Chapter 14 Mass Transfer

14-134 A circular pan filled with water is cooled naturally. The rate of evaporation of water, the rate of heat
transfer by natural convection, and the rate of heat supply to the water needed to maintain its temperature
constant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 25C). 2 The critical
Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 500,000. 3 Radiation heat transfer is negligible. 4 Both air
and water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The air-water vapor mixture is assumed to be dilute, and thus we can use dry air properties for
the mixture at the average temperature of ( ) / T T
s
+ 2 = (15+20)/2 = 17.5C = 290.5 K. The properties of
dry air at 290.5 K and 1 atm are, from Table A-15,
/s m 10 49 . 1 /s m 10 04 . 2
731 . 0 Pr , C W/m 0251 . 0
2 5 2 5



k
The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air at the average
temperature of 290.5 K is, from Eq. 14-15,

( )
m/s 10 37 . 2
atm 1
K 5 . 290
10 87 . 1
10 87 . 1
5
072 . 2
10
072 . 2
10
air - O H
2

P
T
D D
AB
The saturation pressure of water at 20C is
P
sat@20 C
kPa.

2 339 .
Properties of water at 15C are
h P
fg v
2466 17051 kJ / kg and kPa .
(Table A-9). The specific heat of water at the average temperature
of (15+20)/2 = 17.5C is Cp = 4.184 kJ/kg.C. The gas constants of dry air and water are Rair = 0.287
kPa.m
3
/kg.K and Rwater = 0.4615 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) The air at the water surface is saturated, and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply
the saturation pressure of water at the surface temperature (1.7051 kPa at 15C). The vapor pressure of air
far from the water surface is determined from
P P P
v T ,
( . ) ( . )( . .

sat@ sat@20 C
kPa) kPa 0 30 0 30 2 339 0 7017
Treating the water vapor and the air as ideal gases and noting that the total atmospheric pressure is the sum
of the vapor and dry air pressures, the densities of the water vapor, dry air, and their mixture at the water-
air interface and far from the surface are determined to be
At the surface:

v s
v s
v s
a s
a s
a s
s v s a s
P
R T
P
R T
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
( .
.
( . . )
( .
.
. . .

+ +
17051
04615
001283
101325 17051
0287
12052
0 01283 12052 121803
kPa
kPa m / kg K)(15+273) K
kg / m
kPa
kPa. m / kg K)(15+273) K
kg / m
kg / m
3
3
3
3
3
and
Away from the surface:

v
v
v
a
a
a
v a
P
R T
P
R T
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
( .
.
( . . )
( .
.
. . .

+ +
07017
0 4615
0 00520
101325 0 7017
0 287
11966
00052 11966 12018
kPa
kPa m / kg K)(20 +273) K
kg / m
kPa
kPa m / kg K)(20 +273 K)
kg / m
kg / m
3
3
3
3
3
Note that

<
s
, and thus this corresponds to hot surface facing down. The area of the top surface of the
water
2
o s
r A and its perimeter is
p r
o
2
. Therefore, the characteristic length is
14-95
1 atm
20C
30% RH
Water
15C
Evaporation
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
m 075 . 0
2
m 15 . 0
2 2
2

o
o
o s
r
r
r
p
A
L

Then using densities (instead of temperatures) since the mixture is not homogeneous, the Grashoff number
is determined to be

5
2 2 5 3
3 3 2
2
ave
3
10 53 . 2
) s / m 10 ](1.49 kg/m 2 / ) 2018 . 1 2180 . 1 [(
m) )(0.075 kg/m 2018 . 1 )(1.2180 m/s 81 . 9 ( ) (
Gr
+

L g
s
Recognizing that this is a natural convection problem with cold horizontal surface facing up, the Nusselt
number and the convection heat transfer coefficients are determined to be (Eq. 14-13)
60 . 5 ) 731 . 0 10 53 . 2 ( 27 . 0 Pr) Gr ( 27 . 0 Nu
4 / 1 5 4 / 1

and
C W/m 87 . 1
m 075 . 0
C) W/m 0250 . 0 )( 60 . 5 ( Nu
2
conv



L
k
h
Then the rate of heat transfer from the air to the water by forced convection becomes
W 0.66

C 5) 1 ](20 m) (0.15 C)[ W/m 87 . 1 ( ) (
2 2
conv
conv

s s
T T A h Q

(to water)
(b) Utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing Pr by Sc. The Schmidt number is determined from its definition to be
629 . 0
/s m 10 2.37
/s m 10 49 . 1
Sc
2 5
2 5

AB
D

Therefore, the Sherwood number in this case is determined from Table 14-13 to be
39 . 5 ) 629 . 0 10 53 . 2 ( 27 . 0 ) GrSc ( 27 . 0 = Sh
4 / 1 5 4 / 1

Using the definition of Sherwood number, the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
m/s 0.00170
m 0.075
/s) m 10 37 . 2 )( 39 . 5 ( Sh
2 5
mass

L
D
h
AB
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
kg/h 0.0033 = kg/s 10 17 . 9
kg/m ) 00520 . 0 ](0.01283 m) (0.15 m/s)[ 00170 . 0 ( ) (
7
3 2
, , mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and
kg / s)(2466 kJ / kg) kW 2.26 W
evap

( . . Q m h
v fg

917 10 000226
7
(c) The net rate of heat transfer to the water needed to maintain its temperature constant at 15C is
W 1.6 + + ) 66 . 0 ( 26 . 2
conv
evap
net
Q Q Q

Discussion Note that if no heat is supplied to the water (by a resistance heater, for example), the
temperature of the water in the pan would drop until the heat gain by convection equals the heat loss by
evaporation.
14-135 Air is blown over a circular pan filled with water. The rate of evaporation of water, the rate of heat
transfer by convection, and the rate of energy supply to the water to maintain its temperature constant are to
be determined.
14-96
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 25C). 2 The critical
Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 500,000. 3 Radiation heat transfer is negligible. 4 Both air
and water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The air-water vapor mixture is assumed to be dilute, and thus we can use dry air properties for
the mixture at the average temperature of
( ) / T T
s
+ 2
= (15+20)/2 = 17.5C = 290.5 K. The properties of
dry air at 290.5 K and 1 atm are, from Table A-15,
/s m 10 49 . 1 /s m 10 04 . 2
731 . 0 Pr , C W/m 0251 . 0
2 5 2 5



k
The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air
at the average temperature of 290.5 K is,
from Eq. 14-15,
D D
T
P
AB

H O-air
2
K
atm
m / s
187 10
187 10
2905
1
2 37 10
10
2 072
10
2 072
5
.
.
( . )
.
.
.
The saturation pressure of water at 20C is
P
sat@20 C
kPa.

2 339 .
Properties of water at 15C are
h P
fg v
2466 17051 kJ / kg and kPa .
(Table A-9). Also, the gas constants of water is Rwater = 0.4615
kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) Taking the radius of the pan r0 = 0.15 m to be the characteristic length, the Reynolds number
for flow over the pan is
201 , 30
/s m 10 1.49
) m 15 . 0 )( m/s 3 (
Re
2 5

L V
which is less than 500,000, and thus the flow is laminar over the entire surface. The Nusselt number and the
heat transfer coefficient are
( ) ( ) 9 . 103 731 . 0 201 , 30 664 . 0 Pr Re 0.664 = Nu
3 / 1 5 . 0 1/3 0.5
L


C W/m 3 . 17
m 0.15
C) W/m 0250 . 0 )( 9 . 103 (
Nu
2
heat



L
k
h
Then the rate of heat transfer from the air to the water by forced convection becomes
W 6.1

C 5) 1 ](20 m) (0.15 C)[ W/m 3 . 17 ( ) (
2 2
conv
conv

s s
T T A h Q

(to water)
(b) Utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing Pr by Sc. The Schmidt number is determined from its definition to be
629 . 0
/s m 10 2.37
/s m 10 49 . 1
Sc
2 5
2 5

AB
D

Therefore, the Sherwood number in this case is determined from Table 14-13 to be
( ) ( ) 9 . 98 629 . 0 201 , 30 664 . 0 Sc Re 0.664 = Sh
3 / 1 5 . 0 1/3 0.5
L

Using the definition of Sherwood number, the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
h
D
L
AB
mass
2
Sh m / s)
0.15m

( . )( . 98 9 2 37 10
5
0.0156 m/ s
14-97
1 atm
20C
30% RH
3 m/s
Water
15C
Evaporation
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
The air at the water surface is saturated, and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature (1.7051 kPa at 15C). The vapor pressure of air far from the
water surface is determined from
P P P
v T ,
( . ) ( . )( . .

sat@ sat@20 C
kPa) kPa 0 30 0 30 2 339 0 7017
Treating the water vapor and the air as ideal gases, the vapor densities at the water-air interface and far
from the surface are determined to be
At the surface:

v s
v s
v s
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.


17051
0 4615
001283
kPa
kPa m / kg K)(15+273) K
kg / m
3
3
Away from the surface:

v
v
v
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.

07017
0 4615
0 00520
kPa
kPa m / kg K)(20 +273) K
kg / m
3
3
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
kg/h 0.0303 = kg/s 10 41 . 8
kg/m ) 00520 . 0 ](0.01283 m) (0.15 m/s)[ 0156 . 0 ( ) (
6
3 2
, , mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and
kg / s)(2466 kJ / kg) kW 20.7 W
evap

( . . Q m h
v fg

8 41 10 00207
6
(c) The net rate of heat transfer to the water needed to maintain its temperature constant at 15C is
W 14.6 + + ) 1 . 6 ( 7 . 20
conv
evap
net
Q Q Q

Discussion Note that if no heat is supplied to the water (by a resistance heater, for example), the
temperature of the water in the pan would drop until the heat gain by convection equals the heat loss by
evaporation.
Also, the rate of evaporation could be determined almost as accurately using mass fractions of
vapor instead of vapor fractions and the average air density from the relation
( )
, ,
m h A w w
A s A evap mass

.
14-98
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-136 A spherical naphthalene ball is hanged in a closet. The time it takes for the naphthalene to sublimate
completely is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The concentration of naphthalene in the air is very small, and the low mass flux conditions
exist so that the Chilton-Colburn analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable (will be verified). 2
Both air and naphthalene vapor are ideal gases. 3 The naphthalene and the surrounding air are at the same
temperature. 4 The radiation effects are negligible.
Properties The molar mass of naphthalene is 128.2 kg/kmol. Because of low mass flux conditions, we can
use dry air properties for the mixture at the specified temperature of 298 K and 1 atm, at which
3
kg/m 18 . 1 ,
K J/kg 1007
p
C
, and /s m 10 14 . 2
2 5
(Table A-15).
Analysis The incoming air is free of naphthalene, and thus the mass
fraction of naphthalene at free stream conditions is zero, wA,
= 0. Noting
that the vapor pressure of naphthalene at the surface is 11 Pa, the mass
fraction of naphthalene on the air side of the surface is
4 ,
,
10 8 . 4
kg/kmol 29
kg/kmol 128.2
Pa 101,325
Pa 11

,
_

,
_

air
A
s A
s A
M
M
P
P
w
Normally we would expect natural convection currents to
develop around the naphthalene ball because the amount of
naphthalene near the surface is much larger, and determine the
Nusselt number (and its counterpart in mass transfer, the
Sherwood number) from Eq. 14-16,
Nu
Ra
[1+(0.469 / Pr) ]
9/16 4/9
+ 2
0589
1 4
.
/
But the mass fraction value determined above indicates that the amount of naphthalene in the air is so low
that it will not cause any significant difference in the density of air. With no density gradient, there will be
no natural convection and thus the Rayleigh number can be taken to be zero. Then the Nusselt number
relation above will reduce to Nu = 2 or its equivalent Sh = 2. Then using the definition of Sherwood
number, the mass transfer coefficient can be expressed as
h
D
D
D
D
AB AB
mass
Sh 2

The mass of naphthalene ball can be expressed as m V D
naph naph
1
6
3
( ) . The rate of change of the
mass of naphthalene is equal to the rate of mass transfer from naphthalene to the air, and is expressed as
) ( ) ( 2
6
3
) )( (
2
) (
) (
, , air
2
naph
, ,
2
air
3
naph
, , air mass
6
1

,
_

A s A AB
A s A
AB
A s A
w w D D
dt
dD
D
w w D
D
D
D
dt
d
w w A h
dt
dm

Simplifying and rearranging,

DdD
D
w w dt
AB
A s A


4

air
naph
( )
, ,
Integrating from D D
i
003 . m at time t = 0 to D = 0 (complete sublimation) at time t = t gives
t
D
D w w
i
AB A s A

naph
air
2
8 ( )
, ,
Substituting, the time it takes for the naphthalene to sublimate completely is determined to be
t
D
D w w
i
AB A s A

naph
air
3 2
3 2
kg / m m)
8(1.19 kg / m m s
s
2
4
6
8
1100 0 01
4 80 10 0
395 10
( )
( )( .
)( . ) / )
.
, ,
45.7 days
14-99
Closet
1 atm
25C
Sublimation
Naphthalene
25C
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-137E A swimmer extends his wet arms into the windy air outside. The rate at which water evaporates
from both arms and the corresponding rate of heat transfer by evaporation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is
applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 60F). 2 The
arm can be modeled as a long cylinder.
Properties Because of low mass flux conditions, we can use dry air properties for the mixture at the
average temperature of (40 + 80)/2 = 60F and 1 atm, for which = 0.15910
-3
ft
2
/s , and = 0.077lbm /
ft
3
(Table A-15E). The saturation pressure of water at 40F is 0.1217 psia. Also, at 80F, the saturation
pressure is 0.5073 psia and the heat of vaporization is 1048 Btu/lbm (Table A-9E). The molar mass of
water is R = 0.5956 psia.ft
3
/lbm.R (Table A-1E). The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air at 60F = 520 R
= 288.9 K is determined from Eq. 14-15 to be
( )
/s ft 10 2.53 = /s m 10 35 . 2
atm 1
K 9 . 288
10 87 . 1 10 87 . 1
2 4 2 5
072 . 2
10
072 . 2
10
air - O H
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis The Reynolds number for flow over a cylinder is

120 , 46
/s ft 10 0.159
) ft 12 / 3 )( ft/s 3600 / 5280 20 (
Re
2 3

D V
The Schmidt number in this case is
628 . 0
/s ft 10 2.53
/s ft 10 159 . 0
Sc
2 4
2 3

AB
D

Then utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the
Sherwood number is determined from Eq. 10-32 by replacing Pr
number by the Schmidt number to be

[ ] [ ]
198
28200
120 , 46
1
) 628 . 0 / 4 . 0 ( 1
) 628 . 0 ( ) 120 , 46 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0 =
28200
Re
1
) Sc / 4 . 0 ( 1
Sc Re 62 . 0
3 . 0 Sh
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+
Using the definition of Sherwood number, the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
ft/s 0.2004
ft 3/12
/s) ft 10 53 . 2 )( 198 ( Sh
2 4
mass

D
D
h
AB
The air at the water surface is saturated, and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature (0.5073 psia at 80F). The vapor pressure of air far from the
water surface is determined from
P P P
v T ,
( . ) ( . )( . .

sat@ sat@40 F
psia) psia 050 050 01217 0 0609
Treating the water vapor as an ideal gas, the vapor densities at the water-air interface and far from the
surface are determined to be
At the surface:

v s
v s
v s
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.


05073
05956
0 00158
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(80 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Away from the surface:

v
v
v
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.

0 0609
05956
0000205
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(40 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
lbm/h 3.12 = lbm/s 10 66 . 8
lbm/ft ) 000205 . 0 58 ft)](0.001 ft)(2 (3/12 ft/s)[2 2004 . 0 ( ) (
4
3
, , mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and lbm/ s)(1048 Btu / lbm)
evap

( . Q m h
v fg

8 66 10
4
0.907 Btu / s
Discussion The rate of evaporation could be determined almost as accurately using mass fractions of vapor
instead of vapor fractions and the average air density from the relation
( )
, ,
m h A w w
A s A evap mass

.
14-100
Air, 1 atm
40F, 50% RH
20 mph
80F
Wet arm
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-138 A nickel part is put into a room filled with hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen concentrations at the
surface of the part and at a depth of 2-mm from the surface after 24 h is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Hydrogen penetrates into a thin layer beneath the surface of the nickel component, and thus
the component can be modeled as a semi-infinite medium regardless of its thickness or shape. 2 The initial
hydrogen concentration in the nickel part is zero.
Properties The molar mass of hydrogen H2 is M = 2 kg/kmol (Table A-1). The solubility of hydrogen in
nickel at 358 K (=85C) is 0.00901 kmol/m.bar (Table 14-7). The mass diffusivity of hydrogen in nickel at
358 K is DAB =1.2 10
-12
m
2
/s (Table A-3b). Also, 1 atm = 1.01325 bar.
Analysis This problem is analogous to the one-
dimensional transient heat conduction problem in a
semi-infinite medium with specified surface
temperature, and thus can be solved accordingly. Using
mass fraction for concentration since the data is given in
that form, the solution can be expressed as

,
_

t D
x
w w
w t x w
AB i A s A
i A A
2
erfc
) , (
, ,
,
The molar density of hydrogen in the nickel at
the interface is determined from Eq. 14-20 to be
C S P
H solid side H gas side
2 2
kmol / m. bar bar)
kmol / m
, ,
( )
( . )( .
.
0
000901 3 101325
00274

The argument of the complementary error function is

x
D t
AB
2
2 10
2 12 10 24 3600
3105
3
12
m
m s s)
2
( . / )(
.
The corresponding value of the complementary error function is determined from Table 4-3 to be
000015 . 0 ) 105 . 3 ( erfc
2
erfc

,
_

t D
x
AB
Substituting the known quantities,
C x t
C x t
A
A
( , )
.
. ( , )

0
0 0274 0
0 000015 4.1 10 kmol / m
7 3
Therefore, the hydrogen concentration in the steel component at a depth of 2 mm in 24 h is very small.
14-101
H
2
3 atm
85C
Nickel part
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-139 A 0.1-mm thick soft rubber membrane separates pure O2 from air. The mass flow rate of O2
through the membrane per unit area and the direction of flow are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Mass transfer through the membrane is one-
dimensional. 3 The permeability of the membrane is constant.
Properties The mass diffusivity of oxygen in rubber at 298 K is DAB = 2.1 10
-10
m
2
/s (Table 11-3). The
solubility of oxygen in rubber at 298 K is 0.00312 kmol / m.bar (Table 14-7). The molar mass of oxygen
is 32 kg / kmol (Table A-1).
Analysis The molar fraction of oxygen in air is 0.21. Therefore, the
partial pressure of oxygen in the air is
y
P
P
P y P
O
O
O O
2
2
2 2
atm) atm
,
,
. ( . .
2
2
021 12 0252
The partial pressure of oxygen on the other side is simply
P
O
2
1 ,
1 atm
. Then the molar flow rate of oxygen through the
membrane by diffusion can readily be determined to be

( )
( )
s kmol/m 10 97 . 4
atm 1
bar 1.01325
m 10 0.1
atm 252 . 0 1
r kmol/m.ba 00312 . 0 ) m/s 10 1 . 2 (
9
3
10
2 , 1 ,
wall A, diff,

,
_

L
P P
S D N
A A
AB

Then the mass flow rate of oxygen gas through the membrane becomes

( )( . ) m MN
diff diff
kg / kmol kmol / m.s

32 4 97 10
9
1.59 10 kg / m. s
7
The direction of the flow will be from the pure oxygen inside to the air outside since the partial pressure of
oxygen is higher inside.
14-102
O
2
1 atm
25C
Rubber
membrane
m
O2
Air
1.2 atm
L
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-140E The top section of a solar pond is maintained at a constant temperature. The rates of heat loss
from the top surface of the pond by radiation, natural convection, and evaporation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist so that the Chilton-Colburn analogy between heat and
mass transfer is applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated
air at 80F). 2 Both air and water vapor at specified conditions are ideal gases (the error involved in this
assumption is less than 1 percent). 3 The water in the pool is maintained at a uniform temperature of 80F. 4
The critical Reynolds number for flow over a flat surface is 500,000.
Properties The air-water vapor mixture is
assumed to be dilute, and thus we can use
dry air properties for the mixture at the
average temperature of
( ) / T T
s
+ 2
=
(70+80)/2 = 75F. The properties of dry
air at 75F and 1 atm are, from Table A-
15E,
/s ft 10 167 . 0
/h ft 824 . 0
73 . 0 Pr
F ft Btu/h 0147 . 0
2 3
2

k
The saturation pressure of water at 70F is
P
sat@70 F
psia.

0 3632 .
Properties of
water at 80F are
Btu/lbm 1048
fg
h
and
psia 5073 . 0
v
P
(Table A-9). The gas
constant of water is Rwater = 0.5956
psia.ft
3
/lbm.R (Table A-1E). The
emissivity of water is 0.95 (Table A-15).
The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air
at the average temperature of 75F = 535
R = 297.2 K is determined from Eq. 14-15
to be

( )
/s ft 10 68 . 2 /s m 10 49 . 2
atm 1
K 2 . 297
10 87 . 1 10 87 . 1
2 4 2 5
072 . 2
10
072 . 2
10
air - O H
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis (a) The pond surface can be treated as a flat surface. The Reynolds number for flow over a flat
surface is
7
2 3
10 51 . 3
/s ft 10 0.167
) ft 100 )( ft/s 3600 / 5280 40 (
Re

L V
which is much larger than the critical Reynolds number of 500,000. Therefore, the air flow over the pond
surface is turbulent, and the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are determined to be
( ) 215 , 36 73 . 0 ) 10 51 . 3 ( 037 . 0 Pr Re 0.037 = Nu
3 / 1 8 . 0 7 1/3 0.8
L


F ft Btu/h 32 . 5
ft 100
F) ft Btu/h 0147 . 0 )( 215 , 36 (
Nu
2
heat



L
k
h
Then the rate of heat transfer from the air to the water by forced convection becomes

Btu/h 532,000

F ) 70 )(80 ft )(10,000 F ft Btu/h 32 . 5 ( ) (
2 2
conv
conv
s s
T T A h Q

(to water)
(b) Noting that the emissivity of water is 0.95 and the surface area of the pool is
, ft 10,000 = ft) ft)(100 100 (
2

s
A heat transfer from the top surface of the pool by radiation is
14-103
Air, 70F
1 atm
100% RH
40 mph
Heating
fluid
Pond
80F
Q
evap
Q
rad
Q
conv
T
surr
=60F
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
Btu/h 194,000

] ) R 520 ( ) R 540 )[( R ft Btu/h 10 1714 . 0 ( ) ft 000 , 10 )( 95 . 0 ( ) (
4 4 4 2 8 2 4
surr
4
rad
T T A Q
s s

(c) Utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing Pr by Sc. The Schmidt number is determined from its definition to be
623 . 0
/s ft 10 8 2.6
/s ft 10 167 . 0
Sc
2 4
2 3

AB
D

Then utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the Sherwood number is determined by
replacing Pr number by the Schmidt number to be
( ) 350 , 34 623 . 0 ) 10 51 . 3 ( 037 . 0 Sc Re 0.037 = Sh
3 / 1 8 . 0 7 1/3 0.8
L

Using the definition of Sherwood number, the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
ft/s 0.0921
ft 100
/s) ft 10 68 . 2 )( 350 , 34 ( Sh
2 4
mass

D
D
h
AB
The air at the water surface is saturated, and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature (Pv,s = 0.5073 psia at 80F). The humidity of air is given to be
100%, and thus the air far from the water surface is also saturated. Therefore,
P P
v,
.


sat@70 F
psia. 0 3632

Treating the water vapor as an ideal gas, the vapor densities at the water-air interface and far from the
surface are determined to be
At the surface:
v s
v s
v s
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.


05073
05956
0 00158
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(80 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Away from the surface:
v
v
v
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.

0 3632
05956
000115
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(70 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
lbm/h 1426 = lbm/s 396 . 0
lbm/ft ) 00115 . 0 )(0.00158 ft 00 ft/s)(10,0 0921 . 0 ( ) (
3 2
, , mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and

lbm/ h)(1048 Btu / lbm)
evap

( Q m h
v fg
1425 1,493,000 Btu / h
Discussion All of the quantities calculated above represent heat loss for the pond, and the total rate of heat
loss from the open top surface of the pond to the surrounding air and surfaces is
Btu/h 000 , 219 , 2 000 , 493 , 1 000 , 532 000 , 194
evap conv rad top total,
+ + + + Q Q Q Q

This heat loss will come from the deeper parts of the pond, and thus the pond will start cooling unless it
gains heat from the sun or another heat source. Note that the evaporative heat losses dominate. Also, the
rate of evaporation could be determined almost as accurately using mass fractions of vapor instead of vapor
fractions and the average air density from the relation
) (
, , mass evap

A s A s
w w A h m
.
14-104
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-141E The top section of a solar pond is maintained at a constant temperature. The rates of heat loss
from the top surface of the pond by radiation, natural convection, and evaporation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist so that the Chilton-Colburn analogy between heat and
mass transfer is applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated
air at 80F). 2 Both air and water vapor at specified conditions are ideal gases (the error involved in this
assumption is less than 1 percent). 3 The water in the pool is maintained at a uniform temperature of 90F. 4
The critical Reynolds number for flow over a flat surface is 500,000.
Properties The air-water vapor mixture is assumed to
be dilute, and thus we can use dry air properties for
the mixture at the average temperature of
( ) / T T
s
+ 2
= (70+90)/2 = 80F. The properties of
dry air at 80F and 1 atm are, from Table A-15E,
/s ft 10 170 . 0
/h ft 838 . 0
73 . 0 Pr
F ft Btu/h 0148 . 0
2 3
2

k
The saturation pressure of water at 70F is
P
sat@70 F
psia.

0 3632 .
Properties of water at 90F
are
Btu/lbm 1043
fg
h
and
psia 6988 . 0
v
P
(Table
A-9). The gas constant of water is Rwater = 0.5956
psia.ft
3
/lbm.R (Table A-1E). The emissivity of water
is 0.95 (Table A-15). The mass diffusivity of water
vapor in air at the average temperature of 80F = 540
R = 300 K is determined from Eq. 14-15 to be
/s ft 10 72 . 2 /s m 10 54 . 2
atm 1
) K 300 (
10 87 . 1 10 87 . 1
2 4 2 5
072 . 2
10
072 . 2
10
air - O H
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis (a) The pond surface can be treated as a flat surface. The Reynolds number for flow over a flat
surface is
7
2 3
10 45 . 3
/s ft 10 0.170
) ft 100 )( ft/s 3600 / 5280 40 (
Re

L V
which is much larger than the critical Reynolds number of 500,000. Therefore, the air flow over the pond
surface is turbulent, and the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are determined to be
720 , 35 ) 73 . 0 ( ) 10 45 . 3 ( 037 . 0 Pr Re 0.037 = Nu
3 / 1 8 . 0 7 1/3 0.8
L

F ft Btu/h 29 . 5
ft 100
F) ft Btu/h 0148 . 0 )( 720 , 35 (
Nu
2
heat



L
k
h
Then the rate of heat transfer from the air to the water by forced convection becomes
Btu/h 1,057,000

F ) 70 )(90 ft )(10,000 F ft Btu/h 29 . 5 ( ) (
2 2
conv
conv
s s
T T A h Q

(to water)
(b) Noting that the emissivity of water is 0.95 and the surface area of the pool is
, ft 10,000 = ft) ft)(100 100 (
2

s
A heat transfer from the top surface of the pool by radiation is
Btu/h 299,400

] ) R 520 ( ) R 550 )[( R ft Btu/h 10 1714 . 0 ( ) ft 000 , 10 )( 95 . 0 ( ) (
4 4 4 2 8 2 4
surr
4
rad
T T A Q
s s

(c) Utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing Pr by Sc. The Schmidt number is determined from its definition to be
14-105
Air, 70F
1 atm
100% RH
40 mph
Heating
fluid
Pond
90F
Q
evap
Q
rad
Q
conv
T
surr
=60F
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
625 . 0
/s ft 10 2.72
/s ft 10 170 . 0
Sc
2 4
2 3

AB
D

Then utilizing the analogy between heat and mass convection, the Sherwood number is determined by
replacing Pr number by the Schmidt number to be
Sh = 0.037 Re Sc
L
0.8 1/ 3
0037 345 10 0 625 33 920
7 0 8 1 3
. ( . ) ( . ) ,
. /
Using the definition of Sherwood number, the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
h
D
D
AB
mass
Sh ft / s)
100 ft

( , )( . 33 920 2 72 10
4
0.0923 ft / s
The air at the water surface is saturated, and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature (Pv,s = 0.6988 psia at 90F). The humidity of air is given to be
100%, and thus the air far from the water surface is also saturated. Therefore,
P P
v,
.


sat@70 F
psia. 0 3632

Treating the water vapor as an ideal gas, the vapor densities at the water-air interface and far from the
surface are determined to be
At the surface:

v s
v s
v s
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.


0 6988
05956
0 00213
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(90 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Away from the surface:

v
v
v
P
R T
,
,
.
( .
.

0 3632
05956
000115
psia
psia ft / lbm R)(70 +460) R
lbm/ ft
3
3
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
lbm/h 3256 = lbm/s 905 . 0
lbm/ft ) 00115 . 0 )(0.00213 ft 00 ft/s)(10,0 0923 . 0 ( ) (
3 2
, , mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and
lbm/ h)(1043 Btu / lbm)
evap

( Q m h
v fg
3256 3,396,000 Btu / h
Discussion All of the quantities calculated above represent heat loss for the pond, and the total rate of heat
loss from the open top surface of the pond to the surrounding air and surfaces is
Btu/h 400 , 752 , 4 000 , 396 , 3 000 , 057 , 1 400 , 299
evap conv rad top total,
+ + + + Q Q Q Q

This heat loss will come from the deeper parts of the pond, and thus the pond will start cooling unless it
gains heat from the sun or another heat source. Note that the evaporative heat losses dominate. Also, the
rate of evaporation could be determined almost as accurately using mass fractions of vapor instead of vapor
fractions and the average air density from the relation
( )
, ,
m h A w w
A s A evap mass

.
14-142 .... 14-146 Design and Essay Problems

14-106