International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.

4, October 2012

TL-IDEALS OF NEAR-RINGS
J.D.YADAV
S.G.M.College, Karad, Maharashtra, India
Email:jdy1560@yahoo.co.in

Y.S.PAWAR
Department Of Mathematics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Email: y_s_pawar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
The aim of this paper is to introduce and study TL-subnear-rings, TL-ideals of near-rings and to obtain their characterizations. We define T-sum, T-difference, T-product of L-subsets of a near-ring R and obtain their properties. The set of TL-ideals of a near-ring R equipped with L-subset inclusion relation constitutes a complete lattice with L- subset intersection as its meet is proved. The quotient near-ring (R/,+T, *) is obtained and proved that it is isomorphic to the quotient near-ring (R/R,+T,*). Also we obtain some characterizations of homomorphism of TL-ideals of near-rings.

KEYWORDS:
Fuzzy set, TL-subgroup, TL-subnear-ring, TL-ideal, Isomorphism, Near-ring.

1. INTRODUCTION:
The theory of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh [14]. Goguen [9] introduced the concept of Lfuzzy sets. Rosenfeld [13] first introduced the fuzzification of the algebraic structures and defined fuzzy subgroups.Anthony and Sherwood [3], Asaad and Abou-zaid [4], Akgul [2], Das [6], Dixit, Bhambri and Kumar [7] contributed the theory of fuzzy subgroups. Fuzzy ideals of ring are first defined by Liu. [11]. Cheng, Mordeson and Yandong [5] discussed TL-sub-rings and TL-ideals of a ring. Near-Ring is a generalized structure of a ring. Abou-Zaid [1] introduced the notion of fuzzy Rsubgroups and fuzzy ideals of near-rings. Dutta and Biswas [8] also introduced fuzzy ideals and fuzzy cosets of fuzzy ideals of near-rings. As in ring theory it is interesting to fuzzify some substructures of near-ring. Hence our aim in this paper is to study TL-subnear-rings and TL-ideals of near-rings.

DOI : 10.5121/ijfls.2012.2402

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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

The organization of this paper is as follows: In section 2, some preliminary definitions are given. In section 3, T-sum, T-difference and T-product of L-subsets of a near-ring are defined. Also TLsubgroup, TL- subnear-ring and TL-ideals of a near-ring are defined and their properties are studied. In section 4, the properties of homomorphism of TL-ideals of a near-ring are studied. Section 5 concludes the paper.

2. PRELIMINARIES:
We recall some definitions for the sake of completeness: Definition (2.1) [10,12]:By a near-ring we mean a non-empty set R with two binary operations + and satisfying the following axioms: (i) (R, +) is a group, (ii) (R, ) is a semi-group, (iii) x (y + z) = x y + x z for all x, y,z R.

Precisely speaking, it is a left near-ring because it satisfies the left distributive law. We will use the word near-ring instead of left near-ring. We denote xy instead of x y. Note that x0 = 0 and x (-y) = -xy, but 0x 0 for x,yR. Definition (2.2): A binary operation T on a lattice L is called a t-norm if it satisfies the following conditions: (i) T (T (a, b), c) = T (a, T (b, c)), (ii) T (a, b) = T (b, a), (iii) b c T(a,b) T(a,c), (iv) T (a, 1) = a for all a, b, cL. Definition (2.3) [1, 8]: An ideal I of a near-ring R is a subset of R such that (i) (I, +) is a normal subgroup of (R, +), (ii) RI I, (iii) (r + i) s - rs I for all i I and r, sR. Note that if I satisfies (i) and (ii) then it is called a left ideal of R. If I satisfies (i) and (iii) then it is called a right ideal of R.

3.TL-IDEALS OF NEAR-RINGS:
Cheng, Mordeson and Yandong [5] have discussed about the operations known as T-sum, Tdifference and T- product of L-subsets of a ring. Now we shall define various operations on Lsubsets of a near-ring R. Let R be a near-ring and L be a complete lattice.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Definition (3.1): A function : R L is called an L-subset of R. The set of all L-subsets of R is called the L-power set of R and is denoted by LR. Definition (3.2): Let , LR and T be a t-norm on L.Then (i) (+ T ) (x) = {(y)T (z) | y, zR, y+z =x}. (ii) (- ) (x) = () (- x). (iii) (- T ) (x) = { (y) T (z)| y, zR, y-z =x}. (iv) (.T ) (x) = {(y)T (z)| y,zR, y.z = x},where x is any element of R. Remarks (3.3): (i) + T , - T and . T are called T-sum, T-difference and T- product of and respectively. is called the negative of . (ii) If T= then +T , - T and . T are known as the sum , difference and product of and respectively and are denoted by + , - and . respectively. (iii) + T = + T and - T = + T (-) for all , LR . As an elementary result we prove: Theorem (3. 4): Let , ,LR .Then ( + ) + . Definition (3.5): For , LR define
n
n

T )(x) = {

T
i=1

( (y i) T (z i))| y i, z iR, 1 i n, n N,

i =1

y i z i = x},xR.

In general we have: Theorem (3.6): Let ,,LR.Then (i) .T

T

(ii)

T .

Definition (3.7): An L-subset of a near-ring R is called a TL-subgroup of R if it satisfies the following conditions for all x,yR: (i) (0) = 1, (ii) (-x ) ( x ), (iii) (x+y) (x) T (y). Now we shall define TL- subnear-ring and TL-ideal of a near-ring R as follows: Definition (3.8): An L-subset of a near-ring R is called a TL- subnear-ring of R if it satisfies the following conditions: (i) (0) = 1, (ii) (-x ) ( x ), (iii) ( x+y ) ( x ) T ( y ), (iv) ( x y ) ( x ) T ( y ),for all x,y R.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Remarks (3.9): (i) When T= , a TL-subnear-ring is called L-subnear-ring. (ii)The set of all TL- subnear-rings of R and set of all L- subnear-rings of R are denoted by TL(R) and L(R) respectively. (iii) If L = [0, 1], TL- subnear-ring and L- subnear-ring of R are known as T-fuzzy subnear-ring and fuzzy subnear-ring of R respectively. Definition (3.10): An L-subset of a near-ring R is called a TL-ideal of R if (i) ( 0 ) = 1, (ii) ( -x ) ( x ), (iiii) ( x + y ) ( x ) T ( y ), (iv) ( y+x-y ) ( x ) , (v) ( xy ) ( y ), (vi) (( x+i)y -xy) ( i ) for all x,y,i R. Remarks (3.11):(1) If satisfies (i),(ii),(iii),(iv)and (v) then it is TL-left ideal of R (2) If satisfies (i),(ii),(iii),(iv) and (vi) then it is called TL-right ideal of R. (3) When T= ,a TL-left ideal and TL-right ideal are known as L-left ideal and L-right ideal respectively. (4)The set of all TL- left ideals and TL-right ideals of R are denoted by TLI l(R) and TLI r (R) respectively.The set of all L- left ideals and L-right ideals of R are denoted by LI l (R) and LI r (R) respectively. (5) When L = [0, 1], TL-left ideals and TL-right ideals are known as T-fuzzy left ideals and Tfuzzy right ideals of R respectively and when T= , they are known as fuzzy left ideals and fuzzy right ideals of R respectively. Example (3.12): Let R ={a,b, c,d } be a non-empty set with two binary operations + and defined as follows: + a b c d a a b c d b b a d c c c d b a d d c a b a b c d a a a a a b a a a a c a a a b d a a a b

Then (R, +, ) is a near-ring. Define a fuzzy set : R L by (c) = (d) < (b) < (a) = 1. Now define a binary operation T on L by T(x, y) = max (x+y-1, 0) for all x, yR.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Then T is a t-norm on L and defined above is a TL-ideal of R. From the definition immediately we can obtain the following theorem: Theorem (3.13): Every TL-ideal of a near-ring R is a TL-subnear-ring of R. Remark (3.14): The converse of the above theorem is not true. For this consider the following example: Example ( 3.15):Let R={ a , b , c , d } be a non-empty set with two binary operations + and defined as follows : + a b c d a a b c d b b a d c c c d b a d d c a b a b c d a a a a a b a a a b c a a a c d a a a d

Then (R, +, ) is a near-ring. Define a fuzzy set : R L by (c) = (d) < (b) < (a) = 1. Define a binary operation T on L by T(x, y) = max (x+y-1, 0) for all x, yR. Then T is a t-norm on L and defined above is a TL- subnear-ring of R but not a TL-ideal of a near-ring R as ((c+b)d cd ) = (d) < (b). Now we prove various properties of TL-ideals and TL-subnear-rings of a near-ring R. At the outset we characterize TL-subnear-ring as: Theorem (3.16): Let LR. Then is a TL- subnear-ring of R if and only if (1) (0) = 1, (2) (x-y) (x) T (y) , (3) (x y) (x ) T (y ) for all x,y R. Theorem (3.17): Let be a TL-ideal of a near-ring R. Then (x -y) = (0) implies (x) = (y) for all x, yR. In the following theorem we give a necessary and sufficient condition for LR to be fuzzy ideal of R:
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Theorem (3.18): Let L be a chain and LR .Then a necessary and sufficient condition for LI r (R) (resp. LIl (R)) is that every a (aL) is a right (resp.left) ideal of R. Proof: Part (I): Let LI r (R). Let x,y a.Clearly a is a non-empty subset of R. Then (x-y) = (x+ (-y)) (x) (y) = a. Therefore x-y a for all x, y a. Again as LI r (R), (x) = (y+x-y) for all x, y R. Now x a (x) a ( y+x-y) a y+x-y a. Therefore y+x-y a for all x a and y R. Hence ( a, +) is a normal subgroup of (R, +). Again since LI r (R), (( x+i)y -xy) ( i ) for all x,y,i R. Let i a. Then ( i ) a. Therefore (( x+i)y -xy) ( i ) (( x+i)y -xy) a. Thus (x+i) y -xy a for all i a and x, y R. Hence a (aL) is a right ideal of R. Conversely let a (aL) be a right ideal of R. If possible suppose that LI r (R). When does not satisfy the condition (0) = 1, then (0) < 1, which implies that R is not a subgroup of R, which is a contradiction. Again when does not satisfy the condition (-x ) ( x ) for all xR. Then there exists xR such that (-x) Take ( x ) = a. Then x a but -x a ,which is a contradiction. Further when does not satisfy the condition (x+y) (x) (y) for all x, yR. Then there exist x, yR such that (x+y) (x) (y) .
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(x).

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Take (x) (y) = a. Then x,y a, but x+y a which implies that a is not a subgroup of (R,+) and hence a contradiction. Next when does not satisfy the condition (y+x-y) (x). Then there exist x,yR such that (y+x-y) (x).Take ( x ) = a.

Then x a but y+x-y a , which is a contradiction. When does not satisfy the condition (( x+i)y-xy) (i). Then there exist x,yR such that (( x+i)y-xy) Take ( i ) = a. Then i a but ( x+i)y-xy a ,which is a contradiction. Hence is a L- right ideal of R.i.e. LI r (R). Part (II): Similarly LIl (R) if and only if a (aL) is a left ideal of R. A necessary condition for LR to be fuzzy ideal of R when L is a chain is mentioned in the following theorem: Theorem (3.19): Let LR and L be a chain. Then a necessary condition for LI r(R)(resp.LI l(R)) is that [a] (aL\{1}) is a right(resp.left) ideal of R Proof: Let LR and L be a chain. Part (I): Suppose LI r(R) and choose a L\ {1}. To prove that [a] is a right ideal of R. (i) (0 ) = 1 implies that 0 [a] . (ii) Let x [a]. Then ( x ) > a and as (- x ) ( x ), (- x ) > a. Hence - x [a] . (iii)Again let x,y [a] . Then ( x+y ) ( x ) ( y ) > a ,which implies that x+y [a]. (iv) Let x [a]. Then ( y+x-y ) ( x ) y+x-y [a] for all x [a] and yR. (v) Let i [a] and x, yR. Then (( x+i)y -xy) (i) ((x+i)y-xy)>a Therefore (x+i)y-xy [a] for all i [a] and x, yR. yR.
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(i).

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Hence [a] is a right ideal of R. Part (II): Suppose LIl (R) and choose a L\{1}. To prove that [a] is a left ideal of R. As in part (I), ( a,+) is a normal subgroup of (R,+). Let y R [a] .Then y R [a] implies y = r x where rR and x [a] . Again since LI l (R), (rx) (x) for rR and x [a] . Thus (y) = (rx) (x) implies (y) = (rx) > a. Therefore y [a] and hence R [a] [a] . Thus [a] (aL) is a left ideal of R. A sufficient condition for LR to be fuzzy ideal of R when L is dense is proved in the following theorem: Theorem (3.20): Let LR and L be dense. Then a sufficient condition for LI r (R) (resp. LI l (R)) is that [a] (aL\{1}) is a right (resp.left) ideal of R. Proof: Let LR and L be dense. Part (I): Suppose that every [a] (aL\{1}) is a right ideal of R. (i) Since 0 [a] , ( 0 ) > a for all aL\{1}.Therefore (0) = 1. (ii) Next let x [a].Then x [a] - x [a] (- x) > a for all aL\{1}. Taking (x) = a we get (- x) > (x) for all x R. (iii) Now suppose x, y [a]. Let (x) (y) > a. Then (x) (x) (y) x Similarly y Hence x+y
[a]. [a].

[a]

and so ( x+y ) > a.

Let a = (x) (y). If a = 0 then (x +y) 0 = (x) (y). If a >0 then for any bL,b< a we observe that [b ] is a right ideal of R and x,y [b ] implies that x+y [b ] .i.e. ( x+y ) > b. Therefore ( x+y ) {b| b L, b < a}.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Since L is dense, {b| b L, b < a} = a. Therefore (x+y) a = (x) (y). (iv) Now let x,y R and (x) = a. Let a>0. Then for any bL,b < a we observe that ( [b ], +) is a normal subgroup of (R,+) and x [b ] , implies ( y+x-y )> b. Thus (y+x-y) {b| b L, b < a}.Since L is dense, {b| b L, b < a} = a. Hence (y+x-y) (x) for all x,y R. (v) Finally, let i
[a] and

x,yR.

If a = 0 then clearly ((x+i) y-xy) (i). If a > 0 then for any bL, b < a we observe that x [b ] implies that ((x+i)y-xy) > b. Hence ((x+i)y-xy) {b| b L, b < a}. Since L is a dense,{b| b L, b < a}= a. Therefore ((x+i)y-xy) a = (i). Hence ((x+i)y-xy) (i) for all x,y,i R. Thus LI r (R). Part (II): Similarly if [a] (aL\{1}) is a left ideal of R then LI l(R). For TLIr (R), R is always right ideal of R, is proved in the following theorem: Theorem (3.21): Let TLIr (R) (resp. TLI l(R)).Then R is a right (resp.left) ideal of R. When T is regular, Supp () is always an ideal of R is proved below: Theorem (3.22): Let TLI r (R) (resp. TLI l (R)). Then Supp () is a right (resp.left) ideal of R when T is regular. How to obtain a complete lattice from the set of TL-ideals of a near-ring is established in the following theorem: Theorem (3.23): The set TLI r (R) (resp.TLI l (R)) equipped with L-subset inclusion constitutes a complete lattice with L- subset intersection as its meet. Its maximal and minimal elements are 1R and 1{0} respectively.
19
[b ]

is a right ideal of R and

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Further it is closed under L- subset T-intersection. Proof: Part (I): Let TLI r (R), Then we observe the following points. (i) (0) = 1 for all .Therefore { (0)| }= 1. (ii) Since (-x) (x ) for all x R and for all . Therefore { (-x)| }{ (x)| }, for all x R (iii) As (x+y) (x) T (y), for all x, y R and for all . Therefore { (x+y)| }({ (x) | })T({ (y)| }),for all x,yR. (iv) Also (y+x-y) (x) for all x, yR and for all . Therefore { (y+x-y)| } = { (x)| }for all x,y R. (v) Again (( x+a)y -xy) (a),for all x,y,a R and for all . Therefore { (x+a)y-xy)| } { (a)| }))for all x,y,a R. Hence { | } TLI r (R). As TLI r (R) LR and LR is a complete lattice with L-subset inclusion relation . Therefore TLI r (R) is a complete lattice with L- subset inclusion relation . Let , TLI r (R).Then for all x, y, aR. (T)(0) = (0) T (0) =1T1=1. Clearly (T)(-x) (x)T(x) =(T)(x) for all xR. (T)(x+y) = (x+y)T(x+y)( (x)T (y))T((x)T(y))= ((x)T(x))T((x)T (x)) = (T)(x)T(T)(y). Thus (T) (x+y) (T) (x) T (T) (y) for all x, y R. Now (T)(y+x-y) = (y+x-y) T ( y+x-y) (x)T (x) = (T) (x) for all x,yR. Thus (T)(y+x-y) (T) (x) for all x,yR. Again (T) ((x+a) y-xy) = ((x+a) y-xy) T ((x+a) y-xy) (a)T (a) = (T)(a). Therefore (T)((x+a) y-xy) (T) (a) for all x,y,aR. Hence TTLI r(R) and TLI r(R) is closed under L- subset T-intersection.
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where

is any non empty index set.

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Finally 1R, 1{0}TLI r(R) and 1{0}(x) (x) 1R(x) for all xR . Hence 1R, 1{0} are the maximal and minimal elements of TLI r(R) respectively. Part (II): Let TLI l (R), where is any non empty index set.

Then { (x)| } is normal TL- subgroup of (R,+). Since (xy) (y) for all x,yR and for all . Therefore { (xy)| } { (y)| } for all x, y R. Hence { | }TLIl (R). As TLI l (R) LR and LR is a complete lattice with L-subset inclusion relation . Therefore TLI l (R) is a complete lattice with L- subset inclusion relation . Let , TLI l (R).Then for all x, y R, (T)(xy) = (xy)T (xy) (y)T (y) = (T)(y) for all x, y R. Hence TTLI l(R) and TLIl (R) is closed under L- subset T-intersection. Clearly 1R, 1{0}TLI l(R) and 1{0}(x) (x) 1R(x) for all xR. Hence 1R, 1{0} are the maximal and minimal elements of TLI l (R) respectively. Now we prove a property of the directed family { i |iI} of TL-ideals of R: Theorem (3.24): Let { i | iI} be a directed family of TL-right (resp.TL-left) ideals of R where I is an index set. Then { i | iI } TLI r(R) (resp. { i | iI }TLIl (R). If R is a zero symmetric near-ring with unity then from the given L-subset of R we can obtain a TL-right ideal of R generated by : Theorem (3.25): Let R be a zero symmetric near-ring with unity. Let LR. Define (x) = 1 if x = 0, ={
yA

T (y) | AR,1 |A| < , x

A r }, for x0.

Then rT = . Proof: By definition of we observe that (i) (0) = 1.

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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

By taking A= {x} we get (x) (x) for all x.Therefore . (ii) (- x) = { (y) | A R, 1 |A| < , - x A r }.
yA

yA

(y) | A R, 1 |A| < , x A r }.

= (x) Thus (- x) (x) for all x R. (iii) Now we prove that (x+y) (x )T (y).for all x,yR. For this consider the following cases: Case (1): If x=0,y=0. Then in this case x+y=0 and therefore we get (x+y) =1, Hence (x+y) (x )T (y). Case (2): If x=0,y0. Then in this case x+y=y and therefore we get (x+y) 1T (y) = (y) Case (3) If x0,y=0. The proof is as case (2) and we get (x+y) (x )T (y). Case (4) : If x0, y0.Then x+y 0. Let x A r, y B r, where A, B are subsets of R, 1 |A| <, 1 |B| . Then x A r, y B (x+y)
r

, implies that x+y A B r.

zA B

(z) .

({

uA

T (u)| AR,1|A|<,x

A r }) T ({ T (v)|BR,1|B|<,y1 B r}).
vB

= (x) T (y). Hence in all the cases we get (x+y) (x) T (y) for all x, yR. (iv) (y+x-y) = { ( {
zA B

(z) | AB R,1 |AB|< ,y+ x-y (AB)r},

r

zA

T (z) | AR, 1 | A| < , x A })=

r.

(x).

Hence (y+x-y) (x) for all x, yR. (v) Next let x, y R and i B r.Then (x+i) y xy B

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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

(( x+i)yxy) = { {

zB

(z)| BR,1|B|<, ( x+i)y xy B

r

}.

zB

(z)| B R,1|B|< , i B

}= (i).

Thus (( x+i)yxy) (i) for all x,y,i R. Hence TLIr (R) and . Let TLIr (R) and . First we prove that . If x=0, then (x) = (x) = 1. Let us consider x 0. Let A= {a1, a2, -------, an} R and xR. Therefore x= [ ( xi + ai ) yi xi yi ] for some x1, x2, -------, xn ,y1, y2, -------, ynR . Since TLIr (R) , we can write (x) = ( [ ( xi + ai ) yi xi yi ] ) T{ [ ( xi + ai ) yi xi yi ] } T (ai). Therefore (x) = { As , we get (x) = {

zA

(z) | AR,1|A|< , x A

}.

zA

(z) | AR,1 |A|< , x A

}.

(x) {

zA

(z) | A R,1 |A| < , x A

} = (x).

Thus (x) (x) for all x R Hence and therefore = rT. Similarly we can obtain the following theorem: Theorem (3.26): Let R be a zero symmetric near-ring with unity. Let LR. Define (x) = 1 if x = 0, = {T (y) | yA,AR,1|A|< , x A l }, for all xR. Then lT = . Following theorem is an easy consequence of the above theorem.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Theorem (3.27): Let R be a zero symmetric abelian near-ring with multiplicative identity element. Let , LR. (1) If , TL(R), then + T TL (R). (2) If TLI l(R) and TL (R), then + T TL (R). Proof: (1) Let , TLIr (R). Clearly and are TL-subgroups of R. Therefore 1{0} . and 1{0} . From the definition of + T we have , + T . Now we shall prove that + T is a TL-subgroup of (R, +) containing . (i) (+ T )(0) = {(u)T ((v) | u,vR,u+v = 0} = {(0)T ((0) | 0+0 = 0}=1. (ii) (+ T )(-x) = { (-u) T (-v) | (-u) +(-v) = -x }. {(u)T (v) | u+v = x } = (+ T )(x) for all xR. Similarly if u+v=-x or u+(-v) = x then also we get (+ T )(-x) (+ T )(x) , xR. (iii) (+ T )(x+y) = {(u)T ((v) | u,vR, u+v =x +y}. { (u1+u2)T((v1+v2) |u1,u2,v1,v2R,u1+ v1=x,u2+v2=y}. {(u1)T (u2) T(v1) T(v2)|u1,u2,v1,v2R,u1+ v1=x,u2+v2=y}. = ({(u1) T(v1)| u1,v1R,u1+ v1=x}) T({(u2) T (v2)| u2,v2R,u2+ v2=x}). = (+ T )(x)T(+ T )(y) for all x,yR. (iv) (+ T )(y+x-y) = {(u) T (v)| u,vR,u+ v=x}. {(r+t -r) T ((s+z-s) | (r+t r)+(s+z-s) = y+x-y } { (t) T ((z)| t, z R, t+z = x}. = (+ T )(x) for all x,yR. Thus (+ T )(y+x-y) (+ T )(x) for all x,yR. (v) (+ T )(xy) = {(u) T (v)| u,vR,u+v= xy}. {(xu) T (xv)| u,vR,u+v= y}. {(u) T (v)| u,vR,u+v= y}. = (+ T )(y) for all x,yR.

(2) Let , TL(R) and x,yR. Then from (1) + T TL(R).

(3) Similarly if TLI l(R) and TL(R) then we can prove that + T TL(R). Let R be a near-ring and TLI r (R).
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Hence + T TLIl (R) and + T =

lT.

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

We know that R is an ideal of R. (1{x}+)(x)={1{x}(z)(t)| z+t = x}= {1(t)|x+t = x}=1. Hence (1{x} +)(x) = 1 for all xR. Thus 1{x} + is an L-subset of R. The L-subset 1{x} + for xR is called a coset of and is denoted by x+ . Thus the set of all cosets of R relative to is defined as R/ = {x+ | xR}. Now we shall obtain the quotient near-ring ( R/, + T , * ) and shall arrive at the conclusion that ( R/,+ T , * ) is isomorphic to the quotient near-ring R/R . Theorem (3.28): Let R be an abelian near-ring and TLI (R). Then (1) ( R/, + T , * ) is a near-ring isomorphic to the quotient near-ring (R/R , + T , * ) where the binary operations + T , * are defined by (x+ ) + T (y+ ) = (x+y)+ and (x+ ) * (y+ ) = xy+ for all x,yR. (2) If an L-subset of R/ is defined by (x+ ) = (x),xR then TLI(R). Proof: Let TLI (R).Then R/ = {x+ | x R}. 1) First we shall prove that ( R/, + T , * ) is a near-ring. Let x+ , y+ , z+ R/. (i)Clearly from the definitions of + T and * , both the operations are closed in R/. Also + T is associative in R/. Further = 0 + R/ is the identity element w.r.to + T. For x+ R/ there exists (-x) + R/ such that(x+ ) + T ( -x+ ) = 0+ R/. Hence ( R/,+ T ) is an abelian group. (2) (x+ )* (( y+ ) * ( z+ )) = ((x+ )* ((y+ ))* (z+)) for all x,y, z R. (3) (x+ )* {( y+ )+ T( z+ )} = {(x+ )*(y+)}+ T{(x+)*(z+)}for all x,y,zR. Hence ( R/, + T , * ) is a near-ring. Similarly (R/R ,+ T , * ) is a near-ring. (4) Now let us define a function f: R/ R/R by f(x+ ) = x + R for all x R. Then clearly f is an isomorphism. (iv) We observe that for all x+ R R/R , there exists x+ R/ such that f(x+ ) = x + R for all x R. Therefore f is an onto isomorphism. (5) An L-subset of R/ is defined by (x+ ) = (x) for all xR.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Then obviously is a TL-left as well TL-right ideal of R.

4. HOMOMORPHISM OF TL-IDEALS OF NEAR-RINGS:

In the following theorem we prove that the homomorphic image of TL-ideal of R is a TL- ideal of S: Theorem (4.1): Let f: R S be a homomorphism of a near-ring R onto a near-ring S, TLI r(R) (resp. TLI l(R)).Then f () TLI r(S)) (resp. TLI l(R)). Proof: Let f:R S be an onto homomorphism of near-rings and x,yS. Part (I): Let TLI r(R). (i) Clearly f ()(0' ) = 1. (ii) f()(-x) = { (w)|wR,f(w) = -x} = { (-w)|-wR, f(-w) = x}. { (w)|wR,f(w) = x} = f()( x) for all xS. (ii) f()( x-y) = { (w)|wR,f(w) = x-y} { (u-v)|u,vR,f(u) = x ,f(v)=y} { (u)T (v)|u,vR,f(u) = x ,f(v)=y} ({ (u))|uR,f(u) =x })T({ (v)| vR, f(v)=y} = f ()( x)T f()( y) for all x,yS. (iii) f () ( y+x-y) = {(w)|wR,f(w) = y+x-y} = { (v+u-v) |u,v R,f(u) =x ,f(v)=y}. { (u) |u R,f(u) =x }. Therefore f()( y+x-y) { (u)|uR,f(u) = x }. Hence f()( y+x-y) f()( x) for all x,yS. (v) f()((x+i)y-xy) = { (w)|wR,f(w) = (x+i)y-xy }. { ((u+t)v-uv)|wR,f(u) = x, f(v) = y, f(t) = i}. { (t)| t R,f(t)=i} = f()(i) for all x,y ,i S. Hence f() TLI r(S). Part (II): Let TLI l (R).Then clearly (vi) Now f ()(xy) = { (w)|wR,f(w) =xy} { (uv)|u,vR,f(u) =x, f(v) =y } { (v)| vR, f(v) =y } f()( y) for all x,yS. Hence from (i), (ii),(iii), (iv) and (vi); f() TLI l(S). About the inverse images of TL- ideals:
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

Theorem (4.2 ): Let f : R S be a homomorphism of a near-ring R into a near-ring S and TLI r(S) (resp. TLI l (S)).Then f -1 () TLI r (R) (resp. f -1 () TLI l(R)). Proof: Let f: R S be a homomorphism of a near-ring R onto a near-ring S. Part (I): Let TLI r(S). (i) f -1 ()(0) = (f)(0) = (0') = 1. (ii) f -1 ()(-x) = (f)(-x) = (-f(x)) (f (x)) = f -1 ()(x) for all x R. (iii)f -1 ()(x+y) = (f(x+y)) = (f(x)+f(y)) (f(x))T(f(y)). = (f -1()(x))T (f -1 ()(y)) for all x,yR. -1 (iv)f ()(y-x+y) = (f(y+x-y)) (f (x )) = f -1 ()(x) for all x,yR. (v)f -1 () ((x+i)y-xy) = (f((x+i)y-xy)) = ((f(x)-f(i))f(y)- f(x) f(y) f(i). = f -1 (i) for all x, y, iR. Hence f -1 () TLIr (R). Part (II) : Let TLI l (S). (vi)f -1 () (xy) = (f (xy)) = (f(x) f(y)) f(y)) = f -1 ()(y) for all x,yR Hence from (i), (ii),(iii), (iv) and (vi) f -1() TLI l(R). For LR and TL(R) , f () is a TL-left ideal of f (): Theorem (4.3):Let f :R S be a homomorphism of a near-ring R onto a near-ring S. Let TL (R) and be a TL- left ideal of .Then f() is a TL-left ideal of f (). Proof: Part (I): Let be a TL- right ideal of . Then f () and f () are TL-subgroups of (R,+).Let x,yS.Then f ()(y+x-y) = { (w)|wR,f(w) =y+x-y}. { (v+u-v)|u,vR,f(u) = x, f(v) = y}. = { (u)|u R,f(u) =x}= f ()( x) for all x, yR. f ()( (x+i)y-xy) = { (w)|wR,f(w) =(x+i)y-xy} { ((u+t)v-uv)|u,v,t R,f((u+t)v-uv)) = (x+i)y-xy } { (t)T (v) |t,yR,f(t)=i, f(y)=v} = ({ (t)) |t R ,f(t)=i})T({ (v) |yR ,f(y)=v}). = f ()(i) T f ()(y). Thus f ()( (x+i)y-xy) f ()(i) T f ()(y), for all x,y,iR. Hence f () is a TL-right ideal of f (). Part (II):Let be a TL- left ideal of . f()(xy) = { (w)|wR,f(w) =xy}. { (uv)|u,vR,f(u) =x, f(v) = y}.
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

{ (u)T (v)|u,vR,f(u) =x, f(v) = y}. = ({ (u)| u R,f(u) =x })T({(v) | v R,f(v) =y }). = f ()(x) T f ()( y) for all x,yR. Hence f () is a TL-left ideal of f (). If LR, TL (R) then f () is a TL-left ideal of f () is proved in the following theorem: Theorem (4.4): If f : R S is a homomorphism of a near-rings and TL (S).If is a TL-right (resp.left) ideal of then f-1() is a TL-right(resp.left) ideal of f-1 (). Proof: Let f :R S be a homomorphism of a near-rings. Clearly f -1() f-1(). As proved earlier f -1 () and f-1 () are TL-subgroups of R and f -1 () f-1 (). Part (I): Let be a TL- right ideal of and x,yR. Then(i)f -1 ()(0) = (f)(0) = (0') = 1. (ii)f -1 ()(-x) = (f)(-x) = (-f ( x)) (f ( x)) = f -1 ()( x) for all x R. (iii)f -1 ()(x-y) = (f)(x-y) = (f (x-y)) = (f (x)-f(y)) (f ( x)) T (f ( y)) = f -1 ()( x) T f -1 ()( y). -1 Therefore f ()(x-y) f -1 ()( x) T f -1 ()( y) for all x,y R. (iv)f -1 ()(y+x-y) = (f)(y+x-y) = (f(y)+f (x)-f(y)) (f(x)) = f -1 ()( x). Therefore f -1 ()(y+x-y) f -1 ()( x) for all x,yR. (v)f -1 ()((x+i)y-xy) = (f )((x+i)y-xy) = ((f(x) + (f(i))(f(y)- (f(x)(f(x)). (f ( i)) = f -1 ()( i). Therefore f -1()((x+i)y-xy) (f(i)) = f -1()(i) for all x,y,iR. Hence f -1() is a right ideal of f-1 (). Part (II): Let be a TL- left ideal of .Then (vi)f-1()(xy)= (f(xy)) = (f(x)f(y)) (f (x) T (f(y))= (f -1 ()( x)) T (f -1 ()( y)). Therefore f -1 ()(xy) (f -1 ()( x)) T (f -1 ()( y)) for all x,y R. Hence from (i), (ii) (iii) (iv) and (vi) f -1 () is a TL-left ideal of f-1 (). Theorem (4.5): If an L-subset of R/ is defined by (x+ ) = (x) for all xR then TLI(R). Proof: Let us define a function f: R/ R/R by f(x+) = x+R for all x R. We shall prove that f is an onto isomorphism. (1) f((x+ ) + T (y+ )) = f((x+y)+) = (x+y)+R = (x+ R ) + (y+ R ). = f(x+ ) +f (y+ )). (2) f((x+ )*(y+ )) = f(xy+) = xy+ R = (x+ R ) * (y+ R ). = f(x+ )*f(y+ ).
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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.2, No.4, October 2012

(3) Let f(x+ ) = f(y+ ) where x,y R. Then f(x+ ) = f(y+ ) x + R = y + R x+ = y+ . Hence f is an isomorphism. (4) Clearly f is an onto isomorphism. (5) An L-subset of R/ is defined by (x+ ) = (x) for all xR.Then (i) ( ) = (0+ ) = (0) =1. (ii) (-x+ ) = (-x) (x) = (x+ ) for all xR. (iii) ((x+ ) + T (y+ )) = ((x+ y) + )= (x+y) (x)T (y). = (x+ )T (y+ ) for all x,yR. (iv) ( (y+ ) + T (x+ ) + T(-y+ )) = ( (y+ x) + ) + T(-y+ )). = ( (y+ x) + ) + T(-y+ )). = ((y+x-y)+)=(y+x-y) (x)= (x+ ) for all x,yR. (v) ((x+ )*(y+ )) = (xy+ ) = (xy) (y) = (y+ ) for all x,yR. (vi) [((x+ ) + T (a+ )) )*(y+ )- (x+ )*(y+ )] = [(x+a)*(y+ )- (x+ )*(y+ )]. = [(x+a)y+ )- (xy+)]. = [((x+a)y xy)+)]. = ((x+a)y xy). (a). = (a+ ) for all x,y,aR. Therefore is a TL- ideal of R. Hence TLI (R).

5. CONCLUSION:
Near-ring theory has many applications in the study of permutation groups, block schemes and projective geometry. Near-rings provide a non-linear analogue to the development of Linear Algebra, combinatorial problems and useful for agricultural experiments. In this paper we have presented the notion of TL- ideals of near-rings and derived the properties of these ideals.

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