAS,ODUk_TCMi_IAES,ODUk_TCMi_SES,ODUk_TCMi_SESR,ODUk_TCMi _UAS
K=1,2,3,5G
i=16.
Page51
This table lists OTN performance events in the OTUk, ODUk_PM, and ODUk_TCMi layers. For definitions related to the performances, see ITU-T G.8201. ES: Errored Second: When one or more bit error blocks are found in one second, it is called ES. FEES: far end ES. SES: Severely Errored Second: In one second period, include 15% bit error blocks, or, there is at least one defect (OCI/AIS/LCK/IAE/LTC/TIM/PLM). FESES: far end severely errored second. SESR: Severely Eroded Second Ratio: It indicates the ratio between the SES and total seconds in the available time within the fixed test interval. FESESR: far end Severely Eroded Second Ratio. BBE: Background Block Error: It indicates the bit error block beyond the severely eroded second. FEBBE: far end background block error. BBER: Background block error ratio. It indicates the ratio between the BBE and total blocks in the available time within the fixed test interval. The total number of the blocks excludes the number of the blocks in the SES. FEBBER: far end background block error ratio. UAS: Unavailable second: It starts from 10 consecutive SES events. The 10 seconds are considered as a part of the unavailable second. The new available time period starts from 10 consecutive non-SES events. Ten seconds can be considered as one part of the available time. FEUAS: Far end unavailable second. IAES: Incoming Alignment Error Second: When the IAE error exists in one second, the second is the incoming alignment error second. BIAES: backward Incoming Alignment Error Second. After the FEC is used, the definitions of all performance events are after the FEC. That is, the detection of the performance event (for example, BBE and SES) is after all error corrections.
OTN Introduction
P-52
Questions
Which kinds of the components does the OTM-n.m have?
Whats the difference between SM and PM?
Page52
Which kinds of the components does the OTM-n.m have? OTSn, OMSn, OCh, OTUk/OTUkV, ODUk, OPUk Whats the difference between SM and PM? SM is in the OTUk OH,PM is in the ODUk OH. SM contains TTI/BIP-8/BEI/BIAE/BDI/IAE/RES,PM contains TTI/BIP-8/BEI/BDI/STAT.
OTN Introduction
P-53
Summary
Optical transport hierarchy OTN interface structure Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates Overhead description Maintenance signals and function for different layers Alarms and performance events
Page53
OTN Introduction
P-54
Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIS APS BDI BEI BIAE BIP CBR CMEP DAPI EXP ExTI Alarm Indication Signal Automatic Protection Switching Backward Defect Indication Backward Error Indication Backward Incoming Alignment Error Bit Interleaved Parity Constant Bit Rate Connection Monitoring End Point Destination Access Point Identifier Experimental Expected Trace Identifier
Page54
FAS FDI FEC GCC IAE IrDI JOH MFI MSI NNI OCC OCG OCGr OCh OChr OCI ODTUG ODTUjk ODU ODUk OMS OMU
Frame Alignment Signal Forward Defect Indication Forward Error Correction General Communication Channel Incoming Alignment Error Inter-Domain Interface Justification Overhead Multi-frame Indicator Multiplex Structure Identifier Network Node Interface Optical Channel Carrier Optical Carrier Group Optical Carrier Group with reduced functionality Optical channel with full functionality Optical channel with reduced functionality Open Connection Indication Optical channel Data Tributary Unit Group Optical channel Data Tributary Unit j into k Optical Channel Data Unit Optical Channel Data Unit-k Optical Multiplex Section Optical Multiplex Unit
OTN Introduction
P-55
Abbreviations and Acronyms

ONNI OOS OPS OPU OPUk OSC OTH OTM OTN OTS OTU Optical Network Node Interface OTM Overhead Signal Optical Physical Section Optical Channel Payload Unit Optical Channel Payload Unit-k Optical Supervisory Channel Optical Transport Hierarchy Optical Transport Module Optical Transport Network Optical Transmission Section Optical Channel Transport Unit
Page55
OTUk OTUkV PCC PLD PMI PRBS PSI PT RES SAPI Sk SM So TCM TS TxTI UNI
completely standardized Optical Channel Transport Unit-k functionally standardized Optical Channel Transport Unit-k Protection Communication Channel Payload Payload Missing Indication Pseudo Random Binary Sequence Payload Structure Identifier Payload Type Reserved for future international standardization Source Access Point Identifier Sink Section Monitoring Source Tandem Connection Monitoring Time Slot Transmitted Trace Identifier User-to-Network Interface
OTN Introduction
P-56
Thank you
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OTN Introduction

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Reference: ITU-T G.709

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Compared with traditional WDM

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management G.874 G.874.1

Architecture G.872 G.8080

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OTN network layers and interface structure

OPUk ODUk OTUk OTUkV OCh OMSn OTSn

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OTN network layers and interface structure

OPUk ODUkODUkP,ODUkT OTUk OTUkV OCh OMSn OTSn

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OTM-n.m Containment Relationships

OPUk ODUk OCh payload OCCp OCCp OCCp FEC

OCG-n.m OMU-n.m OTM-n.m

OMSn payload OTSn payload

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OTM-nr.m Containment Relationships

OPUk payload OPUk ODUk FEC

OCh payload OCCp OCCp

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OTM-0.m Containment Relationships

OPUk payload OPUk ODUk OCh payload OPS0 FEC

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OTM multiplexing and mapping structure

1 i+j+k n OTM-nr.m OCG-nr.m

OCCr 1 OChr OCCr OCCr 1 1 OChr OChr

1 i+j+k n OTM-n.m OCG-n.m

OCC OCC OCC OSC

OCh OCh OCh OOS

Multiplexing OTS, OMS, OCh, COMMS Mapping

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Types and capacity

nominal bit rate

bit rate tolerance

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ODU1 into ODU2 multiplexing method

Client layer signal (e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)

OPU1 OH OPU1 OH OPU1 OH

ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH ODU1 OH