A Modified Newton-Raphson Power Flow Method Considering Wind Power

Yan Li, Yulei Luo, Buhan Zhang, Chengxiong Mao

College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China Email: liyanhust@mail.hust.edu.cn

AbstractPower flow calculation is an important constituent in power system analysis, it is very necessary to modify the Newton-Raphson power flow Method that can accurately describe the characteristics of wind power in order to obtain accurate calculation results. This paper expands Newton-Raphson power flow method with the wind power, the asynchronous generator and doubly-fed induction generator are discussed in detail, the Jacobian matrix is revised correspondingly; at last the modified Newton-Raphson power flow Method applies to IEEE-5 system, the results are checked by PSASP platform, the case study show that the modified Newton-Raphson power flow Method is better in convergence. Keywords-modified Newton-Raphson power flow method; wind power; Jacobian matrix

of the distribution system with DG, the improved backward-forward sweep is adopted in paper[3-5], paper[6] developes the RX model of the wind generators, considering the slippage iteration in power flow calculation. Paper[7] introduces the steady model of wind turbines with an asynchronous generator, based on the conventional RX model, the difference between mechanical power and electric power for a wind turbine, and the slip of an asynchronous generator are introduced into the correction function of Newton iteration method to form an expanded correction function. Paper[8] develops a joint iteration method based on the simplified steady-state equivalent circuit of asynchronous generator in order to calculate load flow of power system containing wind farms, by means of modifying Jacobian matrix, the iteration process is simplified. Above all, power flow calculation with wind power has been improved in different ways, but as a popular method in practice, Newton-Raphson power flow (NRPF) method has the good property of exact problem formulation and very good convergence. This paper expands NRPF method with the wind power generation nodes, the steady state equivalent circuit of an asynchronous generator(AG) and doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) are discussed in detail, the power equations are modified according to the PQ(V) character, the Jacobian matrix is revised correspondingly; at last a program based on the modified NRPF method is designed to calculate the power flow with the wind power, then the power analysis work has been done on Power System Analysis Software Package (PSASP), the same results have been achieved by these two different ways, but the modified NRPF method developed by this paper is better in convergence.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Wind power is a cost-effective renewable source; it can smoothly be integrated into the power system by application of adequate control technologies. The worldwide development of wind power make it as an important type of distributed generation, it will have an impact on the power system stability and operation . Power flow study is conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of power system and is most frequently carried out by power utilities, with the development of wind power combined to the grid; the accurate power flow analysis is becoming an important issue. Many studies have been carried out on this focus, a new algorithm which is an improvement to Zbus method is developed in paper[2], different interfaces between DG and the power grid are discussed, the operation modes and control characteristics of typical DG including the asynchronous and synchronous generators. For the load flow
[1]

978-1-4244-6255-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

II.

THE STEADY STATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE

TYPICAL WIND GENERATION

P = Ps + Pr =

2 rr xss ( Ps2 + Qs2 ) 2 xm Vs 2

r V 2rr xss Qs + (1 s) Ps + r 2s 2 xm xm

(2)

The popular forms which combine the wind power to the grid are through AG and DFIG today, the circuit models of these two types of the wind generators are discussed, the operation modes and control characteristics are considered in the equivalence. A. The steady state equivalence of DFIG The steady state equivalence of DFIG is shown in Fig.1[9], Vs represents the stator voltage, I s represents the stator current,
Vr

Where, xss = xs + xm When DFIG is combined to the grid, the constant power factor mode is adopted, if the power factor is set to be cos , then
Q Qs = Ps tan

(3)

represents

the

rotator

voltage,

Consider (2) and (3),

2 rr xss (

I r represents the rotator current, rs and xs represent the stator

resistance and reactance respectively, rr and xr represent the rotator resistance and reactance respectively, xm is the excitation reactance, s is the slip ratio.
rs
Is Vs

P=

Q 2 ) (1 + tan 2 ) r V 2r x tan Q tan + (1 + r ss 2 s) + r 2s 2 2 tan xm xm xm Vs

xs

xr
Ir

rr s

The output active power P is decided by wind speed, it will be a fixed value in the power flow calculation[11-12].
Vr s

xm

Suppose P is constant, the equation in form Q = f (Vs ) is determined in (4).

Figure1 The circuit model of DFIG

According to the steady state equivalent circuit, the voltage across the stator and the rotator of the doubly-fed induction generator can be got in (1).
Vs = I s ( rs + jxs ) + ( I s + I r ) jxm Vr r = I r r + jxr + ( I s + I r ) jxm s s

2 2r x rr xss 1 s 2 rr 4 2 Q 2 + r 2 ss + Vs Q + 2 Vs PVs = 0 (4) 2 x sin xm tan xm 2 m

Assume that a =

2 rr xss r 2r x , b = r 2 ss + 1 s , c = r2 , d = P , xm tan x sin 2 xm 2 m

(4) is rewritten in (5). (1)

aQ 2 + bVs 2Q + cVs 4 dVs 2 = 0

(5)

The real power P generated by DFIG includes two parts, one part is the stator power Ps , another part is the rotator power Pr , if s>1, Pr is positive, the rotator provide power to the grid, if s<1, Pr is negative, the rotator absorb power from the grid. The reactive power of the doubly-fed induction generator Q also includes two parts, one part is the stator reactive power Qs , another part is the converter reactive power Qr , to the variable speed wind power DFIG based generation systems, Qr 0 the reactive power Q can be considered as Qs approximately. The power of the DFIG is given in (2) [10].

The Q-V relationship is determined in (6).

b 2 Vs + 2a

Q=

(b

4ac )Vs 4 + 4adVs 2 2a

(6)

B. The steady state equivalence of AG The steady state equivalence of asynchronous generator is shown in Fig.2[2]. Where, xm is the excitation reactance,
x1 is the leakage reactance of the stator, x2 is the leakage

reactance of the rotator, xc is the capacitance of the capacitor in parallel with the generator, R2 is the rotator resistance, s is the slip ratio.

P + jQ

jx1

R2 s

jx2

Pi = Pis Pi = Pis ei ( Gij e j Bij f j ) f i ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

j =1 j =1 n n

jxc

jxm

Qi = Qis Qi =
2 b 2 ( ei + fi 2 ) + 21a ( b2 4ac )( ei2 + fi 2 ) + 4ad ( ei2 + fi 2 ) 2a n n

fi ( Gij e j Bij f j ) + ei ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

j =1 j =1

1 2

(10)

Figure2 The circuit model of AG

From the equivalent circuit, we can get (7) and (8) below.
P ( s 2 x 2 + R22 ) R2 s

Where,
b 2 1 2 4 2 Qis = 2a Vis + 2a ( b 4ac )Vis + 4adVis V = e 2 + f 2 12 i ) is ( i

V=

(7)

(11)

V 2 Px Q = s + xP R2

(8)

2) Power equation of AG:

Pi = Pis Pi = Pis ei ( Gij e j Bij f j ) f i ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0 j =1 j =1 Qi = Qis Qi 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + ( ei + f i ) + ( ei + fi ) 4 Pis x 2x xP 2 x n n f i ( Gij e j Bij f j ) + ei ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0 j =1 j =1
n n

Where x = x1 + x2 , x p =

xc xm xc xm

The output active power P is also decided by wind speed, which could be considered as a fixed value in the load flow calculation. Consider (7) and (8), the Q-V relationship can be determined in (9)[2] .
Q = V 2 V + xp
2

(12)

V 4 4P 2x2 2x

(9)

Where,
2 1 1 2 1 2 ( ei2 + fi 2 ) 4 Pis2 x 2 Qis = + ( ei + fi ) + 2x xP 2 x 1 2 2 2 Vis = ( ei + f i )

In the proposed steady state equivalence, the coupling relation among the terminal voltage, active power, reactive power of wind turbine and the slip is taken into account, in NRPF method, elements of Jacobian matrix are computed from the standard expressions, which are functions of bus voltages, bus powers and the elements of bus admittance matrix, the power equation of the wind power will be set up in order to calculate the corresponding elements in the Jacobian matrix, the modified NRPF will improve its convergence when it is applied to the grid with wind power. C. Power Equations of the wind generation Define Pis as the real power, PQ(V) nodes can be used to express the wind power nodes, their corresponding power equations are expressed below. 1) Power equation of DFIG:

(13)

D. Modification on NRPF Method The iteration function of the universal NRPF method is:
P H Q = M U2 R N L S e f

Considering the power equation of the wind power, M and L in the Jacobian matrix should be revised correspondingly; to the diagonal elements( i = j ), if they are wind power nodes, they should be modified respectively as below: 1) DFIG

 b 4( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) ei + 8adei Qi n = ( Gik fk + Bikek ) + Biiei Gii fi + ei + ei k=1 a 4a b2 4ac e2 + f 2 2 + 4ad e2 + f 2 ( )( i i ) (i i)

1 2

b 4( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) fi + 8adfi Qi n = ( Gikek Bik fk ) + Giiei + Bii fi + fi + 2 fi k=1 a 4a ( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) + 4ad ( ei2 + fi2 )

1 2

Calculation results show the modification is right, The difference of PSASP and the modified NRPF method is that (14) UD model of PSASP doesnt change the iteration at all, instead, it considers the wind power farm as a PQ node in the iteration, the imbalance of reactive power is amended out of the iteration, as a result, it has two iteration processes. On the contrary, the modified NRPF method improves the

2) AG
2 1 ei ( ei2 + fi2 ) Qi = ( Gik fk + Bikek ) + Biiei Gii fi + + ei + 2 ei k =1 xP x x ( ei2 + fi2 ) 4P2 x2 is
n

2 2 n 2 1 fi ( ei + fi ) Qi = ( Gikek Bik fk ) + Giiei + Bii fi + + fi + 1 2 2 fi k =1 xP x x ( ei2 + fi2 ) 4P2x2 is

1 2

Jacobi matrix, which the imbalance of reactive power is amended in the iteration. The convergence comparison is (15) shown in Fig.4. On the other hand, the core process which is simulated in PSASP, the square astringency would be suffered, it may not converges with more wind generators. while the modified NRPF method wont be influenced by the number of the wind generators in theory, it has a good potential in the power flow calculations to the large grid with wind power.
0.7 0.6 0.5 MAX(DVR DVI) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

III.

CASE STUDY

The wind generation node is added to the IEEE-5 system from bus 2 as shown in Fig.3, bus B5 is the slack bus, bus B4 is PV and bus B1B2B3 are PQ respectively, bus B6 is a wind generator, it is set as PQ(V) node. All the given parameter in Fig.3 are in pu. ( S B = 100 MVA)
B5 B3
B1

1:1.05

0.1 + j 0.35

1.6 + j 0.1

3.7 + j1.3

0.08 + j 0.3

0.4 + j 0.25

0 + j 0.03

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 -0.1 iteration

B2

B6

1:1.05
0 + j 0.02

1.05 :1
2 + j 3.5
0 + j 0.015

B4

The modified NRPF method

PSASP

Figure4 The convergence of two kinds of power flow calculation

Figure3 IEEE-5 system with wind generation node

IV.

CONCLUSION

Rated condition of AG is 600kW/690V, total number is 30[2], Rated condition of the DFIG is 864kW/690V, total number is 58[13]. Compare the power flow results calculated by user-defined model (UD) of PSASP and the modified NRPF Method, the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE I THE COMPARISON OF THE NRPF AND UD OF PSASP
DFIG Bus
modified NRPF UD of PSASP

Power flow study is conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of power system and is most frequently carried out by power utilities. This paper explores the modified NRPF method in order to consider the wind power. The steady state equivalent circuit of AG and DFIG are discussed in detail.

AG
modified NRPF UD of PSASP

The power equations are modified according to the PQ(V) character, the Jacobian matrix is revised correspondingly.

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

0.968435 1.049882 1.035748 1.050000 1.050000 1.004835

0.96854 1.05000 1.03577 1.05000 1.05000 1.00509

0.974638 1.046532 1.040276 1.050000 1.050000 0.994930

0.97462 1.0465 1.04027 1.05000 1.05000 0.99484

The modified NRPF method developed by this paper is better in convergence, it has the good potential to calculate the large grid with wind power.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to acknowledge that this research project is supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (50837003) and the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB219702). REFERENCES
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