Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-32
8-53 Hot air enters a sheet metal duct located in a basement. The exit temperature of hot air and the rate of
heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We expect the air temperature to drop somewhat, and evaluate the air properties at 1 atm and the
estimated bulk mean temperature of 50C (Table A-15),

7228 . 0 Pr
C J/kg. 1007 /s; m 10 797 . 1
C W/m. 02735 . 0 ; kg/m 092 . 1
2 5 -
3
=
= = u
= =
p
C
k

Analysis The surface area and the Reynolds number are
m 9.6 m) m)(12 2 . 0 ( 4 4 = = = aL A
s

D
A
p
a
a
a
h
c
= = = =
4 4
4
02
2
. m
509 , 44
/s m 10 797 . 1
m) m/s)(0.20 (4
Re
2 5
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
m 0 . 2 m) 2 . 0 ( 10 10 = = ~ ~
h t h
D L L
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent
flow for the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
2 . 109 ) 7228 . 0 ( ) 509 , 44 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
3 . 0 8 . 0 3 . 0 8 . 0
= = = =
k
hD
Nu
h

and
C . W/m 93 . 14 ) 2 . 109 (
m 2 . 0
C W/m. 02735 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The mass flow rate of air is
kg/s 0.1748 m/s) (4 0.2)m )(0.2 kg/m 092 . 1 (
2 3
= = = V A m
c

In steady operation, heat transfer from hot air to the duct must be equal to the heat transfer from the duct to
the surrounding (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to the energy loss of the hot air in the
duct. That is,


Q Q Q E = = =
conv,in conv+rad,out hot air
A
Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of T
s
, the quantities above can be expressed as

: Q
conv,in

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A =
60
ln
60
) m 6 . 9 )( C . W/m 93 . 14 (
ln
2 2
ln
s
e s
e
i s
e s
i e
s i s i
T
T T
T
Q
T T
T T
T T
A h T A h Q

: Q
conv+rad,out

( )
| |
4 4 4 4 2 8 2
2 2 4 4
) 273 10 ( ) 273 ( ) . W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 0.3(9.6 +
C ) 10 )( m C)(9.6 . W/m 10 ( ) (
K T K
T Q T T A T T A h Q
s
s o s s o s s o
+ +
= + =

o c

A

: E
hot air
C ) C)(60 J/kg. 7 kg/s)(100 1748 . 0 ( ) ( = =
e i e p
T Q T T C m Q

This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solution is
C 3 . 33 and , , = = =
s e
T T Q C 45.1 W 2622

Therefore, the hot air will lose heat at a rate of 2622 W and exit the duct at 45.1C.
8-54 "!PROBLEM 8-54"

"GIVEN"
Air
60C
4 m/s
L = 12 m
c = 0.3

Air duct
20 cm 20 cm
T = 10C
Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-33
T_i=60 "[C]"
L=12 "[m]"
side=0.20 "[m]"
Vel=4 "[m/s], parameter to be varied"
"epsilon=0.3 parameter to be varied"
T_o=10 "[C]"
h_o=10 "[W/m^2-C]"
T_surr=10 "[C]"

"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
Pr=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
rho=Density(Fluid$, T=T_ave, P=101.3)
mu=Viscosity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=T_i-10 "assumed average bulk mean temperature"

"ANALYSIS"
A=4*side*L
A_c=side^2
p=4*side
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is turbulent"
L_t=10*D_h "The entry length is much shorter than the total length of the duct."
Nusselt=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.3
h_i=k/D_h*Nusselt
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
Q_dot=Q_dot_conv_in
Q_dot_conv_in=Q_dot_conv_out+Q_dot_rad_out
Q_dot_conv_in=h_i*A*DELTAT_ln
DELTAT_ln=(T_e-T_i)/ln((T_s-T_e)/(T_s-T_i))
Q_dot_conv_out=h_o*A*(T_s-T_o)
Q_dot_rad_out=epsilon*A*sigma*((T_s+273)^4-(T_surr+273)^4)
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
Q_dot=m_dot*C_p*(T_i-T_e)

Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-34

Vel [m/s] T
e
[C] Q [W]
1 33.85 1150
2 39.43 1810
3 42.78 2273
4 45.1 2622
5 46.83 2898
6 48.17 3122
7 49.25 3310
8 50.14 3469
9 50.89 3606
10 51.53 3726



c T
e
[C] Q [W]
0.1 45.82 2495
0.2 45.45 2560
0.3 45.1 2622
0.4 44.77 2680
0.5 44.46 2735
0.6 44.16 2787
0.7 43.88 2836
0.8 43.61 2883
0.9 43.36 2928
1 43.12 2970




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
32.5
36.5
40.5
44.5
48.5
52.5
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Vel [m/s]
T
e


[
C
]
Q


[
W
]
T
e
Q





Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-35
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
43
43.5
44
44.5
45
45.5
46
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
c
T
e


[
C
]
Q


[
W
]
T
e
Q





Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-36
8-55 The components of an electronic system located in a rectangular horizontal duct are cooled by forced
air. The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 35C since the mean temperature of air at the
inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a constant heat
flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

7268 . 0 Pr
C J/kg. 1007
/s m 10 654 . 1
C W/m. 02625 . 0
kg/m 146 . 1
2 5 -
3
=
=
=
=
=
p
C
k
u

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit
temperature are determined from
kg/s 0.01241 = kg/min 0.7449 = /min) m )(0.65 kg/m 146 . 1 (
3 3
= = V m


C 38.1 =

= + = =
C) J/kg. 7 kg/s)(100 01241 . 0 (
W) (0.85)(90
+ C 32 ) (
p
i e i e p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q

(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are

m 16 . 0
m) 16 . 0 ( 4
m) m)(0.16 16 . 0 ( 4 4
m/s 0.4232 = m/min 4 . 25
m) m)(0.16 (0.16
m/min 65 . 0
= = =
= = =
P
A
D
A
V
V
c
h
c
m

Then
4093
/s m 10 654 . 1
m) m/s)(0.16 (0.4232
Re
2 5
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is greater than 10,000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
70 . 15 ) 7268 . 0 ( ) 4093 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
4 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 0 8 . 0
= = = =
k
hD
Nu
h

and
C . W/m 576 . 2 ) 70 . 15 (
m 16 . 0
C W/m. 02625 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform surface
heat flux, its value is determined from

| |
C 84.5 =

= + = =
C) . W/m (2.576
m) m)(1 4(0.16 W)/ (0.85)(90
+ C 1 . 38
/
) ( /
2
, ,
h
A Q
T T T T h A Q
s
e highest s e highest s s

Air
32C
0.65 m
3
/min
L = 1 m

Air duct
16 cm 16 cm
90 W
Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-37
8-56 The components of an electronic system located in a circular horizontal duct are cooled by forced air.
The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a constant
heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

u
=
=
=
=
=
1143
0 0268
167
1006
0 710
.
.
.
Pr .
kg / m
W/ m. C
10 m / s
J / kg. C
3
-5 2
k
C
p

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from


( . m V = = 1143 kg / m )(0.65 m / min) = 0.74295 kg / min = 0.0124 kg / s
3 3

( )

( .
Q mC T T T T
Q
mC
p e i e i
p
= = + =

= 32
00124
C+
(0.85)(90 W)
kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
38.1 C
(b) The mean fluid velocity is
V
V
A
m
c
= = =

.
.
065
367
m/ min
(0.15 m) / 4
m/ min = 0.612 m/ s
2
t

Then,
Re
.
= =

V D
m h
u
(0.612 m/ s)(0.15 m)
m / s
2
167 10
5497
5

which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD
k
h
= = = = 0 023 0 023 0 710 19 7
0 8 0 4 0 8 0 4
. Re Pr . (5497) ( . ) .
. . . .

and
h
k
D
Nu
h
= =

=
00268
015
19 7 352
.
.
( . ) .
W/ m. C
m
W/ m . C
2

The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
its value is determined from
( )

.
, ,
q h T T T T
q
h
s highest e s highest e
= = + =

= 381 C+
(0.85)(90 W) / (0.15 m)(1 m)
(3.52 W/ m . C)
2
t
84.2 C
Air
32C
0.65 m
3
/min


T
e



Electronics, 90 W

L = 1 m


D = 15 cm


Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-38
8-57 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined. \
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two surfaces
of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

kg/m.s 10 08 . 2
kg/m.s 10 89 . 1
710 . 0 Pr
C J/kg. 1006
/s m 10 67 . 1
C W/m. 0268 . 0
kg/m 143 . 1
5
K 350 @ ,
5
2 5 -
3

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
s
b
p
C
k

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from


( . m V = = 1143 kg / m )(0.8 10 m / s) = 9.14 10 kg / s
3 -3 3 -4

( )

( .
Q mC T T T T
Q
mC
p e i e i
p
= = + =

=

32
914 10
4
C+
20 W
kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
53.7 C
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are

m 0049 . 0
m)] (0.0025 + m) 12 . 0 [( 2
m) m)(0.0025 12 . 0 ( 4 4
m/s 67 . 2
m) m)(0.0025 (0.12
/s m 10 8 . 0
3 3
= = =
=

= =

P
A
D
A
V
V
c
h
c
m

Then,
Re
.
= =

V D
m h
u
(2.67 m/ s)(0.0049 m)
m / s
2
167 10
783
5

which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
L D
t h
= = 005 005 783 071 00049 . RePr . ( )( . )( . m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
24 . 8
10 08 . 2
10 89 . 1
0.18
) 0049 . 0 )( 71 . 0 )( 783 (
86 . 1
Pr Re
86 . 1
14 . 0
5
5
3 / 1
14 . 0
3 / 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
b h
L
D
k
hD
Nu

and,
C . W/m 2 . 46 ) 24 . 8 (
m 0049 . 0
C W/m. 0268 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from

| |
C 64.0 =

=
+ = =
2 2
, ,
0.18)m 0.0025 + 0.18 2(0.12 C) . W/m (46.2
W 20
+ C 7 . 53
) (
s
e highest s e highest s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

8-58 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.
Air
32C
0.8 L/s


T
e



Electronic components,
20 W


L = 18 cm

Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-39
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two surfaces
of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1143
0 0268
167
1006
0 710
189 10
2 08 10
5
350
5
.
.
.
Pr .
.
.
,@
kg / m
W/ m. C
10 m / s
J / kg. C
kg / m.s
kg / m.s
3
-5 2
K
k
C
p
b
s

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from


( . m V = = 1143 kg / m )(0.8 10 m / s) = 9.14 10 kg / s
3 -3 3 -4

( )

( .
Q mC T T T T
Q
mC
p e i e i
p
= = + =

=

32
914 10
4
C+
35 W
kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
70.1 C
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are

V
V
A
D
A
P
m
c
h
c
= =

=
= = =

.
.
( .
[( .
.
08 10
2 67
4 4 012
2 012
00049
3
m / s
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
m/ s
m)(0.0025 m)
m) +(0.0025 m)]
m
3

Then,
Re
.
= =

V D
m h
u
(2.67 m/ s)(0.0049 m)
m / s
2
167 10
783
5

which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
L D
t h
= = 005 005 783 071 00049 . RePr . ( )( . )( . m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
54 . 4
10 08 . 2
10 89 . 1
0.18
) 0049 . 0 )( 71 . 0 )( 783 (
86 . 1
Pr Re
86 . 1
14 . 0
5
5
3 / 1
14 . 0
3 / 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
b h
L
D
k
hD
Nu

and,
h
k
D
Nu
h
= =

=
00268
00049
454 248
.
.
( . ) .
W/ m. C
m
W/ m . C
2

The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from

C 102.1 =

=
+ = =
] 0.18)m 0.0025 + 0.18 C)[2(0.12 . W/m (24.8
W 35
+ C 1 . 70
) (
2 2
, ,
s
e highest s e highest s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

8-59E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the copper tube that
needs to be used is to be determined. \
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the tube is negligible. 4 The temperature at the tube surface is constant.
Air
32C
0.8 L/s


T
e



Electronic components,
35 W


L = 18 cm

Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-40
Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of
F 100 F 97 2 / ) 140 54 (
,
~ = + =
ave b
T are (Table A-9E)

54 . 4 Pr
F Btu/lbm. 999 . 0
/s ft 10 738 . 0
F Btu/h.ft. 363 . 0
lbm/ft 0 . 62
2 5 -
3
=
=
=
=
=
p
C
k
u

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are
ft/s 68 . 3
/4] ft) (0.75/12 )[ lbm/ft (62
lbm/s 7 . 0
2 3
= = = =
t

c
m m c
A
m
V V A m


165 , 31
/s ft 10 738 . 0
ft) /12 ft/s)(0.75 (3.68
Re
2 5
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
in 5 . 7 in) 75 . 0 ( 10 10 = = ~ ~ D L L
t h

which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will determine. Therefore, we can assume
fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
8 . 165 ) 54 . 4 ( ) 165 , 31 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
4 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 0 8 . 0
= = = =
k
hD
Nu
h

and
F . Btu/h.ft 963 ) 8 . 165 (
ft ) 12 / 75 . 0 (
F Btu/h.ft. 363 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft length of the tube are

Btu/h 150 , 28 ) F 9 . 148 ( ft)] 1 )( ft 12 / 75 . 0 ( )[ F . Btu/h.ft 963 (
F 9 . 148
54 250
140 250
ln
54 140
ln
2
ln
ln
= = A =
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A
t T hA Q
T T
T T
T T
T
s
i s
e s
i e

The rate of heat transfer needed to raise the temperature of water from 54 F to 140 F is
Btu/h 216,500 = F 54) - F)(140 Btu/lbm. 99 lbm/h)(0.9 3600 7 . 0 ( ) ( = =
i e p
T T C m Q

Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
ft 7.69 = =
Btu/h 150 , 28
Btu/h 500 , 216
Length
(b) The friction factor, the pressure drop, and then the pumping power required to overcome this pressure
drop can be determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow to be
02323 . 0 ) 165 , 31 ( 184 . 0 Re 184 . 0
2 . 0 2 . 0
= = =

f
hp 0.00078
V
= |
.
|

\
|

=
A
=
= |
.
|

\
|

= = A
ft/s lbf 550
hp 1
lbm/ft 62
) lbf/ft 27 . 37 )( lbm/s 7 . 0 (
lbf/ft 27 . 37
ft/s lbm 32.174
lbf 1
2
) ft/s 68 . 3 )( lbm/ft 62 (
ft) 12 / 75 . 0 (
ft) 69 . 7 (
02323 . 0
2
3
2
2
2
2 3 2

P m
W
D
L
f P
pump
m

Water
54F
0.7 lbm/s


140F

250F


L


D = 0.75 in


Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection
8-41
8-60 A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through its case. The flow rate of the air, the fraction of the
temperature rise of air that is due to heat generated by the fan, and the highest allowable inlet air
temperature are to be determined. \
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas with
constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 300 K. The properties of air at 1 atm and this
temperature are (Table A-15)

C J/kg. 1005
/s m 10 57 . 1
C W/m. 0261 . 0
kg/m 177 . 1
2 5 -
3
=
=
=
=
p
C
k
u

kg/m.s 10 08 . 2
kg/m.s 10 85 . 1
712 . 0 Pr
5
K 350 @ ,
5

=
=
=
s
b

Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the mass
flow rate of air is
kg/s 0.01045 =

+
=

+
= =
C) C)(10 J/kg. (1005
W 25) 10 (8
) (
) (
fan elect,
i e p
i e p
T T C
W Q
m T T C m Q

(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat generated by the fan and its motor is

23.8%
C 2.38
= =

= = A A =
238 . 0
C 10
C 2.38
=
C) J/kg. kg/s)(1005 (0.01045
W 25
f
C m
Q
T T C m Q
p
p

(c) The mean velocity of air is

| |
m/s 08 . 3
) m 12 . 0 )( m 003 . 0 ( ) kg/m (1.177
kg/s ) 8 / 01045 . 0 (
3
= = = =
c
m m c
A
m
V V A m

and,
m 00585 . 0
m) 12 . 0 m 003 . 0 ( 2
m) m)(0.12 003 . 0 ( 4 4
=
+
= =
P
A
D
c
h

Therefore,
1148
/s m 10 57 . 1
m) 85 m/s)(0.005 (3.08
Re
2 5
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully developed flow, the Nusselt number
from is determined from Table 8-4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
C . W/m 8 . 36 ) 24 . 8 (
m 00585 . 0
C W/m. 0261 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
the air temperature at the exit is determined from
C 9 . 61
C . W/m 36.8
] m 0.18) 0.003 + 0.18 2(0.12 W]/[8 ) 25 80 [(
C 70 ) (
2
2
max , max ,
=

+
= = =
h
q
T T T T h q
s e e s

The highest allowable inlet temperature then becomes
C 51.9 = = = = C 10 C 9 . 61 C 10 C 10
e i i e
T T T T
Discussion Although the Reynolds number is less than 4000, the flow in this case will most likely be
turbulent because of the electronic components that that protrude into flow. Therefore, the heat transfer
coefficient determined above is probably conservative.
Cooling
air