GEOLOGICAL

TRANSECT THROUGH AN ACCRETIONARY MARGIN, WESTERN COLOMBIA FIELD TRIP SEPTEMBER 3-5 2011 Prepared by Dr. Cesar Vinasco Universidad Nacional de Colombia. cvinasco@unal.edu.co Dr. James Pindell Tectonic Analysis Ltd. UK Dra. Marion Weber - Universidad Nacional de Colombia Dr. Agustn Cardona Corporacin Geolgica Ares. Dra. Luz Mary Toro- Universidad de Caldas INTRODUCTION The northwestern margin of South America is characterized by the interaction of the South American, Caribbean and Pacific plates. This interaction involved multiple episodes of accretion of oceanic terranes (MORB, island arc and plateau) against the Pre-Mesozoic continental margin since the Lower Cretaceous. This interaction resulted in formation of subduction-accretion complexes that underwent a complex transition from primitive to more evolved crust. Over the last five years, new radiometric, geochemical and field data has enabled the revision of current geodynamic models for the northwestern Andean and Caribbean realms, allowing to readdress long- standing and important questions regarding subduction-accretion models. Such questions include: the nature of accreted terranes; the growth of batholiths within continental and oceanic plates; and the role of major shear zones responsible for the redistribution of litho-tectonic elements in the margin. During the upcoming XIV Latin-American Geological and XIII Colombian Geological Congresses, (Medellin, Colombia, September 2011), more specifically in the Special Session Crustal growth and modification at the Caribbean plate margins, project IGCP 546 "Subduction Zones of the Caribbean", new U-Pb, geochemical, isotopic, structural and cartographic data will be presented. U-Pb results focus on provenance studies undertaken on key metasedimentary sequences, providing new insight to the

understanding of regional models. Recently generated information in other fields (e.g., geochemical, isotopic, structural and cartographic) also supports this model. Physiographically speaking the westernmost segment of the Colombian Andes encompasses the Central and Western Cordillera as well as the Atrato basin and the Baudo Ranges (Fig. 1). The Central and western Cordilleras are separated by the Cauca River depression. The geological configuration closely follows the physiographic trend whereby the two cordilleras belong to two contrasting domains separated by the Romeral Fault System (RFS) (Fig. 2). The RFS encloses a series of rocks (including the Arquia Complex), which is here interpreted as an extensive shear zone (kilometric-scale) composed of multiple lithological units of varying ages, diverse origins, polydeformed, and in faulted contact. The Pre- Mesozoic continental margin worked as a Meso-Cenozoic back stop, which is defined by the actual Central Cordillera. The accreted terranes are in turn represented by the Western Cordillera, some of the components of the Arquia Complex and rocks of the Baudo Range (Figs. 1,2).

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Colombian Andes. The lower inset shows a detailed geological map of the study area in Antioquia and Caldas states. Modified from Gonzlez et al. (1988)

Despite the complex distribution of reported ages for the Central Cordillera block, which suggest the presence of pre-Mesozoic constituents, an Upper Paleozoic Lower Mesozoic event is perhaps the most important orogenic event recorded for the block. This event could be associated with the build up of Pangea driven by the collision between Laurentia and Gondwana during the Alleghenian orogeny (Vinasco et al, 2006), and responsible for the subsequent closure of the proto Atlantic ocean (Pindell and Dewey, 1982; Pindell, 1985; Pindell and Kennan, 2002). Triassic tectonic regime recorded for the Pueblito diorite (Fig. 2, # 6) suggests a dominant left lateral regime by this time, in contrast to the dextral dominant regime for the Cretaceous. However, this model does not seem to work for northernmost Colombia where the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta marks the northern termination of the Andean chain where Cardona et al (2010) found

temporal discrepancies that preclude any connection of this area with the main Alleghanian-Ouachitan Pangean orogen. Furthermore, several authors have suggested that the present Central Cordillera block has resulted from northward migration during the Late Cretaceous to Eocene.

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Fig 2. Localization and local geological map.

The Central Cordillera basement can be regarded as an Upper Paleozoic Permian metamorphic sequence intruded by crustal syn-tectonic Permian and post tectonic Triassic granitoids with arc imprints. The basement is also intruded by upper Cretaceous granitic suites, mainly represented by the Antioquia Batholith (Figs 1,2), related to a well-established western subduction zone characteristic of an active continental margin (Botero, 1963; Saenz, 2003; Restrepo-Moreno, 2009). Cretaceous magmatism has regionally resets the K-Ar system. The Central Cordillera block has been described and given various names through time including: Cajamarca Group (Nelson, 1957); Cajamarca Complex (Maya and Gonzalez, 1995); the Tahami terrane (Toussaint and Restrepo, 1989), the Central Cordillera Polymetamorphic Complex (Toussaint and Restrepo, 1989) and the Cajamarca Valdivia Terrane (Cediel, et al. 2003). Other well-documented geochronological events in the region occurred during Devonian and Cretaceous times (Hall et al., 1972; Gonzlez, 1980; Toussaint and Restrepo, 1989). Finally, other events are recorded during the entire Tertiary. These events are mainly associated with deformational processes, syntectonic sedimentation and Mio-Pliocene volcanism (e.g., Amaga and Combia formations respectively) The easternmost trace of the RFS is defined by the San Jeronimo fault (Maya and Gonzalez, 1995). This fault defines the beginning of a broad boundary that separates the Central Cordillera in the east from the accreted terranes to the west. Regionally, this broad boundary corresponds to a kilometric shear zone hosting a series of rocks including: (1) the Cretaceous sedimentary-volcanic sequence of the Quebradagrande Complex (Fig. 2, #7); (2) low grade devonian(?) metasediementary rocks of Sinifan Schists (Fig. 2, #8); (3) mafic and ultramafic Triassic supra subduction intrusives (Fig. 2, #6) and finally (4) Permian (?) and/or (?) cretaceous (?) low to medium grade meta vulcano-sedimentary N-MORB type sequences of the Arquia Complex (Fig.2, #5). The Amaga Formation (Fig. 2), a coal-bearing, Oligo- Miocene sedimentary sequence (Grosse, 1926; Silva et al., 2008) unconformably covers the older lithological units. Mio-Pliocene volcanic and subvolcanic rocks of the Combia Formation (Fig. 2) covered and intruded the Amaga Formation and other older rocks. Geometrically, the RFS shear zone is characterized by an anastomosed arrange of faults yielding a block tectonics configuration. The rocks and structures inside the shear zone are the main focus of the field trip. A sequence of basaltic volcanics and flysh-type sedimentary rocks outcrop to the west of the Cauca- Almaguer fault, which is the westernmost element of the RFS (Maya and Gonzalez, 1995). These rocks

are Lower Cretaceous in age and belong to the Barroso Formation, and are entirely confined to the Western Cordillera of Colombia. The boundary with the meta-vulcano sedimentary sequences of the Arquia complex is not clear. Recently, Garcia et al (2010) suggested that the westernmost metabasic rocks of the Arqua Complex are transitional to volcanic rocks of the western Cordillera implying that at least some components of the Arquia complex belong to this sequence. Different authors agree that the Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northern South American margin was controlled by its interaction with the margins of an allochthonous (Pacific- derived), anomalously thick Caribbean oceanic plate and its associated arc (Burke, 1988; Kerr et al., 1997; Pindell et al., 1998; Montes et al., 2005; Spikings et al., 2005; Luzieux et al., 2006; Vallejo et al., 2006; Maresh et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2009). Subsequent Palaeogene orogenic phases seem to be related to variations in plate convergence (velocity and angle) or to accretionary phenomena (Pindell et al., 1998; Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2009; Vallejo et al., 2009; Jaillard et al., 2010). Cardona et al (2011), suggest that the Caribbean oceanic plate influenced the Late CretaceousEocene orogeny of the northern Andes by the collision of the Caribbean arc with the continental margin about 90 Ma with subsequent installation of the subduction regime possibly since about 65 Ma. This situation seems to be different from that of the Central Antioquia segment of the Central Cordillera where subduction regime is recorded at least since 90 Ma. Finally, they suggest magmatic quiescence and block uplift after 50 Ma as product of shallow subduction and oblique convergence. Regional reconstructions given by Pindell (in prep) since Jurassic times involves the eastward subduction of Farallon plate under the continental margin represented by the Central Cordillera. The result of this subduction is represented by the Quebradagrande belt containing the arc and back arc rocks while the Arquia belt contains HP-LT subduction related rocks. These arcs were closed by 120 Ma against the Central Cordillera and continuous subduction lasting until 70 Ma. Concurrently, offshore in the Pacific, the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) was being extruded at intra-oceanic hotspots onto the Farallon lithosphere from 100 to 88 Ma (Kerr et al 2003). The eastward dipping subduction of Farallon crust beneath the now composite terranes of Colombia allowed the plateau to converge with the Colombian margin. The Farallon lithosphere continued to be subducted beneath the accreted upper crustal material, albeit at a low dipping Benioff Plane. Panamanian subduction began in the Maastrichtian, thus isolating a Caribbean Plate out of the Farallon. South America began a more head-on overthrusting of the Caribbean lithosphere in Campanian-Maastrichtian time, accreting plateau basalts

that were arriving at the trench into the Western Cordillera. During the Tertiary, South America overthrust more and more the Caribbean Plate in a flat slab geometry. Thus, after accretion of the Western Cordillera at the start of this overthrusting, first the Central Cordillera (Paleocene-Middle Eocene; Laramide) and then the Eastern Cordillera (Late Oligocene-Miocene; early Andean) have been thrust over the eastern leading edge of the underthrusted Caribbean lithosphere. Presently, seismic tomography indicates that the Caribbean slab occurs beneath northern Colombia all the way to the Llanos Basin (van der Hilst and Mann, 1994). Final episodes of deformation in the chain are related to the collision of the Panama-Choco block in Early Miocene-early Pliocene (Pennington, 1981; Toussaint and Restrepo, 1988; Duque-Caro, 1990; Mann and Corrigan, 1990; Van der Hilst and Mann, 1994; Taboada et al., 2000; Trenkamp et al., 2002). Collision drives changes in the RFS kinematics from right- lateral in the south to left-lateral in the north (Suter el at, 2008). The Panama-Choco block collides with NW South America in an E to ESE direction (Duque-Caro, 1990; Taboada et al., 2000). It is considered as a rigid indenter, which induces deformations north of 5N reaching the lowlands of the Eastern Cordillera some 600 km east (Suter, et al. 2008). The collision is considered to be responsible for the latest and major phase of uplift in the Colombian Andes which corresponds to the Andean tectonic phase that affected the three cordilleras (Taboada et al., 2000; Cortes et al., 2005). In the model depicted above, the Quebradagrande belt corresponds to an autochthonous arc contemporaneous to the Arquia belt produced by eastward subduction of the Farallon plate. Alternatives hypothesis suggest that Arquia Complex is a composite collection of rocks including pre- mesozoic and upper cretaceous fragments. Some of these fragments would be remobilized pieces from both Central and Western Cordillera in a long lasting shear zone, developed to the continental margin since Triassic times, as suggested by ASM studies in the Pueblito diorite (Fig. 2, #6) (Rodriguez et al. 2010). The Quebradagrande complex could represent an intracratonic marginal basin trapped during the collision of the CaribbeanColombian Cretaceous oceanic plateau, which accreted west of the Arqua Complex in the Early Eocene (Nivia et al. 2006). On the other hand, Moreno Snchez et al (2007) stands that there is not prove of the existence of any metamorphic basement to the west of the Quebradagrande Complex. Instead, they invoke the presence of a magmatic arc west of the Quebradagrande Complex. Finally, a complete different line of argumentation for the origin of the Caribbean plate is given by

James, K. (2006) who suggest an inter-American origin for the plate. Arguments are based mainly in the existence of coeval of Caribbean and neighbouring continental areas of regional deposits of Albian shallow water limestones, Paleocene - Middle Eocene flysch deposits, Middle Eocene limestones, and the presence of a regional Late Eocene hiatus compatible with an inter-American location, not with a changing Pacific-Caribbean development. Additionally, the internal structural conformity of the Caribbean Plate and of the Maya and Chortis blocks with regional geology of Middle America shows that no major migrations or rotations have occurred (James, 2006), aspects invoked by models of pacific origin. We hope that new data to be presented during the special session contribute to better elucidate the regional models. More important is, although, the opening of new ways of cooperation and the looking for research paths yet unexplored. FIELD TRIP A 3-day fieldtrip Geological transect through the evolution of an accretionary margin will guide us through the various elements that formed the current western South American margin (Fig. 1,2). These include the pre-Mesozoic South American basement rocks, accreted metamorphosed mixed oceanic domains (Arquia Complex), an earlier Cretaceous unit with arc-affinity (Quebradagrande Complex), the Colombian-Caribbean plateau (CCP), and various magmatic rocks that range from Cretaceous to Miocene, suggesting active magmatic activity through time. The trip will take us from modern Medelln city to the historical colonial town of Santa Fe de Antioquia, along the Cauca River, heading afterwards to the mountainous city of Manizales, where coffee and volcanoes are part of the landscape. General information Figure 2 shows the main roads linking Medellin - Santa Fe de Antioquia Bolombolo La Pintada Manizales. The map includes field points of observation (yellow stars) on a geological base map, which in turn shows the main lithological units referred in the text.

Santa Fe de Antioquia is a nacional historical monument given its colonial architecture. It possess 6 churches and houses of the XVI, XVII y XVIII centuries. The town is located at 550 m.a.s.l and a mean of 25Co. It is recommended wearing proper cloths for warm climate and keep enough liquid. Pictures of the area, including panoramical views and rock characteristics are available at this link: https://picasaweb.google.com/116714157401905796743/PanoramicalPicturesNearSantaFeDeAntioquia ?feat=directlink Itinerary The field trip is intended to show an overview of the complex transition of the Central Cordillera into the Western Cordillera through the RFS. The first day we will cross the Cauca Valley in the northern part of the area until reach rocks of the Western Cordillera represented by the Sabanalarga Batolith (Fig. 2, circle 2). During the journey we will observe outcrops of the Amaga Formation and deformed rocks of the Arquia complex. The second day we will head to the south looking for La Pintada (Fig. 2) and Arqua creek to see exposures of mafic to intermediate Tr magmatism and garnetiferous amphibolites of the Arquia Complex. During the Journey it is possible visit outcrops of the The volcanic Barroso Formation, sediments of the Amaga formation and volcanics of the Combia formation. The third day we will head to Manizales. During this last journey we will observe rocks belonging to the Quebradagrande and Arquia Complex. Day 1 (September 3) The field trip begins in the Medellin city heading NW to the Santa Fe de Antioquia town. The first field point is known as the Boquern (Fig 2 - Yellow star 1). This point allows the observation of the Aburra Valley to the east where Medellin is located. It is possible either observe the Cauca Valley to the North. In this area we can observe Tr (?) Amphibolites of the Central Cordillera and medium grade schist belonging to the Cajamarca Complex. Amphibolites are probably related to deformed gabbros and amphibolites located within the RFS although some authors considered it as allocthonous blocks obducted in the lower Cretaceous (Toussaint and Restrepo, 1989).

The journey takes us to the Cauca Valley where Oligo-Miocene sediments of the Amaga Formation outcrops (Fig. 2- yellow star 2). The siliciclastic Oligo-Miocene successions in the region bear key geologic information to unravel the paleotectonic and paleogegraphic evolution of NW South America. Two models are actually being considered, and interandean depression model for deposition (Guzmn, 2003; Sierra, 2003; Silva, 2008), or a peneplain configuration model (Grosse, 1926) with a potential for marine influence (Escobar, 1990; Schuler and Doubinger, 1970). Passing 5 kms in NW direction from Santa Fe de Antioquia, we are now fully located in the western cordillera domain. In this point outcrop the lower Mesozoic Sabanalarga Batolith (Fig. 2 yellow star 3). Some pictures of landscapes are taken from this place (see link of pictures - panoramical pictures). We spend the night in Santa Fe de Antioquia where there are plenty of nice places for diner and drinking. (http://www.google.com/search?q=santa+fe+de+antioquia&hl=es&prmd=ivnsm&tbm=isch&tbo=u&sou rce=univ&sa=X&ei=8h3DTdTMBoq2twe-9ICqBQ&ved=0CEIQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=639). Day 2 (September 4) Most part of the day will be dedicated to the neighboring areas of Santa Fe de Antioquia within the RFS area of influence. We will visit the Puente de Occidente, a bridge over the Cauca river (Fig. 2 yellow star 4) (see link of pictures - panoramical pictures). In this place outcrops L-tectonites Tr(?) gabbros and amphibolites. These mafic rocks are continuous with Pueblito diorite further south (Fig. 2 #6). Rodriguez et al. (2010) present evidence of intrusive contact with schist of Sabaletas (Fig. 2 # 5), implying a pre- mesozoic age for at least some fragments of the Arquia Complex (see link pictures structures in schist). Other authors consider the contact as being regionally faulted of Sabaletas schist with Tr Pueblito diorite. Next, we will cross the Cauca River heading to the small town of Sucre. We can observe west verging thrusting structures of ultramafic rocks over low grade metasediements. If hiking some 30 minutes along Quebrada Seca we can observe a thrust of Quebradagrande rocks over Tertiary (?) syenogranites verging to the west. The west verging of structures is a generalized characteristic of the area. Almost all of the

actual contacts between units inside the shear zone (RFS) are low angle thrusts verging to the W-SW. This is probably a Cenozoic structure. Hiking along the Barbudo creek is an option; it would depend of the weather. Along the creek it is possible observe structures associates with deformed Tr gabbros and amphibolites (see link pictures Barbudo creek), deformed sediments and volcanics of Quebragrande formation (see link pictures structures in Quebradagrande). The Barbudo creek is the best route in the area to see structures associated with RFS. Includes discrete shear zones, associated folding, stretched boudins, etc. Some granitic sills are observed intruding the shale sequence (see link pictures Barbudo creek). Ultramafic rocks can be seen few kms east of Sucre along a local road. They correspond to lense shape bodies parallel to regional NNW structures. Finally we will ascend towards Llanadas village to the east. In this point outcrops schist of Cajamarca Complex again. This is an excelent point to observe landscapes to the west and south-west (see link pictures panoramical pictures). In the afternoon we will head to the south looking for La Pintada (Fig. 2). During the journey it is possible observe volcanics rocks of Mio-Pliocene Combia Formation and landscapes associated (see link pictures panoramical pictures).

We will spend the night in La Pintada (Mirador de Pipinta) which is a hotel located close to the Cauca river with a very nice view of geoforms associated with Mio-Pliocene porphyritic rocks. These rocks normally host important deposits of gold and basic metals actually being exploted in the Marmato mine district. Day 3. (September 5) From La pintada we will head to the south to the Manizales city. The first point of observation will be in the Guavita creek where massive serpentinite with peridotite cores appears. One km from this point we will visit the Rio Arquia where outcrops black and green intercalated schists intruded by andesitic and dacitic Mio-Pliocene porphyritic rocks. Locally the schists presente faulted contact with garnetiferous amphibolites. Finally, getting to the Manizales we will observe Metagabbros and Permian intrusive gneisses.

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