How to study for this exam?

1) Definition 2) Pathology 3)Diagnostic Test 4) signs and symptoms Stroke Cardio Respiratory- diseases- COPD, Asthma, Emphysema, TB, Pneumonia

Immunity- what is it? cellular lines? lymphocytes? b cells, know type 1,2,3,4 Stung by bee? what type of response? bit by dog what type of response? Transplant? Blood transfusions? what type of response CHF- right and left sided failure, S&S of right and left? what expect to see? What is the cause? Different causes? Most common cause? Pathology in CHF- heart cant pump? why? muscles dies, ischemia and hypertrophy What causes ischemia- lack of 02- what causes ischemia- MI Test? Mugga, ECHO, LVEF, BNP- blood test S&S- ronchi, no peripherial edema Right? Lungs clear, peripherial edema ronchi and peripherial edema= both sides HTN cause it? yes most common? No. PVD- DVT- what is it? tests? causes? COPD & ASTHMA- Diseases fall under COPD, Emphysema & how is it different than asthma? S&S? Diagnostic tests? How is asthma classified? Asthma- cause environmental, pathology= inflammation Respitory FailureO2 level decrease, CO2 increase? What happens? Respiratory Acidosis. KNOW BGA (blood gas analysis) Stroke? TIA vs Hemorrhage, Clinical signs? Causes? Diagnostic tests?

Pneumonia- Cause? Pathology? Types? Atelectasis, know cause? Does it happen in pneumonia, does it happen without pneumonia, what can you do to prevent? Incentive spirometer. Pulmonary Edema? What is it? Clinical signs? PE- clinical signs, diagnostic tests? D-Dimer- Spiral CT Brain injury- types- what causes it? Concussion, What worry about? Swelling? ICP check. Assessment? Position- decordicate, decerebrate posturing Lymphoma types- Two types? Characteristics, Physical symptoms, B symptoms (b cell) = Fever, Night sweats, Weight loss, Enlarged lymph nodes? Liver dx, cirrhosis, encephalopathy and hepatitis- Alcohol, liver damage? blood? Bilirubin, alkaline phosphate, destroyed- coagulation problems, albumin problems, portal HTN= esophageal vericies, problem with metabolism of ammonia, protein= lots of ammonia, change in mental status,-encephalopathy ABC, isolation, cause, Shock- What is it? What type, neuro, cardio, anaphylactic, septic,- decreased low urine output, kidneys shut down to up the volume. infection=septic- pathology? know sepsis. Sepsis= DIC, clotting problems!

RA/Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis- know differences- auto imm RA, synovial fluid, Osteoarthritis- weigh, where usually? hips & knees, degeneration of cartilage, osteoporosis- diagnostic test= bone density? MI/CAD- what it is? causes? atherosclerosis? How measure? HDL LDL, troponin, CKMB, cardiac cath & look for blockage

HIVRenal- UTI- ecoli, women, shorter area between anus and vagina prostate problems= men, stagnation, Renal CRF, ARF, Glom- Differences between chronic acute, diagnostic test, diet, S&S Glom, poly, cystits, nephrotic syndrome, pathology- antibodies destroy basement membrane Ulcer disease- Causes- H. Pylori, increase acid, amount of production vs. neutralization, overuse of NSAIDS=prostaglandin causes, pathology= destruct tissue cause erosions Infection- Cause? What does it do to the body? How does infection cause injury? Cystocele and RectoceleInflammation Process- Immunity- process of immunity, Know blood types, RH factor? What happens with mother negative and child positive, How do you measure immunity? What do you look at? What do you measure- antibodies, do titers! What test for inflammation? C Reactive Protein First sign= swelling? Pain- Chemical Response? Cancer- What is it? What are the hallmark signs? How reproduce, malignant vs benign? Metastatic? Clinical signs, most common sign (robbing you of all vital nutrients) fatigue, What causes pain in cancer? tumor pushing on nerves Know the 6 things that cancer needs to metastasize. Genetics DS, Polycysitic, Duchenne- Know most common ones: Downs, Turners, Keinfield, Auto recessive/dominant, sex linked? BGA- Already talked about- make sure to know normal levels.

F&E- everything NA, K, Ca, Mg, know highs and lows, S&S Pneumothorax- what is it? clinical signs? Cholecystitis- Cause? Formation? Gall stones? S&S? Tests? Pancreatitis- Cause? Formation? Stones? S&S? Tests? TB- Cause? Signs? Diagnostic test? Treatment? Isolation? Thyroid Hyper -differences- Diagnostic test, S&S Hypo-Hoshimoto Graves- Hyperthyroidism Diabeties- Know types? Cause of type 2 Pathology? 2- Insulin resistance, Decrease in production3 ps= polydypsia, polyuria, Pplyphasia

Sickle cell- What is it? What aggravates it? Low 02 because of infection, Anemia- know the types, iron b-12/folate vs pernicious- intrinsic factor, partial gastrectomy iron anemia- blood loss/dietary, milk- non iron, infant Spinal cord- manifestations, emergency- make sure you know level of injury, what happens? know spinal swelling above and below cause you cant look at it until swelling goes down. spinal shock above and below level of injury hyperreflexia- life threatening, Hip Displasia in peds- how diagnose in peds? what is the cause?

Endocardidtis- what is cause? what is it? s&S Musculoskeletal- compartment- know what it is, know cause two types, abdominal, and fracture, know what it is and what happens Prostate- BPH, prostate cancer, what is the difference? signs? testing? Hemophelia- two different types, know roman numerals, CBC ANALYSIS- what, hemoglobin, hematocrit, elevated or low? what does it mean? Neuro- Parkinson's, Muscular Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, Difference between all of them, diagnostic tests, Pathology, S&S Colon cancer- screening, causes, pathology, risk factors Hematology- hemolysis of rbc, polycythemia, what is it, signs, what happens?