12 April 1963

NBy 37636
u. S. NAVY
W.. 3'-(;, ,
/ / ~ \
1//
MODEL STUDIES OF THE VLF PAC ANTENNA ~
ENOL (1) TO BUSHIPS SER 69.4E-349
~ 1 . e--r
HNCD
A JOINT VENTURE
Los Angeles, California
5VLF- COMMFACPAC
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o l,.4-
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Q C:)
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HollTIes & Narver, Inc.
Continental Electronic s Manufacturing COlTIpany
DECO Electronics, Inc.
/.
, '
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-May 2011



CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2. Test Procedures .
2. 1 Model Range .................
2.2 Equipment .....................................
2.2. 1 Effective Height Measurements ...........
2.2.2 Static Capacitance Measurements .......
2.2.3 Base Impedance Measurements .
2.2.4 Current Distribution Measurements ...
2.2.5 Field Distribution Measuremeilts ..........
2.2. 6 Corona Study ..........................
2.3 Scale Model Factors .......................
2.4 Calibration .....................................
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-4
2-6
2-8
2-10
2-11
2-11
3.
4.
"
o n u
Resonant Frequency Tests .............................
3. 1 Techniques .. '.f'j,'
3.2 Description of Tests .............
3.3 n :;rest Results ..... '1 "
Antenna Selec'tion ...................................
4.1 "Cost-Performance Study 0
...
3-1
3-2
t; 3-2
o 3-4 0
4-1
4-2
lJ
o
ti
;;;
6
e
Q
c

5.

Antenna Mci'fiel Study' ............0,0

5. 1 Initial Configuration ..... :: ..0
00 05. 1. 2 Transmitter h-IeTix Building .......... ! ..
o 5 1 3 B h' ...
" us lng C!
5.1.4 Downleads .........# ..
5.2 Evaluation of Initial Cor?figuration b ....
5.2.1 Five-Panel (Emergency) .
o!!> 5.2.20 Six-Panelo(Normal) Performance ..... : ..
5.2.3 Gradient Distribution ....................
Development of Final Configuration .....
5",3.1 Revised Transmitter/Helix Building .......
5.3. 2 Revised Top Hat Shape , .
5. 3. Revisecf'l'ower Heights ...........
5.3.4 Wind Distortion Study .. ',,: ..:: ....... .....
Summary of PrediCted Performance ., ..............
iii
5-1
5-1
5 -2 IV
0.'
5-2

Ji;
5-7
5-7
5-7
5-11
i
5-13
w
5-15
0
5-15 0
'!;- 2 0
5-27
5-30
e
Q. (jo
6- 1
Page
Appendices
A. Model Data
,.
A-1 ........ ....... .......
B. Performance Relationships
r.
B-1
C. Antenna Equivalent Circuit C-1
D. Investigation of V,LF Field Distribution D-1
E. Photographic Corona Study .. .... E-1
"
n
I)
U
0
0 1>
0
(I
u
0
0
"
0
00 0
0 0
"
"
0
" "
"
" 0 0
0
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"
(I
0
0
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0
0
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0 0
c
0
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"
0
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0 u
(I
0
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"
0 n
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0 \0 L)
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q
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0
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'" 1;0
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-7
0
() 0
""
0
" (}
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()
0
iv
0
c,
o ILLUST RATIONS
Elevation View of }ongitudianl Panel Cross
Secwon as Modeled - Top Hat I .
o 0 0
Initial Transmitter /Helix Building ............
Downlead Details ... : .................
o
Measured Base Reactance .. 5-Panef Operation
'0 " 0
o 0
Measured "Base Reactance - 6-Panel Operation
g
OCIradien1j.lf,)istributiPn on Top Hat I Panel ......

Gradient on Downlead -
C 0. ..
onclltlon ...............................9,.
Revised Transrnitfer/Helix Building .

g
Ffgure 5.. 4
0
. Figure 5-5
'0
'0

Figure 5-6
00 0
of'
5-7 19ure
00
0
Figure 5-8
o
Figure 5-9
o
0
Figure 5-10
.,
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
"
Figure 2-4
"
Figure> 2-5
Figure 3-1
Figure 3 -2
o
Figure 3-3
0
Figure 3-4
"
,0
Figure 4-1
0

0
Figure 5 -1
0
Figure 5-2
0
FigJ're 5-3
00
o
Downlead Configurations - Test 1 4
d
0
Downlead Configurations - Test 5 through 8 0.
"
0
Downlead Configurations - Test 9 through
0
12
o
Block Diagram of Equipment for Antenncf Current
Dist;ibution Measurerrlents .................
o
Equipment Block Diagroam for Base Impedance
Measurements 0 0
o
o
Typical Downlead Configuration Showing
Pertinent Dimensi)lns of PEt{ Version ..
0 0
Equipment Block for Static Capacitance
Measurements ..................... "
VLF Model Range ........................
Equipment Block Diagramjor Effective Height
Measurements .......................
CostPerformance DatagRelating to Antenna 0
.................................
Plan View of Typical Panel ......... .
o .' 0
Elevation View of Long!tudinal Panel Cross
. 0
Section 0... Top Hat I
"0 0" ..
o

o
o
o

co
0
0
f"
"
C
V
c
Figure 5-11 Measured Base Reactance at Two Reference
Points ...... '0' 5-19
Figure 5-12 Pictorial Schematic of Modeled Tuning/Coupling
Circuitry at 28.5 Kc".............. : . : .. 5-2 '1
,)
Figure 5-13
n
Photograph of Modeled Tuning/Coupling
Circuitry Viewed from Beneath T /HB .. ',,' ..... 5-22
o
o
o
Figure 5-14 Measured Reactance Including Tunihg/
Coupling Circuitry ............ " ........
Figure 5215
0
of Longitudinal Panel Cross
o Section 0_Top Hat II .
5-23
5-24
o Figure 5-19
o
Figure 5-25
oFigure 5 -26
0> Q
CI
o
o
o
o
o
o
5-31
o
5-29
5-26
5-28
5-34
5-32
5-35
5-36
5-42
5-39

5-38

vi
00
o
o
G
o@
o
View of L'bngitudinal Panel Cross
Section CJ.s Modeled - Top Hat II .............
II 0 u
Elevation ,:view of Longitudinal ciPanel Cross
Section"- Top Hat III ....0 ? ....
o
Elevation View ofoLongitudinal Panel Cross
Section as Modeled - Top Hat III o' 0.
Measured Rase at Two Reference 0
Points 0 '0'
(0: 0
Plan Antenna under Maximum Wind
Distortitiln ..........................
{j, @ 0 0
Plan View of Panel 1 under Maximum Wind 0
........ ..... :";................

PlaneViewC'llof Panel 2 underrJv1aximum Wind
,0)
Distortion ....(j!l
@ (i)
Plan View of Panel 3 under Wind
0. (i) It>
Dlst.orhon ... ..... '@
(gJ @
Panel 1 Fan Downlead under Maximum Wind
o
Distortion @
2 Fan Downlead under Distortion
COJ \!Ii
Panel 3 Wind
I.
Distortion .......................
'.'
0
0
0
Measured Btlse Reactance for Top Hat III 0
under Jv1aximum Wind Distortion ..............
Figure 5-24
Figure 5-27

o
o
Figure 5-20
& 0
C/o,
o
o
5-16
Figure 5-23
Figure 5 .... 18
Figure 5-21
Figure 5 -22
Figure 5-17
o
0 0
"
o
o
o 0
o
o
"
Page

5-46
5-47
5-48
5-49
.p
5-50 IJ'
.(1
CO)
5-51@
@
5-52
5-53
6-3@
B-4
Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel 1 (Wires 1-4) ... 0
Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel 2 (Wires '1-4) ..
Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel 2 5-8) .................
Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel 1 (Wires 5 -8) ..............
Figure 5-32 Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel 3 (Wires 1-4) 00" 0 0 0;:,' 0-: 0 0
b '!f:i'
Gradient Distribution under Maximum Wind
on Panel (WireR 5-8) .....\91 0 0 ., 0 0'"
o 0
Gradient Distribution on Critical (No.2 Fan) @
Downlead untier 130 MPH Wif?d 00 0
'''Gradient Distribution(Q)onCritical 2 Fan)
Downlead under 110 MPH $ind ... 'S\l 0 0
@@
Gradient Distributiori on eritical (No. 7._ Fan)
(OJ '0) fA)
Downle'ad under MPH Wind 0 0 0
(0)
Dase Reactance as a Function of Frequency. 0
Basic Equivalent Circuit .
Incremental Section of a Long Conductor @
Showing Cylindrical Co-ordinate System
(p, cp, Z)<9J " , !'.
(!!J @
BaRic Equivalent Circuit ..................
Circuit Including Near-
Base Capacital?ie@.................. ,c9l
@
Derivation Circuit @
@
@H-Field Distribution inll:he Vicinity of@
Transmitter /Helix Building .................
Figure 5-29
Figure 5-31
Figure 5-30
Figure 5-28
Figure 5-33
u
Figure 5-34
\0, 0;
Figure 5-35
(0)
Figure 5-36
(0)
(0)
(0)
Figure 6-
(0)
Figure B-1
Figure B-2
@
!!l
@)
(0)
C-1
, Figure C-2

(!!)
Figure C-3
@
Figure D-1
o
0)
(01
Figure'u-z.
,J !@)
. @
FIgure E-1
o
E-Field. if
TransmItter /Hehx BUllding .
@
Antenna Model under Static Condition wit}e
64 K E
_l . ,.., (I) '0,
v XC Itationo .
'0 0
lJ
o
o
o 0
vii
0
GI

0
G
0
0
4
@

0
n
(,
o
o
o
Figure E-2 Antenna Model unde'r Maximum Wind
Distortion with 30 Kv Excitation ............ E-5
Figure E-3 No.2 Panel Downlead under Maximum
Wind Distortion with 30 Kv Excitation E-6
TABLES
(Q)

@
Table 2-1
Table 3-1
Table 5-1
TiRlle6-1
TableA-1
Jable A-2
Summary of Calibration Data0
o
RePsonant Frequency TestResults .............

Parameters and Perfonnance of Initial

Configuration ..............................
Jummary of Performance .................
@
Model Data Summary ....................
MeasJ\ed Base Impedance (Referred to Full-
Scale .
2-13
3-8

5-9
6-2
A-2
@
@
A-3
lO

C!I)

(II)
0
@

0
0
(P
(0,
0
0
0
I)

CI
(I
C
cl

@
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o
o
iQJ
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(Q>
@
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0
@
@

ro;
("0)
@
@
(0)
@))
(g)
0
0
0
@
@
@
@
(0)
(/I;
@
(0)
@
@

@
@
(0) (0)
CO)
@
(0)
(0)
(Ol
(0

,0
0
0
co
0
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viii
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n
e
0
@
@
@ @
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
SYMBOLS (MKS Units or as Specified)
'0
Electrical Symbols:
Ei = Incident electric field strength (volts/meter)
E, = Gradient at conductor surface (kv/mm)
o Incident magnetic field strength (amps /meter)
(!},
h
o
Effective height (fcct or meters)
@
fa =
Resonant (kc)
@
@
@
R
o
Radiation resistance (ohms)
@
@
@
@
@
l @
Co =
Effective antenna capacitance (f.Lf )
C..
=:
Near-base capacitance (f.Lf)
Cs
=:
Static antenna capacitance (f.Lf) ::: Co + C..
L
o
@ @
=
Effective antenna inductance (p.h)
@
Antenna Parameters: @
@
K
1
'"
@
@

@
h
=:
V. =
@
@
@
@

@
@@
@
@
@
@
@
@@
@
@
@
(;)
@
Base voltage of antenna (volts)
Top hat voltage (kv)
@
Ratio of monitol" base voltage fo the field incident on
the ::: (V. /Ei )
@ @ @
Physical of thin monopol, used in range calibration
Base voltage of E-field monitor antenw- (volts)
@ .
s
Vt
1
0
= Antenna base current (amps)
z.. , x.. = Antenna base reactance (ohms)
@
bwo = Bandwidth of theoreticallossless antenna (cycles)@
a =@Aspect ratio (tower height/top hat span)
@ @
"'@Similitude scalIng factor to be applied to all dimensions
@ @
Calibration:
@
@
@
Range
@
o 0
o
o
o
o
(0)
1. INTRODUCTION
This report presents information developed in the scale model
study of the high-power, very-Iow-frequency (vlf) transmitting antenna
for the U. S.. Navy V LF Communication Facility, Pacific. The study is
an integral pa'rt of the final design effort under Contract NBy 37636 be-
tween the-U. S. Navy Bureau of Yards and Ducks antI the Juint VtutU!'C
firm of Holmes & Narver, Inc." Continental Electronics Manufacturing
Company, and DECO Electronics, Inc. (HNCD).
The basic configuration of the antenna system under study was
chosen in the Plbeliminary Engineering ]{eport (PER) phase of the project.
Thi.s phase was carried out by the Jomt Venture firm of Developmental
Engineering Corporation (later, DECO Electronics, :rnc.) and Holmes &:
o 0 0
Narver, Inc. , undel' Bureau of Yards and Docks Contract NBy 37598.
Supplement 1 of the PER, Antenna VLF An-
tenn Comparison, presented the recommended configuration based on
cost and performance data for a single-element antenna approximately
a
28 percent larger than the element. Further studies carried
(0)
out under Change Order F' of Contract NBy 37598 provided cost-trade
information relating to the aspect ratio (relation of top hat spans and
@ (Q) 0
tower heights) and structural alternatives such as halyard slope, canti-

lever length, etc. 0
From based on the PER, an initial choice of major
@ 0
antenna was The purpos.,.,f the 1t0del study
@ this report is to present a detailed summary of the electri-
dataoIerived from a 1: 100 scale model of the initial
0
antenna and of the subsequent lTIodifications leading to a Rnal des'gn.
(\))
(Q)
.

0
0
"

0 0
0
Ct
C
"
0
0
0
0 0
1-1
o
()
'.
2. TEST PROCEDURES
2. 1 Mode I Range
The model range used in this study is a modified version of the
one used in the PER modeling program. \See Appendix E of PER. )
An increase in the size of the antenna over that of the Appendix E
studies required an extension of the ground plane (as shown in E'igure
2-1). To increase the accuracy of effective height measurements, it
was necessary to install an E-field monitor consisting of a short mono-
pole off the south end of the range. However, because of scheduling
considerations, the resonant frequency tests were performed before
the E-field monitor was calibrated. These earlier testa employed the
H-field monitor used in the PER test series.
2.2 Equipment
Except for the E-field monitor and current distr ibution probe,
the equipment u ~ e d in this work was identical to that used in the PER
modeling.
2.2. 1 Effective Height Measurements
Figure 2-2 is a block dlagram of the equiplUent used in the
effective height measurements. The figure illustrates the use of the
E-field monitor employed in most of the work. However, some early
o
work in this stuely used the H-field monitor (RCA type WX-2C Field
o
Intensity Meter) as described in the PER. Tn using the E,-fielcl moni-
tor, the same receiver-voltmeter combination was employed to incli-
cate both the incident field (as indicated by the monitor base voltage)
o
o
and the base voltage of the vlf antenna model under test. Both the
n

monitor and the test antennas were terminated in low-input-capacitance

o 0
cathode followers to reduce loading effects. 1n either case, the
o
o
o
o
2-1
" 0
o 10 10 3u 40

81' - -
69'
DECD 43-21 6 3 ~ 3 1 8 D
00 KC SICNAlS
TOWARO 1500, 16 0 C
WASHIHGTON
SCALE
VLF MODEL RANGE Figura 2-1
o
o
2-2
DECO 43-21 630318 C
I
I
L _
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_ _J
E- FI ELO
PRESSURIZEcr calX FRaN MJNITcrR
EJU I PMENT TO RENOTE j
"' NONITOR
.
VlF
MOcrEl
r-------l
: EQUIPMENT ROOM UNOERo:
I NcrOEl ANTENNA I
L J
I
I
I
I
0
1
r---
I
I
[
[
4) I
o
o

""7)
G
[\.J
I
VJ
l(l;l
Ll
o
Figure 2-2 EQUIPMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR EFFECTIVE HEIGHT
measurement consisted of tuning the receiver to the local broad-
cast station (WAGE, 1290 kc) and observing a reference voltage on a
vacuum tube voltmeter (Ballantine 300) monitoring the receiver i-f out-
put during a period of no modulation. Then, the signal generator (CR
1001A) output was substituted for the antenna at the cathode follower
and adju.sted to give the same reference indication in each case. The
actual recorded voltage was indicated by a calibrated rf voltmeter \HP
400H) across the signal generator outpuL
This technique uses the same procedure for measuring both the
incident field and the base voltage of the antenna under test, thus as"
suring the same degree of accuracy in both measurements.
2.2.2 Static Capac itance Measurements
Measurements of static capacitance were accomplishp.d with the
equipment arrangement shown in Figu:t:e 2.-3. Static capacitance is de
fined as the apparent capacitance at the antenna tenninals as the he
o
quency approaches zero. It is sufficient that the test frequency not be
o
greater than a few percent of the resonant frequency for the purpose
of measurEi,ment.oln this case, resonance occurred near 3.0 mc, and
static capacitance was measured at 30 kc (i. e., 1 percent of resonant
frequency). The actual rneasurernent involved a high.-Q, pal'allelreso-
o nant circuit em.ploying a high-Q work coil, and a precision variable
capacitol" (GR 722). The antenna was connected in such a way that its
o capacitance appeared in parallel with this The va.riable capac i-
tor was then adjusted to bring the circuit to resonance as indIcated on
the rf voltlTIeter. The capacitor setting at resonance was recorded.
Then the antenna was removed frorn the circuit and the capacitor again
adjusted to restore resonance. The difference between the two capaCI'
tor settings determined to give the static capacitance of the antenna.
2-4
o
I DECO "-21 """" I
I .. I
VOLTMi:TER
(HP 430H)
\\\\\\
-
-
-= /, '
~ C I S I " M V.::::lE
CAPACITOR (GR 722)
-
\-\'\\'\\( COUPLiNG
\ \\ CAPACITOR
VLF /lOOEl
ANTENNA
OOWNLEAD
GROUND SCH EEN"""""
30 KC
SIGN At
GENERATOR
(HP 200CO)
0
0
.,
r
(\J
I
U1
Figure 2-3 EQUIPMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR STATiC CAFACITANCE MEASUREMENTS
I
It should be noted that the static capacitance measurement does
not indicate the distribution of capacitance within the circuit. It is con-
venient to consider the top hat as the Inain capacitor elenlent. However, a
significant portion (5 to 10 percent) of the static capacitance results from
the downleads and appears to act on the ground side of the antenna induct-
ance. This effect cannot be seen without complete impedance data over
a wide frequency range, including the region around resonance.
2.2.3 Base Impedance Measurements
Base impedance measurements between approximately 1 and 4 mc
were obtained with the equipment shown in Figure 2 -4. The nieasuring
instrunlent used was a radio-frequency inlpedance hringe iGR 1hOnA). A
signal generator (GR 100 fA) provided the drive signal, and a receiver
(R-390) with a voltnleter (Ballantine 300) nlonitoring the i-f output pro-
vided the null indication. Frequency calibration was established by com-
parison with WWV and at intermediate frequencies by use of an electronic
counter (HP 524).
The Ineasurenlent point for base inlpedance was at an opening in
the model Trans mitter /Helix Building floor ju s t below the bushings. A
ghort vertical lead provided the path froIn floor to bushing. Later,
nleasurements were made directly at the bushing entrance point to deter-
nline the inductance of the inserted lead, using the top of the corridor
dividing wall as the ground return ternlinal.
Resonant frequency was established by repeated impedance
meaSurenlents in the region of resonance.
2.2.4 Current Distribution Measurements
The distribution of current over the antenna (top hat and down-
leads) was accornplishecl with the use of a small, electrostatically
2-6
HELIX H O ' S E ~
"OUNO S C R E E ~
\\
DECO 43-21 630318 A
, ( ( ( ( {
N
I
-.J
SIGN At
GENERATOR
(GR 1001A)
RF BRIDGE
(OR 1606A)
RECEIVER
(R-390)
,
I
l'F
VOL THETER
(BALLENTINE 3DO)
Fi gure Z-4 EaUI PMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR BASE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS I
I ~
shielded oscillator positioned along the various conductor s as shown in
Figure 2-5. The oscillator probe consisted of a self-contained 1560 kc
crystal-controlled transistor oscillator with a small coupling toroid,
all (except for a small break in the toroid shield) encompassed by an
electrostatic shield. This device, loosely coupled to the antenna con-
ductor under test, was passed along each conductor, and the receiver
(R-390) i-f output was monitored with an rf voltmeter (HP 400H). Before
and after each conductor test, the probe was coupled to the bus at the
bushing entrace point for a reference reading.
To establish proper operation of the probe oscillator, a short,
thin monopole was constructed, and current distribution rneasurements
were made using the probe. Since the current distribution on such an
antenna is well known (i. e., linear), it is possible to obtain a good
check on the probe performance.
2.2.5 Field Distribution Measurements
In the area over and around the Transmitter /I-Ielix Building
(T /HB), both E and rI-field measurements were made on the antenna
model. These meaS\l1'ements were made with sman probes (loop for
magnetic field, capacitor for electric field) connected through coaxial
cables to a sensitive receiver (Stoddart NM-20B). This type of meas-
urement requires careful orientation and positioning of the sensing
device and adequate shielding to avoid stray pick-up. The receiver
provides an indicatIOn of only relative magnitude, and the data must
be normaliz.ed to a known reference value. Two types of reference,
or calibration, were used;
(a) The magnetic field probe positioned at the conducting sur-
face of the Tr ansmitter /Helix Building (T /HB) or nearby ground screen,
2-8
DECO 43-21 630320 B
CENTER lOWER
INDUCED
CURRENT
I
-
V)
V)
...
'"
co
PROBE DETAIL
ANTENNA 1.-112"
CONDUCTOR
LOOP
SHIELO
RF
VOLlMElE R
<HP 400 H)
TYPICAL POINT AT WHICH
CURRENT <RELATIVE TO BASE)
IS TO BE OETERMINEO.
REFERENCE POINT ON OOWNLEAD
BUS ON T/HB ROOF.
Figura 2-5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EQUIPMENT FOR ANTENNA
CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
2-9
measures the tangential H-field component. At the surface, this com-
ponent is identically equal to the surface current density. Calibration
consisted of measuring the relative tangential H-field (i. e., surface
current density) at several points a short distance from the bushing
entrance point. Integrating the radial current density around a path
enclosing the bushing entrance yields the total base current. Other
readings were then referenced to this value.
(b) The capacitive E-field probe was calibrated by positioning
a short distance apart two ITletal sheets, large with respect to the 1-
inch probe, and providing rf excitation at the test frequency. For large
plates rlosp.ly spaced, the field is uniforITl over most of the interior and
is equal to the ratio of the iITlpressed voltage to the separation. This
calibration yields a proportionality constant which, when the actual base
current of the antenna ITlodel is measured, allows each relative E-field
reading to be referenced to an absolute value.
2.2.6 Corona Study
Qualitative data on the distribution of charge on the antenna was
obtained by applying high voltage (up to approximately 60 kv), 60-cycle
excitation to the model at night and photographically recording the oc-
currence of corona by ITleans of long exposures. These photographs,
taken at progressively higher voltages, show the critical regions where
corona first appears, and can be correlated with indirect methods of
gradient analysis (i. e. , current distribution). Since the cntical gradient
for corona forrnation is a non-linear function of the radh.ls of curvature,
the direct scaling of corona onset voltage is not possible (see Appendix
E). However, the capability of directly observing the entire antenna
(or a characteristic part such as one panel) at corona onset is highly
useful in confirming the indications of the alternate method.
2-10
2.3 Scale Model Factors
For all of the lllodel work, a scale factor of 1:100 was elllployed.
To convert to full-scale data, the lllodel data is lllultiplied by the appro-
priate scaling factor below:
Parameter Scaling Factor

Effective Height (and all 100

other distances)

Capacitance 100
$
Inductance 100
$
Frequency 0.01

Radiation Resistance 1 (at scale frequency)

Base Impedance 1 (at scale frequency)

To model the ohmic cOlllponent of the resistance, it would be
necessary to scale all conductivities 100 times greater than the full-
scale values. Since this is obviously illlpossible, no attelllpt was made
to use base resistance data frolll the model.
2.4 Calibration
The purpose of the model range is to provide a relatively large,
smooth, highly conducting plane over which the incic1ent radio-frequency
field propagates unperturbed by discontinuities and reflections. In
practice, this can only be approximated because some variations in the
surface characteristics still relllain which cause 8111all variations of the
incident field over the area of interest (i. e., the region around the test
antenna, including the monitor antenna which measures the incident
field). Therefore, it is necessary to perforlll calibration measurements
to determine the relation between the incident field at the monitor and
at the test antenna.
2-11
Effective height measurements were accomplished by comparing
the open-circuit base voltage Vb with the incident field strength E
1
at
the :model:
meters. (2 -1)
Since the incident field at the model is not necessarily equal to
that at the :monitor but in all cases is directly proportIOnal, the effective
height may be expressed as
meters , (2 -2)
where V
m
=monitor base voltage, and K
1
=range calibration constant.
The determination of the .r:auge calibration constant K
1
in Equation
2-2 was made using several short. thin monopoles of known effective
height. For a thin monopole, the effective height (h
o
) is simply related
to the physical height ~ by
he =h/2
(2 -3)
Depending on the thicknes s of the monopole and on the near-base or in-
sulator capacitance, the actual effective height may depart from half the
physical height by as much as several percent. However, by a proper
choice of diameter and base insulator configuration, the difference be-
tween Equation 2-3 and the actual effective height may be reduced to a
fraction of a percent.
For the calibration tests seven monopoles were employed. A
specially tapered 3-meter monopole was constructed to have uniform
capacitance per unit length,as suggested by SchelkunofL
1
In theory,
1
Schelkunoff, S. A and H. T. Friis. Antennas, Theory and Practice.
New York, Wiley. 1952. P 318, Figure 10.9.
2-12
this element has an effective height equal to exactly half of its physical
height. However, some uncertainty about the near-base capacitance led
to the use of cylindrical monopoles of various lengths all utilizing the
same base configuration. Since the same near-base capacitance was
present in each monopole of this calibration series, an empirical deter-
mination of this parameter was possible through the correlation of the
measured effective height data.
Table 2-1 summarizes the range calibration data. The effective
heights shown are the assumed values of one-half the physical heights.
The ratio of monitor voltage V
m
to base voltage Vb corrected for near-
base capacitance loading effects is as shown in the table at 1290 kc for
all te st rrlOno pole s.
TABLE 2-1
Summary of Calibration Data
EleITlent Element Effective Range
Length Diameter Height Vm /Vb
Constant
(feet) (inches) (meters) (K
1
)
9.85 tapered 1. 5010 .6724 1. 0093
9.85 1/4 1. 5010 .7143 1. 0722
9.00 1-1/ 8 1. 3'716 .7656 1.0501
1'..00 1-1/8 1. 8290 .5690 1. 040'7
15. 00 1 1/ 8 2.2860 .4621 1. 0564
18. 00 1-1/8 2.7432 .3823 1. 048'7
21. 00 11/8 3.2004 .32,86 1. 0517
---
average constant 1. 0470
2-13
Since the ratio Vb /V
m
is theoretically a linear function of the
effective height he, the last five monopoles (1-1/8 inch diameter) were
treated by the least- squares method to fit a line to the data. This
analysis yielded K
1
=: 1. 055. This value was used as the calibration
constant in the 1290-kc measurement of effective height rather than
the average value because more data was available to evaluate the in-
fluence of voltmeter (cathode follower) and n e a r ~ b a s e capacitance.
2-14
3. RESONANT FREQUENCY TESTS
An analysis of construction costs carried out under the PER
phase indicated that radiation system performance (primarily the
antenna bandwidth) could be improved without increasing the cost by
altering the aspect ratio and the similitude scale factor of the antenna,
Specifically, it was determined that reducing tower heights and in-
creasing top hat spans would result in greater bandwidth for the same
cost. The performance characteristics of various aspect ratios':' and
similitude scale factors':":' were determined from a model study carried
out under Change Order F of the PER.
The model study indicated, that the self-resonant. fre-
quency of the antenna for the near-optimum combinations of aspect
ratio and similitude scale factor was marginally close to the 30-kc
upper operating limit specified for antenna performance. This in-
cluded some reduction in resonant frequency because of residual in-
ductance in the tuning and coupling circuitry at the high end of the
frequency range. Since it was not considered economically feasible
to use series capacitive tuning to provide for operation above natural
resonance, the U. S. Navy directed that this method not be used.
Therefore, other means were sought to extend the operating range
with inductive tuning. The method used to solve this problem was the
reduction of the aggregate downlead inductance by altering the configu-
ration or by employing more parallel conductors.
Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio uf outer tower height to
maximum top hat span, normalized to the L28-Cutler dimensions.
':":' SiInilitude scale factor s relates all linear dimensions to the
1. 28-Cutler design for unity aspect ratio.
3-1
Since the selection of final antenna dimensions had not been con-
cluded, the resonant frequency study was carried out on a 1: 100 scale
model of the 1. 28-Cutler configuration.
3. 1 Techniques
To increase the resonant frequency, several downlead configura-
tions were suggested which would alter the effective radius of the aggre-
gate downlead path (consisting of six identical cages or groups) with the
possibility of reducing the inductance. Since the downlead "bundle" was
roughly 700 feet in diameter and only 900 feet in length, simple analytical
approximations based on long, thin conductors did not produce accurate
quantitative results. However, for such simple structures the induct-
ance is proportional to the logarithm of the length-to-diameter ratio.
Therefore, it was expected that increasing the effective diameter of the
downlead bundle would result in the desired increase in resonant frequency.
However, it became apparent that the structural problems associated with
increasing the center tower-downlead truss separation were formidable.
For this reason several configurations were tested which employed a
variety of truss and hinge point locations as well as various numbers of
downlead conductors.
3.2 Description of Tests
Figure 3-1 is an elevation view of a typical downlead configura-
tion. Since the resonant frequency tests were undertaken at the start of
the final design contract and prior to the determination of the first Trans-
mitter/Helix Building configuration, the Helix Building design of the PER
was used for these tests; this version employed three bushing entrance
points each of which fed two adjacent panels. The dimensions lettered
(A), (B) I and (C) in Figure 3-1 are those which were varied and found to
influence the resonant frequency.
~ - 2
DECD 43-21 630320 A
~ INSULATOR AND GRADING
RING ASSEMBLY
TO P HAT
DOWNLEAO TRUSS
CENTER
TOWER
OOWNLEAD RI SER
1 ~ - - 3 0 3 ' - ~ 1 1 I I
HINGE POINT
HEll X
BUI LOING
OOWNLEAO RISER AND HINGE-T/HB BUS
CONSISTED OF FOUR I-INCH CONDUCTORS
SPACED ON A2.82-FT CiRCLE.
100 0
.1.
100 200 300
I
SCAlE - FEET
L
_
_F_i g_u_f9_3-_J__TY_P_I_CA_L_DO_W_N_L_EA_D_CO_N_F_IO_U_R_AT,I 0N SHOWI NO
PERTINENT DIMENSiONS OF PER VERSiON
3-3
For each downlead configuration, the effective height and static
capacitance as well as the base impedance were measured. Particular
attention was devoted to impedance Ineasurements near resonance.
Figures 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4 show the various downleads tested.
For all types of downleads and all positions of the downlead truss, the
elevation of the downlead truss was maintained approximately constant.
Tests 1 through 6 employed a 4-wire cage for the hingepoint-
to-helix house bus; Tests 7 through 12 used a copper tube of approxi.-
mately equivalent inductance per unit length. Beginning with Test 9,
a completely new top hat replaced the earlier version which had been
damaged by wind. These changes inl.1uuuceu very 1nin01 variations in
performance which were not related to the particular downlead cqnfigu-
ration involve d.
3.3 Test Results
Table 3- 1 shows the significant dimensions of the various down
leads along with the effecti.ve height, E,tatic capacitance, and resonant
frequency. Also included is the unloaded or lossless antenna band-
width (bw
o
) at the design frequency (15.5 kc) derived for comparison.
All data given is referred to full scale operation.
Initially, it was proposed that three downlead pulloff points
(1. e., A = 381, 481, and 581 feet in Figure 3-1) would be tested along
with various hinge-point locations. However, in implementing the
tests, it was decided that the intermediate (A = 481 feet) pulloff point
would be tested only after the extreme position (A = 581 feet) proved
effective.
The original goal for the resonant frequency was about 33.3 kc.
This was established by assuming a 10-percent reduction due to residual
3-4
Otto 13-21 U03l9 C
- - - - - - - - - - ~
4 - liRE CAGI \
/?/")"11
S L ' t ' ~ - _ _ _ I
--''''-------j
I TEST'
381'
TEST 1
Tl$13
TESTl
--- ~ B I '
T'"
I
i
Figure 3-2 DOWNLEAD CONFIGURATIONS - TEST 1 THROUGH 4
3-5
.!to .H' """. I
l
~ - liRE CA
b
_
. I t4 ,,.. j
t -
200'
l
TEST ~
~ - - -----'
I
i
I
'I
Ii
11"JI"'w 7
i _.J>' t-
. I t ~ - ~ . _ - - J - lOL
1
TUT'
TEST 6
I
I ,
"-
I '"' ".j r '''' ~
I
1
"," 'I
I-
II
Ii j
II ' "" c.e, 7> ,_
I t ~ 1 I
l-.-- '''' ---I
TE51.
-,
Figure 3-3 DOWNLEAD CONFIGURATIONS - TEST 5 THROUGH 8
3-6

!I
I
j .. . IIU CAIiE
II '
I 'I t
,_.f( r
I. 3D3' ..j
TEST 9
.. IIRE ClG(
I.
J
I
T
]OJ' ..j
HST 10
r' 1'1ll'
DECO U-2I 630319 E
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1
1
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I[ I

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I / '
I I".", f
I I """ ",
_[ 1 / " j
3D3'.1 UUUUUUl IULHU II 11 I 'lLl
TUT I'
r 1It,

UST 12
Fi gu r B 3-4 DOWNLEA 0 CONFI GURAll ONS - TEST 9 THROUOH 12
j 7
TABLE 3-1
Resonant Frequency Test Results
A B C .Antenna
Test Truss Hinge Hinge Effeotive Static Resonant Bandwidth
No.
Vertical
Radius Radius Elevation Height Capacitance Frequency at 15.5 kc
(feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) (fif) (kc) (cps)
4-Wire Cage 4-Wire Cage 381 303 192 638 .1498 31. 50 36.4
2 4-Wire Cage 4-Wire Cage 381 (No Hinge) 640 .1487 30.75 36. 3
4-Wire Cage 4- \\tire Cage 581 (No Hinge) 638 .1499 32.05 36.3
VJ
I 4 4-',Vire Cage 4- \Vire Cage 581 505 295 627 1519 32.30 35.6
CfJ
5 4-Wire Cage 4-Vnre Cage 581 581 125 600 1561 32.18 33.5
6 8- "rire Fan 4 - \Vire Cage 581 320 200 643 .1530 35.10 37.7
7 8-V-.lire Fan Tubing 581 581 200 628 .1543 34.98 36.3
8 4- 'Vire Fan TC\bing 581 581 200 635 1531 34.47 36.8
9 Tubing Tubing 381 303 192 6-1,2 .1497 31. 68 36.8
10 s-\\tire Fan Tubing 381 303 192 635 .1514 33.27 36.3
11 4-'Wire Fan Tubing 381 303 192 634 .1506 32.87 36. 1
l1A Same as 11 with hinge pulloff 381 303 192 639 .1505 32.87 36.7
halyard
l1B Same as 11 with O. 005 pi 381 303 192 635 .1554 32.87 37.3
shunt in Helix Building
12 -I,-Wire Fan Tubing 381 505 200 631 .1521 33.05 36.1
tuning and matching inductance and a minimum upper operating frequency
of 30 kc. The exact effect of the residual inductance depends on tuning
component design, which was not refined at that time. Therefore, the
10 percent margin was tentatively established for this purpose.
The first five tests explored the various positions of the 4-wire
cage downlead (the full-scale version consisted of four 1- inch conductors
positioned at the corners of a 2-foot square). No combination of dimen-
sions in the range considered feasible was found which would yield the
desired resonant frequency. At this point, the cage downlead was dis-
carded in favor of a spread or fan arrangement to further reduce the
downlead inductance. Te st 6 employed an 8-wire fan downlead which
was positioned at the extreme pulloff point (A =.: 581 feet) and resulted
in a resonant frequency of 35.10 kc, well above the 33. 3-kc goal. Test
7 introduced an increase in the hinge-tower separation (B) from 320 to
581 feet; this produced a small reduction in resonant frequency to 34.98
kc. At this time, the structural problems associated wit}, this larger
separation requiring a very large downlead truss and the windloading on
the 8-wire fan dictated that further effort be made to reach a compro-
mise version which would be economically acceptable.
Test 8 explored the possibility of reducing the number of con-
ductors in the fan from 8 to 4. For the same A and B dimensions as the
8-wire fan in Test 7, the 4-wire version yielded a resonant frequency of
34.47 kc, a 0.51 kc reduction.
At this point, the model was damaged by ice and wind to the point
that further work required a complete replacement of the top hat. After
the new top hat was erected a control test (Test 9) was made to show any
changes that had been introduced in the top hat replacement. Compari-
son of Tests 1 and 9 showed essentially no change except for a resonant
3-9
frequency increase of some 0.18 kc over the Test 1 resnlts. However.
Te8t 9 rather than Test 1 was used as a :teferencE' fo'- Te5t8 10 through
12.
Tests 10 and 11 show the result of replacing the PER downlead
(Test 9) with fans of 8 and 4 wires, respectively, with the same A, B,
Rnn C dimensions. This resulted in an increase in the resonant fre
quency to 33.27 kc for the 8-wire fan, and to 32.87 kc ior the 4-wil'e
fan. This result is marginal for the assumed 10 per cent 1 ek,e
to residual inductance, but does indicate the feaEiibility of the fan-type
downlead as a means of increasing resonant frequency.
Tests 11A and 11B involved two ruinor chailges which weIe JuullIl
to have no measurable influence on resonant frequency. :tn Test 11A,
the hinge-point counterweight halyards and insulators were added. Test
11B introduced a small shunt capacitance;. 005 !.J.f full 8Lale) inside the
Helix Building across the antenna termir"als. Both changes should not
be expected to change the resonant frequency appreciably- since a voltage
node at the antenna base at resonance renders shunt elemeEtr,: Ineffective
at that point.
Test 12 shows the effect of increasing the R dirnension to 505
feet (mabng the downlead slope away from the tower' base) in a ma:.1ncr
suggested by the structural designers. This produced a slight iLclease
in resonant frequency to 33. 05 kc, O. 18 kc above the value for Test 11.
Since Tests 11 and 12 both employed 4wire downleads, some further
increase could be predicted fOl' the 8-wire fan in tLe Test 12 configura-
tion. Comparing Tests 7 and 8 and Tests 10 and 11 shows an average
increase in r.esonant frequency of 0.45 kc for the 8 oveJ the 4-wire fan.
Extrapolating Test E. r'esults on this basis yields a predlc1:erl re:;onant
frequency of 33.50 kc for the 8-wire fan in the Test E conIigm ation.
This value safely satisfies the 33.3 kc goal.
3-10
4. ANTENNA SELECT:;ON
The initial configuration of the vlf antenna to be modeled in the
final design phase was developed":' through the consideration of the various
design constraints of cost, pel'formance, reliability, etc., in relation to
analytical data developed in preliminary studie s of structural and elec-
trical p.i'operties of various alternatives. Specifically, lIluuel
provided information on the variation of electronic perforrnance with
structural variations of the following types:
(a) Size and aspect ratio of the antenna III comparison with the
1. 28 CQtler design.
{bi Downlead configuration.
(c) Halyard slope, tower cantilever, and "B" tower.-height
compensation.
During the development of the final design, the various cost and
performance constraints were continually reviewed to take advantage of
every opportunity to improve performance or to reduce cost as a result
of design trends established in the preliminary phases of planning.
':' Further details on the selection procedures are contained in HNCD
letter of '7 february 1962 to GiG, "VLF Pacific Antenna Selection" and
an HNCD report "Basis of Selection of VLF' Antenna Configuration,"
April 1963.
'i';' Basic antenna studies relating to the 1. 2.8 Cutler design were per ..
formed under Contract j\[By-37598 and presented in the PER. Specific
studies of the effects of halyard slope, cantilever length and B tuwer
compensation, together with size and aspect ratio studies, were ac-
complished under Change Order F of that contract. The effect of down
lead configul'ation on resonant frequency was explor ed under the early
phases of Contract NBy .. 37636; the results are presented under Section
3 of this report.
4-1
Particularly, it was recognized that the achievement of optimum band-
width was not compatible with the originally specified upper operating
frequency of 30 kc without employing additional capacitive tuning cir-
cuitry. Consequently, by direction of cognizant Navy offices, a revised
minimum upper operating frequency of 28.5 kc was established.
4. 1 Cost-Performance Study
Based on the final phases of the PER and early studies in the
final design program, the modified Cutler design was selected with the
following provisions:
(a) The size of one Cutler-type element was increased by
a factor of 1. 28 to provide adequate bandwidth and power radiating
capability.
(b) Vertical halyards were employed and cantilever lengths
were reduced to 10 feet, requiring an increase of 45 feet in the inter-
mediate tower heights to compensate for the cantilever reductions.
These values depart from corresponding PER conditions of
sloping halyards, 57-foot cantilever, and 57foot compensation, but
provide roughly equivalent electrical performance.
Considering both structural and electrical aspects, the antenna
recommended for final design was conE-idered to have the greatest
potential of meeting the requirements summarized below:
(a) Antenna bandwidth (100 percent efficiency) not less than
37.5 cycles at the design frequency of 15.5 kc.
(b) Upper operating frequency not less than 28.5 kc.
(c) No tuning capacitors required to meet (b) above.
(d) Estimated cost not to exceed that of the Single Modified
(1:28) Cutler Antenna.
4-2
Figure 4-1 SUInmanzes the data developed for the cost-perfonn-
ance study relating the antenna bandwidth and resonant frequency to the
siz.e, aspect ratio, and cost. The data of Figure 4-1 is typical of the
inter-relations considered in arriving at a final configuration. Since
bandwidth occupies a dominant role in the antenna selec tion, this factor
is emphasized. Considering the bandwidth and cost constraints, the
acceptable combinations of ~ and ~ in Figure 4-1 are seen to lie in the
region above the 37.5 cps line and below the PER cost line. The n,axi-
murn antenna resonant frequency in this region was about 30.6 kc for the
PER design (4-wire cage downleads), which yields an upper operating
frequency of only about 27.5 kc with the 10 percent tuning and coupling
margin.
Having recogni:<,cd the resonant frequency pr'obleH1 prior to the
start of the final design, the resonant frequency study (Section 3) was
undertaken to develop means of increasing resonant frequency without
degrading other performance aspects. For the modified 1. 28 Cutler
configuration i ~ =. ~ = 1), the 8-wire fan downlead resulted in an increase
in resonant frequency of approximately 5 percent over the value obtained
with the 4 wire cage downlead in a similar conliguratlOn. Estimates
were made of the effects of the deviation from unity aspect ratio and
scale factor which, together with a 10 percent margin for the tuning-
coupling effect and 1 percent tolerance l i m ~ t , located the 111aximum
operating frequency \28.5 kc) line on F igllre 4-1.
Considering the three constraint lines (cost, bandwidth, maxi-
mum operating frequency) in Figure 4-1, the point for _<:. = 0.925 and
~ = 1.05 determined the antenna configuration recommenueu uy I-INCD.
This choice provides for adequate bandwidth (with no safety margin)
and maximum operating frequency at an estimated cost not greater than
4-3
I. 00
. L. .
.......... .

28.5 KC ESTIMATED MAXIMUM
OPERATINQ FREQUENCY FOR
8-.WIRE FAN j
,10,!
.85 .90 .05
DECO 43-21 630413 TH A

l ------z::-.::.".--
.., I
,":' /---- ';:'Nl'OO'RESONANT
1/"0 ..--:: FREQUENCY WITN 4-
W
1
gOl"'S'}.;Y'" ,>'" CAOE DOWNLEAOS
......"...
" .. ,">
"
/
iJ
.. ",'" I
.80 .75 .70
25
50 .-----,----,
45
0
//
a-
........
,.l

I
! " l
>- i' ...1'
z
I I

/l
;:;
40

.-
C>
-
'" 31. 5
.....
;;

""
-
.....
35
...
'"
.....
'"

,.,
...
...
'" =
30
a - ASPECT RATIO
Figure 4-1 COST-PERFORMANCE DATA RELATING TO ANTENNA SELECTION
4-1
that of the PER design. The decision to delete a safety margin to
account for prediction tolerance in the bandwidth parameters was rnade
with the concurrence of cognizant Navy offices. The recomm.endation
was predicated on the inclusion of a bandwidth control element in the
transmitter which could compensate for a minor degradation of antenna
bandwidth with some attendent reduction in efficiency, The recom-
mended configuration was accepted by the Navy and modeling pro-
ceeded on the basis of this selection.
4-5
5. ANTENNA MODEL STUDY
5. 1 Initial Configuration
As a result of the antenna selection study iSec.tion 4), the antenna
configuration initially constructed for further model study in the final
design stage differed from the previously modeled PER design (1. Z8
Cutler) in the following aspects:
(a) The aspect ratio ~ and similitude scale factor ~ were changed
from unity in the PER version to a = 0.925 and s = 1. 05 for the initial
configuration. These changes resulted in towers approximately 25 per-
cent higher and spans approximately 35 percent greater than Cutler.
(b) The tower heights were further increased to maintain the
average height with the non-counterweighted top hat and the corl'esponding
increase in sag.
(c) An 8-wire fan downlead replaced the 4 ~ w i r e cage previously
used.
(d) The downlead hinge point was positioned at a 500-foot radius
from the center tower and elevated 186 feet above ground.
(e) A combined Transmitter /HeJix Building replaced the PER
helix building at the base of the center tower. Also, the tower was nested
in a well in the building rather than directly on the roof.
(f) The busses combining the downleads at the Transmitter/Helix
Building were external rather than internal as in the PER design. These
initially entered the building through a single bushing rather than the pre-
vious three.
(g) Initially, the internal circ uitry was not irlstalled in the tuning
and coupling area of the T /HB. A short vertical lead simulating a 10-inch
5-1
bus provided a convenient measuring point at an opening in the rnodel
l' /HB floor.
Figure 5-i shows a plan view of a typical panel of the top hat.
As initially proposed,the panel consisted of four outer conductors (Nos.
i, 2., 7, and 8) of aluminum clad (approximately 7 mils of aluminum)
IloII1.illally i-inch outside cablc, whereas the four inner con-
ductors were of i-inch ACSR Ii. e .. with a solid aluminum outer lay).
Also, the outer two conductors of each side were enlarged to 1-1/Z
inch diameter in the region near the intermediate towers. The ACSR
conductors were proposed where structurally feasible in an attempt to
reduce losses. Figure 5-2 shows an elevatLOn view of a longitudinal
panel cross section with an exaggerated vertical scale to emphasize the
sag. For the model version,each catenary was approximated by estab
lishing two sag points as shown in Figure 5 -3. This top hat (designated
Top Hat :I) has a centroid elevation of 900 feet.
5. 1. l Iransmitter
In the proposed design, the transmitter and the tunmg/coupling
circuitry wer e housed in the same structur e (1' /1113). This eliminated
an extensive transmission line as well as provided other structural
ecoI1Olnies. Figure shows the external features of the l' /HB aH
initially proposed. The center tower was placed in a well
:',5 x 40 feet in the building. The model version of the building was made
of sheet brass and included the tower well and the internal switch rooms
which form a corridor beneath the bushing entrance area.
5. 1. 5 l?ushinl2.
The T/HB shown in Figure 54 used only one entrance bushing
instead of three as in the PER verslOn. At the beginning of the study,
5 -l
DECO 630319 F
r-- 2002.3!1' '.. 2124.15' ;:J
I
OUTER PANEL INNER PANEL
.1&8.46' 1833.89' 290,26' ,
I I
! t It "6" TOWER I I
U1
l
VJ
SYMMETRICAL.
ABOUT 'to
LENGTHS (PLANI
OF CONDUCTORS
taB 2117.21
2 a 7 2081.93
3 a 6 /947.73
4 as 1847.24
,
CF 1'1; 0.0.
72.45'
J.",
\ .
Fi gu re 5-1
l O.Dw ALUM SKIN
50 0 200 400 FT i __ e--I
SCALE
"s" TOwe:R
PLAN VIEW OF TYPICAL PANEL
I .. APEX i"c" TOWER

t COWNt.EAC TRUSS
DECO 43-21 &30319 l
ELEVATION
"B" TOWER
1175'
BOO'
1100
11300'
I
I
1200' r
CROSS-PANEL
CATENARY
ELEVATI ~ N
"An TOWER
996.36'
I
--4-
I
I
~ ... 11' i
':"'700' ~ DOWNlEAO
2002.35' _I: .. 2124.15' .. j . "
<t A TOWER ~ B TOWER ~ C TOWER
U1
i
..,.
2S0 soo 1000 SO 0 100 200
!
_ HOIIZUNTJL SCALE - FrU VEIHICAL SCALE - FUr
I Figure 5-2 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CReSS SECTION - TOP HAT I I
I
DECO "." 03"19 BR I
ELEYATION + '
"c" TOWER
1271. 7' I
I
---J.oo",.
CENTRO 10 ElEVA TI ON 900'
t1>00'
I
t-
E'LEYATION
"B" TOWER
1m'
I
i'00'
1200'
ELEVATION
"A" TOWER
99G.3G'
I
tao' Ii. DOWN LEAD TRUSS
I. 2002.35' ... 2124.15' .. I
G. ''e'' TOWER Ii. "c" TOWER "q: "f' TOWER
NOTE: FULL SCALE DIMENSiONS SHOWN.
MODELED AT 1:100 SCALE.
U1
I
U1
.,0 1000 100 200
SCALE FEET VHT I CAL SCALE FEET
Figure 5-3 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CROSS SECTION
AS MODELED - TOP HAT I
DECO 43-1 63U22 TH A
SWITCH
HOUSING
SWITCH
HOUS I NO
CUSHIHG LOCATION
I
I
I
I
UAHSYITTER ROOM WALL
I
I
I
I
I
L
r
TOWER OPENING
t OF TOWER
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-t--'--t-t---t-- {--- ------- ----
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
STABLE POINT TIE iUS

(2.08') -+--------===:1
.. 93' (0.93')-----..j.-- --+-----111' (1.15') I
o 5 10 18 20 2S
__.M.
80 100
i
SCILE
NOTE: MODEL DIMENSIOHS SHOWN IN PIRENTHESIS
Flaure 5-4 INITIAL TRANSMITTER/HELIX BUILDING
5-6
it was not known whether a single bushing could be 0 btained which could
carry the entire base current, but the advantages of the single-bushing
approach warranted its inclusion in the initial ITlodel. This approach
uses external bus work to cOITlbine the six downleads rather than the
internal bus work used in the PER design. Although this required three
insulated downlead pulloff structures on the roof, it resulted in a reduced
inductance with a correspondingly higher resonant frequency.
5.1.4 Downleads
An 8-wire fan downlead was selected to provide a sufficiently high
resonant frequency froITl the results obtained under the resonant frequency
study (Section 3). Figure 5-5 shows the details of the downlead arrange-
ITlent. The spacing of the top hat conductors, designed to equalize the
charge distribution, was preserved at the top of the fan with a tapering
to uniforITl spacing at the hinge point. At the hinge, the 4-wire cage bus
continues to the T/HB roof area.
5.2 Evaluation of Initial Configuration
Upon conclusion of the antenna selection study, the initial configu-
ration was evaluated on the ITlodel range. This configuration was sub-
jected to a series of ITleasureITlents to deterITline its performance charac-
teristic s. The mea surement program consisted of determining the basic
antenna parameters frOITl which performance under emergency and norITlal
operating conditions were derived. Detailed data is presented in Appen-
dix A.
5.2. 1 Five-Panel (EITlergency) Performance
Prior to the erection of the sixth panel, tests were made to estab-
Ii ~ h the performance characteristics of the antenna in a sitnulated eITler-
gency situation with only five panels in operation. It was expected that
5-7
C 64.5'<775')- - -l
Ir--r-=- 62.9 '(7 56") --1
I
Ir [
I ""1
13
.
3
' 1
__
1 DOWNLEAD TRuSS
DETAIL "c"
o . :-z......!C TOWER ELEVATION 1271' 112.71-)
IlEttlfJ'21 &30WIItIPA
\ \ \\\ II iIII ..
llilIlU",,-HINGE 'INT TERMINATION

0.52'11116")
7.2' 17/8")
8.33' ( 1'1
A
INSULATOR AND GRADING
RING ASSEMBLY
3B'
(4.56")
43'
15.16")
466.6'
(4.B' )
462.5'
14.75')
-- 900' EL. ----
- 400.77'(4') - - OOWNLEAO TRUSS
-700'(84')-
12' (3116") COPPER TUBE
T/HB
TOWER
-500'(60") -
I
_HINGE POINT
"

186'(22.3")
-J
/
:lOll
'0 100 ?OO

rtET
NOTE' EQUiVALENT FULL-SCALE DIMENSIONS SHOWN WITH MODEL DIMENSIONS IN PARENTHESIS
Fl2urs 5-5 DOWNLEAD DETAILS
5-8
this would reduce the capacitance and, hence, the power raaiating
capability.
The basic full- scale parameters detenuined together with the
derived characteristics for performance at 15.5 kc with 1 megawatt
radiated power are presented in Table 5-1. Base impedance data over
the entire frequency range, taken at a point at the floor of the T /HB,
is presented in Figure 5-6.
TABLE 5,-1
Parameters
Effective Height (h
o
)
Static Capacitance (C
a
)
Re sonant Frequency (fa)
Performance Characteristic s
5-Pancl
~ ~ e r K ~ ~ z .
625 feet
O. 1412 fJ-f
33.05kc
6-Pancl
Normal
625 feet
O. 1633 IJ.f
32.18 kc
Unloaded Bandwidth (bw
o
)
Base Reactance (Xb)
Base Voltage (V
o
)
Top Hat Voltage (Vt)
Base Current (1
0
)
Radiation Resistance (R
o
)
32.7 cps 37.7 cps
-56.7 ohms -48.3 ohms
144 kv 124 kv
185 kv 161 kv
2559 arnperes 2559 arnperes
O. 153 ohms O. 153 ohrns
The reduction in capacitance from the 6-panel case may be
seen from the data for the 6-panel operation which is also presented
in Table 5-1. For 6-panel operation, the static capacitance is O.1633fJ-f.
The 5-panel situation would be expected to have more than 5/6 or 83.3
5-9
DEOD 1M C
-80 __ _ I
- -- ,..- - - . - . I
t I
, -- ' , ... I
-100 _' _ I I
=-=--==1='=-=-'118.8 KCt':--:::- --. 33.oa J!C I
20
+++H+ H-1:Hii-HI1 jill II :I!/I':'
I HI.ITrrrdt:, .1 nlr11t 111!H,j::
1-,-- TEST 21 MEASURED AT FLOOR OF mEl +Ll';I;.rl
:=r= TRANSMITTER/HELIX 8U Ilol NB .. hi! I 'I +,', J :1111 1:
FIVE PANEl OPERATION .I ;: II 1JJ'l'
1--+-- RESONANT FREQUENCY = 33.01 KC -1 lJ8 II, i ' Ij,
I j 'i I I !"
I I '

-20
I-II 'I' lill,11111
I--- 1j1H I ,II ,I iL !II
:1::' ,:=1:::.[=l=+=I=l:t--J..U, I II III I'[iil!
...-- . I-- - . I III! m
Co> 1-----J1.-J.. -+-+,__ II
= -- f- _. -- - - ,
I-- 1= __ =-=- _ ,/' . _ ' _ ,,- I! II 'I
... -60 - - - --., ,. I I ' I,: I
;/v . . , I 1 II I
1-+- .. 1-_+_-+-_ f+I++H+WH+J H j
--:. -- - . - -.".. I I "I
40 30 20
FlEQU ENeY - IIC
-120 t:::t::':: =c-J::: == -.1..:..1.:1:.;-- ., -Ltl:t- - .tiJ.J:.i.iW='..l.tIJ..:'llliW
i
ll
lllliJ
lII:ll.tJ1Lli IlllllWllJl i
10
Figure 5-6 MEASURED BASE REACTANCE - 5-PANEL OPERATION
5 - 10
percent of the normal capacitance, since some fringing occurs into the
area occupied by the missing panel. The actual 5-panel value is 86.5
percent of the normal capacitance. Reducing the antenna capacitance
increases the top hat voltage (for equal radiated power) above the 161 kv
design value. Also, the reduction in unloaded bandwidth is apparent.
As shown by Table 5-1, the effective height is not affected by the removal
of a panel.
5.2. Z Six-Panel (Normal) Performance
Following the 5-panel tests, the final panel was installed and all
measurements repeated to establish the performance under a normal
operating situation.
Basic full-scale parameters and derived operating characteristics
for the 6-panel situation are shown in Table 5-1. Base-impedance data
over the operating frequency range is shown in Figure 5.7. referred to
the floor of the T /HB as before.
The resonant frequency shown in Table 5-1 does not include the
expected !eduction due to residual tuning/coupling inductance. For the
estimated 10 percent reduction factor for this effect, the maximum ex-
pected operating frequency is approximately 28.96 kc, slightly above the
28.5 kc upper operating frequency established during the antenna selection
study.
The 6-panel model data confirmed all design predictions for full-
power performance and established the capabilities of the proposed
radiator as a satisfactory approach. Although a wider margin in reso-
nant frequency and bandwidth might have been desirable, these two factors
are inversely related necessitating a rather cri.tical compromise in this
area.
5 -11
...
...
c
-
20

0
l=
t--
t--
t--

DECO 43-21 63D401 JI D
-+ H -H+I II lii!!l:!!
TEST 22 MEASURED AT HOOR OF lIooEl I '" '"I,.
TRANSMITTER/HElIX BUILDING lT1T 'II!:I. 1
1
;::11 1l!";:;I,!:
SIX PANEL OPERATION . I : i I iii I I il'ilii:l
RESONANT FREQUENCY 32.18 KC - I' Wiil: 111I!! ill
l
l
!! II Ii!
... l' II I I, I" I
1- j , I ! ill ! 1 -! I
40
F1a
ure
5-7 MEASURED BASE REACTANCE - 6-PANEL OPERATION
5-12
5.2.3 Gradient Distribution
The distribution of gradient on the antenna conductors was deter
mined from current distribution studies performed on the modeL Figure
5 - 8 shows the current distribution on the typical static panel under nor-
mal full-power operation (i. e., 1 megawatt radiated) at 15.5 kc as derived
from model data. Details of this technique appear in Section 2.2.4, amI
the theoretical analysis in Appendix B. A photographic study of corona
on the model under 60-cycle excitation appears in Appendix E.
Areas of maximum gradient can be determined from the data pre-
sented in Figure 58 for points along the conductors where the slope of
the current as a function of distance along the wire is greatest. The maxi-
mUln gradient occurs on the two innermost (Nos. 4 and 5) conductors just
beyond (outer half) the cross-panel catenary, reaching a maximum value
of 0.74 kv/mm, somewhat below the 0.8 kv/mm design limit. It should
be noted that the outer two conductors on each panel half (Nos. '1 and 2,
7 and 8) are enlarged to 1.1/2 inch diameter in the region of the inter-
mediate towers. This enlargement, from the 1inch diameter figure for
the bulk of the top hat, results in tolerable gradient levels which would
otherwise be excessive. For example, the 1-1/2 inch outer conductor
exhibits a lTIaxilTIum gradient of 0.62 kv/mm just beyond the cross-panel
catenary, while a i-inch diameter conductor in this area would operate at
a gradient of 0.94 kv/mm for 1 megawatt radiated at 15.5 kc. This
value exceeds the 0.8 kv/mm rnaximum acceptable value, thereby sup-
porting the requirement for the larger diameter conductor in this area.
The discontinuity in the current distribution along each top hat
conductor at the cross-panel catenary (as shown in Figure 5-8) results
from the diversion of the current from the conductors out along the cate-
nary. Since the catenary is of considerably larger diameter (2-3/16 inch)
5-13
GRADIENT (ESl
K .!!. KWh",1
ES ' II <to
50
40
[I
'0
L
0
'0
40

w
30

20
'0
;0 KVlMM '

WIRE 48.5
--- .-
1845'
lo.JI9 KV.... "
U1
.J
lo,o<'19 AAjP$.Orf]
46QQ'
WIRE! a 8
1095'
I
. , , ..
I
1095'
. 1-'
CONDUCTOR K\Hot
OIlUolETER Ui.I'""':"AM?
IN INCHES,
-,00 114 55
1.50 9' 68
1200'
20
10
,
o
L
WlRE 287
2080'
Z
Flaure 5--8 GRADIENT
i
,
1
,,,
ON TOP HAT I PANEL
DISTRIBUTION
5-14
than the other conductors. it provides a greater area trorn which dis-
placem.ent current flows to ground. Because of its large dialueter,
gradients along its surface are even lower than on the rest of the top
hat. For this reason, a detailed gradient study of this cable was not
considered necessary.
Gradient data obtained for the 8-wire fan downleads is shown in
Figure 5-9. This data was obtained in the salUe lUanner as that ob-
tained on the top hat. Except at the lower elevations, the gradient on
the downlead conductors is lower than on the top hat. While lUeasure-
lUent accuracy in the lower portion of the fan is rather poor, some
relatively high gradient are<ls are inniC'<'lterl 11f'<lr thf' hingf' point. How-
ever, these are not expected to lead to corona problelUs since additionaJ
shielding will be provided at the hinge (in the forlU of corona rings)
which tends to reduce conductor gradients on the fan.
5.3 Qevelopment of Final
5.3. 1
Several changes lUade in the T /HB warranted m.oelel verification.
RequirelUents for increased equiplUent space resulted in a general
enlargelUent of the building.. The internal features of the tuning/coupling
portion of the building (as shown in Figure 5-10) were developed and
lUodeled for operation at 28.5 kc. Provisions were made in the model
for lUeasuring antenna characteristics through the appropriate circuitry,
as well as through a short vertical lead as in the previous tests. A
further provision was made to allow lUeasurements to be lUade directly
at the CUllll110n feed point below the entrance bushings.
5-15
- ~ - -
- - - - - ~ - -
VERTICAL SCALE IN rEf T
o :;0 IOU I ~ U
2 j
NO HORIZONTAL SCALE
DEC 0 43- 21 63040B JM A
NOTES:
I-NUMBEREO POINTS INDICATE GRADIENT
FOR NORMAL OPERATION AT 15.5 KC
WITH I MEGAWATT RADIATED. DERIVED
FROM MOOEL DATA
2- SHADING INDICATES GRADIENT IN
EXCESS Of 0.8 KVlMM CRITICAL
DESIGN VALUE
F1iure 5-9 GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION ON DOWNLEAD - STATIC CONDITION
5 -16
DECO TN I
-l
I I
811 TeH I , : I
__ ---:----I---L I :-TOWER OPEHIHO
I
o I I CORRIDOR I I

I FHEOF::
I SWITCH ROOMS I I

r
COPPER WALL ON t 8ElIEEH CORRIDOR
FACE Of SWITCH ROOMS
1
....--------------220.
{ Of TOWER
OOWNlEIO 'Ull-OFf STRUCTURE
'!. Of TOWER
I
I
--- 1
STABlE lOIHT TIE 8US

-----
50 15 100
i
SCALE
NOTE: MOOH OIMENSIOHS SHOWN IN PARENIHESIS
Flaure 5-10 REVISED TRANSMITTER/HELIX BUILDING
5 -17

As part of the reyision of the 'r fHB dual entrance bushings
replaced the '5ingle bushing or iginally modeled. This change reflected
the need for higher current.carrying capability and for higher relia-
bility than could be obtained with a single bushing. Along with this
('hange, n rearrangPTnpnt in t.hP. c1nwnlead bt.swork on the T/HD roof
was required. Figure 5-10 also shows the revised bus configuration
over the roof area. Some minor reductIon of series inductance was
expected as a result of the change .
. ..
F'or the enlarged T /HB with dual bnshings, the basic antenna
parameters deter mined at the floor of the buildmg through a simulated
10..inch vertical bus to the common feed pomt were: effective height,
613 feet, static capaCItance, 0.1634 jJ.f ar.d resonant frequency, 32.25 kc.
Aside from a very minor reductIOn in el1ectlve heIght and a similar in-
crease in resonant frequency, practically no change resulted in basic
antenna characterIstics.
Base reactance data rneasured at bot.h the floor terminal of the
model and the common point below the bushings is shown in Figure 5-11.
The 1001' terminal measurements reflect the insertion of a small induct-
ance attributed to the connec ting lead. The normal measuring point
throughout the model study was at the T/lfH floor terminal. This point
was selected for convenience and also 101' repeatability because of a
somewhat better connector configuration. The rneasurements at the
common point near the bushings requued a short flexible lead whose
position was only approximately repeatable. However, [rom measure-
ments at both inputs the approximate effect of a short section of "bus"
5-18
DECO 43-21 630401 NIP A
D
...
,.
=
c:>
...
c..>
'"'
..:
-
c..>
-
...
""
10 20
FREOUENCY - KC
30 40
FIKurB 5-11 MEASURED BASE REACTANCE AT TWO REFERENCE P O I ~ T S
5-19
was determined. Since the residual inductance in the tuning/coupling
circuitry at the high end of the frequency range is a determining factor
in the critical area of maXImum operating frequency, it is necessary
to consider all reactance data referred to the appropIlate terminals.
Effect
The approximate configuration of the tuning/ coupling component
arrangement and appropriate values for the upper end of the frequency
range were modeled as shown in Figures 5 12 and 5-13. Figure
5-14 showl; the nleasured input reactanc.e through the tuning/coupling
circuitry in the frequency range near resonance. The maximum oper,
ating or self-resonant frequency is seen to be Z.Y,6 kc. This value i::l
about 4 percent above the minimum acceptable value 0,28.5 kc) pre-
viously established.
5.3. 2
A structural analysis of stresses m the top hat. conductors unlIeI'
conditions of maximum wind loading showed that the proposed Top Hat I
design did not have acceptable sa{ety .. lactor margms. The ultimate
yield of the ACSR cables was degraded by t.he alummum outer layer to
such a point that then use was precluded. Therefore, a new top hat
design (Top Hat!i) utilizing only alummum-clad conductors was devel-
oped to maintain acceptable structural safety. factor margins during
periods of maximum wmd loadIng.
Hat
Top Hat II, composed entirely of aluminum-clad steel conductors
has greater sag and, for the ::larne tower heIghts, a lower average physi-
cal height than Top Hat 'I. SpeClfIcally Top Hat:.! (as shown in Figure
5--15) has an average height of 891 feet as c.ompared to 900 feet for Top
5- Z 0
,-
10 0 10
___ - :a
SCALE- FEET
DECO 43-21 630405 DP Z
Figure 5-12 PICTORIAL SCHEMATI COF MODELED TUNING/COUPLING CIRCUITRY
AT 28. 5 KC
5-21
lJl
I
[\J
[\J
Figura 5-13 PHOTOGRAPH OF MODELED TUNING/CCUPLING CIRCUITRY
VIEWED FROM BENEATH T/HB
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
DECO 43-21 630401 11 a
I
I ! j I! II I I
I
II
I
IIi I II I I I Ii
-20 I)' II I. Ii Iii
I I \I !'III 'I! II!! II, I Ii lid' I
- Ii, I I I - I ! 11 II II i j i! iii", I! i1111
-100
I
--
I
-120
10
15.8 ltCl
I
20
FIEQU my - KC
30 40
Fliure 5-14 MEASURED BASE REACTANCE INCLUDING TUNING/COUPLING CIRCUITRY
5-23

'A- TOWER
250 a 'DO 1000
!
T"'"
DECO 4-3-21 630319 G
..
r
ELEVHION = 1271'---

t DOINLEAD TRUSS
"".15' '.
C TOWER
100 206
CENTROID ELEVATION' 891
-!:;- - - -
10
laO
800'
"B- TOWER

ELEVATION
'8: TOWER = 1175'
. 1100
",
CROSS-PANEL
CA TEHARY
*" 110 ..
I ,
U1
I
C'"
"""
HOR I ZONUl SCALE - FEET 'ERT ICAL SCllE - FEET
Figure 5-15 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CROSS SECTiON
TOP HAT II
Hat 1. To determine the extent of degradation resulting from this loss
in average height, the Top Hat II configuration was modeled with the
two-point sag approximation shown in Figure 5-16. This required an
entirely new set of model top hat panels since the revised design em-
ploys longer conductors and increased sags.
Six Panel Hat II)
The reduction in average physical height of the top loading was
expected to produce a corresponding reduction in effective height.
Basic full-scale antenna parameters measured at the normal T /HB
floor were determined from the model (Test 26, Appendix A). These
paran.eters were: effective height, 610 feel; static capacitance, 0.1642 fJ.f;
and resonant frequency, 32.45 kc.
Comparing the effective height of Top Hat II (Test 26) to that of
Top Hat I (Test 25) shows a reduction of 13 feet, i. e . somewhat greater
than but comparable to. the 9 foot reduction in average physical height.
The indication from this comparison is that with the increased sag, the
average height should be elevated at least to the previous 900 feet to
achieve the same value of effective height. Since the descrepancy of
4 feet between the variation of effective height and average physical
height is well within the 2 percent predicted test accuracy, no further
compensation is justified. For small changes in the "B" tower elevations,
it can be shown that the average height changes by one-half the increment
of change. On this basis, a recommendation was made to elevate the "B"
towers 20 feet to compensate for increase sag.
Three tests were rlln with the Top Hat n in position. Test 26
relates to the basic antenna viewed through the normal T /HB terminals.
Test 27 relates to data derived from measurements made at the common
5-25
DECO 43-21 63D319 HR
__ 1 __
ELEVATION t
"c" TOWER
1271'
I
ELEYATI ON
"e" TOWER
1175 '
11 DO'
7DO'
eao'
1300'
1200'
CROSS-PINEL
CATENARY
I
I
I I

Cl. DOWN LE1D TRU SS
I""' 2002.35' -I 2124.15'
Ci TO rER Cl. "e" TOWE R (rC" TO m
NOTE: FULL SCALE 0I MENS I ONS SHOWN.
MODELED AT 1:100 SCALE.
U"1
I
N
0'
210 0 eoo 1000
!
eo 100 200
MOR I zeITAl SCAlf - VERTICAL SCALE - FEET
FliUll 5-16 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CROSS SECTION
AS - TOP HAT II
lead point near the entrance bushings (i. e., excluding the roof-to-floor
bus inductance). Test 28 defines the ITlaximum operating frequency to
be 29.43 kc including the effect of the tuning/coupling circuitry (see
Appendix A).
5.3. 3
"B" Tower
To restore antenna performance (particularly effective height)
to values achieved prior to the increased sag of Top Hat II, the elevation
of the intermediate "B" towers was increased by 20 feet to 1195 feet.
This brought the average top hat elevation to approximately 901 feet,
or 1 foot above the Top Hat I value. Although the top hat sags and con-
ductor lengths remained virtually unchanged for this small variation
in the "B" tower elevations, the revised configuration is referred to as
Top Hat HI for reference. Figure 5- 1 7 shows a longitudinal panel cross
section of Top Hat LG in elevation. The modeled version of this design
is shown in Figure 5-18. For modeling purposes, the top hat p:mels
used were identical to those of Top Hat H.
F'or the revised top hat with the recommended 20-foot "D" tuwer
compensation, the basic antenna parameters measured at the T /HE floor
were: effective height, 629 feet; static capacitance, 0.1633 l.lf; and reso-
nantfrequency, 32.45 kc.
Comparing these values with those obtained with Top Hat I (which
involved only one bushing), it is apparent that the compensation for in-
creased sag was sufficient to restore, or slightly increase, the effective
height while the static capacitance remained the saIne. SaIne minor re-
duction of series inductance through two bushings instead of one appar-
ently accounts for a slight increase in the resonant frequency from 32.18
kc to the 32.45 kc value shown above.
5-27
DECO 43 21 630403 DPA
HEUTION i
"C TOWER
1272' ,
m.l1'r-
Ci DOWNLEAD TRUSS
t 1.300'
I
---l1200'
I
ELEVATION
"8" TOWER
1195'
CROSS-PANEL
CATENARY
ELEVATION
"A" TOWER
996 .0'
I
.1 212 . 15' ..I
G. "f'TOWER Ci "ihTONER <t "c" TOWER
U"1
I
N
00
250 soo 10 100 200
MOR IIONUL SCALE - FEET
SCAlf - FtET
Figure 5-17 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CROSS SECTION
TOP HAT ill
DECO 43-21 630403 D P ~
ElEYATIO! t
,'C" TOWE! I
1211.7'
I
El EY AT ION
"B" TOWER
1195'
1100'
11300'
I
i-
I
I
I
1200'
CROSS-PANEL --,1,./1 \
CATEHARY
ELEVATION
~ "I" TOWER
1\ 996.3,'
KOTE: FULL SCAlE DIMENSIONS SHOWN.
MOOELEO AT 1: 1DO SCALE.
V1
I
N
-.0
200 100 50 500 2:;n
I
: _>CD..,5' t10< ----., 40D 11' I.
, "" """ _ I - r-
I ' ," "''''"' ' DO'''''' ""IS
Q B TOWER 1
f'c" TOWER
nOR IZOHUl SCAlE - FEET VERlI Cll SCALE FEET
Figure 5-18 ELEVATION VIEW OF LONGITUDINAL PANEL CROSS SECTION
AS MODELED - TOP HAT III
Figure 5 -19 shows the input reac tance measured at both the T/HB
terminal (Test 31) and at the common point below the dual bushings (Test
30). Comparing the two sets of data shows that the difference can be
described by a series inductance of approximately 14.3 fJ-h \full scale
value). Using this value, it is possible to refer all reactance data from
the floor terminal to the common point.
The maximum operating frequency was determined for the Top
Hat III configuration in Test 2.9. With the modeled tuning/coupling cir-
cuitry at the upper portion of the frequency range, the system resonant
frequency was reduced to 2.9.45 kc, only 0.5 percent below the value
achieved with the initial configuration (Top Hat I).
5.3.4 Wind Distortion Study
To establish the performance reliability of the antenna to perform
under extreme wind distortion, a model study was made for the distorted
configuration. For design purposes a maximum wind of 130 mph velocity
(at 3D-foot elevation) was established. Com.putations were carried out
for various wind directions with respect to a typical panel, and con-
ductor positions were established. The particular wind orientation
chosen for the model study was one in which two panels were subjectecl
to a direct cross wind as l'ihown in Figure 5-20. Although the choice of
this case was aribtrary, it was felt that it represented an extreme dis-
tortion and, as such, was likely to indicate the extreme degradation of
electrical characteristics.
FrOlTl the computed positions of the top hat conductors {Top Hat
III), largcscale plan and elevation drawings were marlp of pac:h c:on-
ductor span. On these drawings a two-point approximation was con-
structed to simulate the distorted condition. Each half panel was inter-
sected by two "distortion planes", the intersection of each individual
5-30
DECO 43-21 630401 NlP 9
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1_----- BUSHINGS IN 1l0DEL TRANSMITTER/ ill
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FREQUENCY - KC
30
40
FlgurB 5-19 BASE REACTANCE AT TWO REFERENCE POINTS
5-31
,---------- STATIC LOAD
W I ~ D LOAD
1000 2000 3000
i
DECO 43 21 630320 C
SCALE - FEET
Figure 5-20 PLAN VIEW OF ANTENNA UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DiSTORTION
5-32
conductor with the distortion planes being derived froITl the drawings.
Poles were then rigged on both sides of each panel in the distortion
planes to support nylon lines constraining the ITlodel conductors in
their proper positions.
Figure s 5 - 21, 5 - 22, and 5 -23 show the three wind attack angles.
The plan pusitiull anu elevation oJ edch conlrol point deterITlines the top
hat shape.
As the top hat is lifted and displaced, the associated downleads
are similarly distorted. Figures 5-24, t;_25, and 5-26 show the various
downlead positions used on the ITlodel to siITlulate ITlaximuITl wind (130
mph). It was observed that of' the three representative downleaus, only
the No. 2 fan approaches the center tower guys. Consequently, it was
expected and confirmed by measurement that the critical area of corona
formation occurred at the point where the No. 2 fan is displaced into
close proxin1.ity with the top two guy levels (See Figure E-3 , Appendix E).
Detailed structural analysis revealed a similar deflection of the offending
guys in the direction of the wind which tended to alleviate the probleITl.
However, it was found necessary to study the effect of providing addi-
tional fan-guy separation appropriate to lower wind velocities.
Six-Panel Performance
After all positioning poles were erected for the distortion rigging,
but before the ITlodel was actually distorted, the basic antenna properties
were ITleasured to establish the effect, if any, of the 36 holes and nurner
ous nylon lines. Although considerable care was taken in preparing the
wooden poles by drying and shellacing, it was expected that SOllle llliuol'
effect would probably result. In general, the effect can be explained by
5-33
{I.S () 2.0 4,0

SCALE-FEET
---DOWNLEAD TRUSS
/
(!)
<>

I
/
c TOWER
Ii.
"8" TOWER
MODEL ELEVATIONS IN FEET
POINT POI!!! ELEVATION
I 9.69 23 10.29
2 9.45 24 ILII
3 9.51 25 11.30
4 9.39 26 10.56
5 9.19 27 10.27
6 9.32 28 9.90
7 9.61 29 9.14
8 9.67 30 8.93
9 9.90 31 9.19
10 10.44 32 9.63
\I 10.33 33 10.03
12 9.81 34 9.71
13 9.22 35 9.62
14 8.98 36 9.27
15 9.37 37 9.17
16 9.76 38 9.27
17 9.77 39 9.83
18 10.82 40 9.95
19 9.57 41 10,17
20 9.61 42
21 9.14 43 10.06
22 9.47
NOTE' DIMENSIONS
APPLY TO SCALE MODEL.
t "A" TOWER
Figure 5-21 PLAN VIEW OF PANEL 1 UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DISTORTIDN
5-34
HC' U-JI IilUU
MODEL ELEVATIONS IN FEET
POINT ELEVATiON POINT ELEVATiON
f 'C'TOWER
I 9.72 23 10.73
2 9.52 24
3 9.45 25 11.47
4 26 10.58
5 27 10.91
DOWNLEAO TRUSS
6 9.60 28 10.55
7 9.85 29 10.04
8 9.97 9.75
9 9.99 31 9.74
10 10.56 9.99
II 10.50 33 10.08
12 10.18 34 10.18
9.71 35 10.15
14 36 10.11
15 9.35 37 10.15
16 9.68 38 10.34
17 9.82 39 10.59
18 10.60 40 10.77
19 10.35 41 10.80
20 9.74 42
21 9.59 43 10.50
22 10.03-

-
20 19
18
"8"
TOWER
NOTE: DIMENSIONS SHOWN APPLY TO SCALE MODEL
t "A" TOWER
Figure 6-22 PLAN VIEW OF PANEL 2 UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DiSTORTION
5-35
neG U-lI 6JOUJ D
"c" TOWER
MODEL ELEVATIONS IN FEET
NOTE: DIMENSiONS SHOWN APPLY
TO SCALE MODEL
POINT ELEVATION
10.66
POINT ELEVATION
9.32 23 11.41
9.
9.15 25 II. 28
8.
8.51 27 10.56
-c8.c::"4:<-8_11-- 28 10.08
8.89 29 9.64
9 5=----11-----=-30 --+ --.=9.:.:.5:.:0'---1
9.34 31 9.76
9.99 32 9.54
9.86 _n_----"3:3.-+----"9,,,.1.=.8
9.27 34 9.14
8.53 35 9.53
8.62 36 10.00
9.02 37 9.83
9.62 38"9:90"
9.81 39 "1O:T7
10.87 40 10.39
10.69 41 10.46
9.97 42
9.61 43
9.79
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
l'A
Il
TOWER
FlaUfa 5-23 PLAN VIEW OF PANEL 3 UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DISTORTION
5-36
DECO 43-21 630405 MP A
MOTE: WINO DEFLECTION Of TOWER
OUYS NOT SHOWN
1 i
STATI C PANEL Ii.
Ii. "c" TOWER
OOWNLEAO TRUSS
HINDE POINT
ELEVATION 99" -- -."..-....,..,.""....-
t OF S-WIRE FAN --- -l
"
~ MODEL
OEFLECTINO
PO IHTS
SCALE - fEET T/HB
4-WIRE em ~
100 200
__ i
DIMENSIONS ARE fOR fU,L-SCALE ANTENNA.
MOOELEO AT 1: 100 SCALE
Figure 5-24 PANEL 1 FAN DOWNLEAD UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DISTORTION
5 -37
DECO 43-21 630405 NP B
NOTE: WIND DF.FLECTION OF TOWER
OUY S NO T SNOWN
WIND
STATIC PUEL
- SEE TABLE
DIMENSIONS ARE FOR FUll-SCALE ANTENNA.
MODELED AT 1: IDD SCALE.
~ U( TOWER
MAX. 130 MPN 20 FT
TlNB
WIND VELOCiTY CRITICAL OUY-FAN
SEPARATION
OF 8-WIRE fAN
OOWHLEAD TRUSS
Hi ri
4-W1 RE CADE
45 FT
iU !iFii
100 0 200
.- i
SCALE - FEET
110 MPN
Figure 5-25 PANEL 2 FAN DOWNLEAD UNDER WIND DISTORTION
5 -38
DECO 13-21 630405 NP C
NDTE: WIND DEFLECTION DF TOWER
BUYS NOT SNOWN
Il. .. C TDWER
OF 8-WIRE FAN
DOWN LEAD TRUSS
1070'
TINS
I DO 0 2DO
] 4-WIRE cm"
SCAlE - fEET
DINENSIONS IRE FOR FULL-SCAlE ANTENNA.
MODElED AT I: 1DO SCAlE,
Fiaure 5-26 PANEL 3 FAN DOWNLEAD UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DISTORTION
5 -39
considering the poles and rigging as a path for excess polarization
current
2
, that is, vertical displacenlent current in excess of the
current which would flow in the absence of the dielectric rigging. If
the rigging effect increases the relative dielectric constant K for the
region of the antenna, the capacity C
s
can be expected to increase
and the effective height to decrease according to the following rela-
tions:
Dielectric Air

------

Effective Height h
o
h
o
/K

Static Capacitance C
s
KCs

Dielectric Constant 1 K
COITlparing Tests 35 (Air) and 36 (Air + Rigging) for the unclis-
torted top hat (III) yields the following full scale values:
Air .A Change

EfJective Height 628ft. 619 n. -1. H

CI Static Capacitance 0.1637 JJ.f 0.1640 JJ.f to. 18

Resonant Frequency 32.28 kc 32.38kc 0

Although the trend of effective height and capacitance change are
all expected, the relallo!l oJ these paralnetel's tu an effective dielectric
ccnstant K is not exact. Apparently the distribution of poles and rigging
near the top hat is not sufficiently unifornl to pernlit the sinlple relations
described above to be applied. Since, however, the total change in
a
S. A. Shelkunoff andH. T. Friis, Antennas, Theory and Practice.
John Wiley and Sons (1952). (Sec
Dielectl'ically Loaded Antennas. )
5-40
effective height is less than 2 percent (the predicted tolerance on this
parameter) and the ca.pacitance change even less, it appears that the
effect of the distortion rigging was practically negligible.
For the top hat (6 panels) under maximum wind distortion, the
following data was obtained at the normal T IRB floor terminal (Test 36):
effective height, 684 feet; static capacitance, 0.15'15 ILf; and resonant
frequency, 30.68 kc.
Base reactance data for the wind-distorted configuration is
plotted in Figure 5-27. Physically, the horizontal wind loading has thc
effect of rotating the plane of each sagging top hat span toward the hori-
zontal, the degree of rotation depending on the angle between the wind
and the span. This has the effect of raising the average top hat eleva-
tion, thus increasing the effective height, and reducing the capacitance.
If the antenna could be represented by a single (top loading) capacitance
and a single thin, conducting downlead, free of the perturbing influence
of grounded towers and long, relatively low, horizontal runs of cage
conductors, then the increase in effective height due to an increase in
the average top hat height would be approximately the same as the de-
crease in capacitance. However, for an antenna with a considerable
near-base capacitance and luany parasitic conducting structures, the
two effects are not comparable. In particular, elevating the horizontal
downlead bus -work (connecting the hinge points and the pulloff points on
the TlHB) greatly reduces the near-base capacitance. This has the
effect of raising the apparent effective height (i. e., reducing the loading
effect of the near-base capacitance) and adding to the increase in the
average top-loading which yields an exaggerated (positive) change in
effective height compared to the (negative) change in static capacitance.
(See Appendix D. )
5-41
-
DECO 43- 21 630401 JII A
40 30 20
FREQUENCY - Kc
,III .1+.V ,+
ill "IJj
'
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;!11':,
, 1IIII
TEST 3& TOP HAT.m UNDER lUX I MUM I I-I --Jj-
' "1
1
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,'II
- --- - - -- - .
i I! I
- - - --
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-
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V
!L-
- -- -
II.
-
l-
. -_. -
,I'
I
- --
- - -
1- -;/ f-
-- -

- -, ---- --. - . - - -
.II
I
I
I
1-
_. - - -,_.
-1- - - -
--- -f-
-- - - - ---
I
-
- 1- -I--- ----- - - - --- .

I
I
f- - --- .
--
- - .
1.1
f-
.-
f-I---
-- -- - -- -- -
f- ---f--I-f-
--.--f- -- ---
.
f-- - I-I--- -- - -- -- - -
-1-
-
II
--1- --. -- - -.
f-- --'- --
--
la.a KC
- - - . - -
I---
Ke
f--

:lllmlil II r
f--
f- -
-120
10
-100
-so
20
-20
o
...
== C> -40
I
...
"'" a:
oC
...
"'"
oC
...
: -&0
::
..
Figure 5-27 MEASURED BASE REACTANCE FOR TOP HAT III
UNDER MAXIMUM WIND DiSTORTION
5-42
Comparing the rneasured antenna cnaracteristics under static
and :maxhnu:m wind conditions yields the following full- scale data:
e Effective Height
Static Capacitance
Resonant Frequency
Test 35
Static
Loading
619 feet
0.1640 flf
32.28 kc
Test 36
Max. Wind
Loading
684 feet
O. 1575 flf
30.68 kc
Percent
Change
+10.5
-3.96
-4.94
Since all the downlead trusses are lifted by the wind, the down-
lead bundle acquires a so:mewhat longer and thinner shape. This, 1.0-
gether with the increase in average top hat elevation, accounts for the
associated increase in inductance and reduction in resonant frequency.
Under the condition of :maxi:mum wind distortion, the simulated
tuning/coupling circuitry appropriate to operation at the upper end of
the frequency range was inserted (Test 39). and input. reactance was
:measured to deter:mine resonance. For this arrangement resonance
occurs at a scaled frequency of 28.25 kc, some 0.25 kc below the 28.50
kc figure specified. However, since the predicted frequency of occur-
rence of 130 mph winds is approximately once in 50 years, the situation
was considered tolerable.
Gradient Distribution
Current distribution measurements were perfol'med at a scale
frequency corresponding to 15.6 kc (i. e., 1560 kc) using the shielded
oscillator probe in a manner similar to tbat outlined in Section 2.2.4
for the case of Top Hat I under static loading. From the current dis-
tribution, the electric field gradient is determined from the change in
current per unit area of top hat conductor (See Appendix B).
5-43
Under conditions of maximum wind loading, the antenna conductor s
are displaced from their static or dead-load position, changing the various
spacings between conductors and between conductors and ground. This
distortion changes the current distribution, increasing the gradient in
some areas. C::-itical areas of increased gradient were expected at points
where top hat and downleads were blown towards grolmded towers and guys.
Figures 5-28 through 5 -33 show the distribution of gradient on
the three wind-distorted top-hat panels appropriate to the maximum wind
orientation chosen for study.
Although the expected increase in maximum gradient on the top
hat was observed, the critical area of U11 the No.2 panel
downlead fan. This parHcular downlead is displaced toward a guy plane
[or the chosen wind. Some advantage is gained by vir'tue of a simjlar de-
flection of the guys, but not sufficiently to preclude the possibility of a
liITlited area of corona formation. The other downleads (Nos. 1 and 3)
are not deflected to positions near towers or guys, 50 that only the No.2
fans are critical.
To provide detailed information on the No. C, fans, three wind
velocities were studied which would indicate several situations expected
during periods of storm activity. Figures 534, 535, and 5-36 show the
critical downlead under 130, 110, and 90 mph winds, respectively. Under
these conditions the following relations were obtained:
Maximum Power
No. Z Down- Gradient Radi.ated Frequency
Gust Velocity lead-Guy (1 Mw (0.8 Kv/mm of Occur-
at 30 feet

Radiated) Gradi.entj renee
.-------
------
130 l'nph 20 feet 1,3 kv /min 380 kw 1 in 50 yrs.
110 lnph 45 feet 0.9 kv /mrn 480 kw 1 in 15 yrs.
90 mph 70 feet 0.8 kv /mm 1000 kw 1 in 6 yrs.
5-44
60
'0
60
40
30
20
WIRE 4
10

o
OOWNLEAD
TRUSS
'0
Deco: 43;::' 630411 NJP B
GRADIENT IEsl
E$ :-; i(V/'-Ul
CONDucTORIK.
DIAMETER ISi'.:1!!
IN INCHES .MY-AMP_
tOO
.0
1.50 9.68 UI
I W

20
6 -"'-".II/If WIRE 4
--400'
10

--------r------ 0
o
DOWNLEAO
TRUSS
'0
40
20
.0
W

20
10
o
o
OOWNLEAO
TRUSS
50
WIRE 3
"
800'
WIRE 3
10
o
o
DOWHLEAD
TRUSS
40
30
20
0-----
o
OOWNLEAD

[
o
DUTR
APEX
50
20
10
o
o
OOWNlEAD
TRUSS
CONQUCTOR LENGTH MEASURED tnOM TRUSS TOWARDS

CATENARY
40
30
20
10
o
o
OUTER
AP[X
CONDUCTOR LENGTH MEASURED FROM OUHH APEX TOWAHOS (ArEHART
.....-
GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION MAXIMUM WIND ON PANEL
(WIRES 1-4)
5-45
DECO 43 630411 'W' A
'"
60
'0
40
SURFA.CE GRADIENT IE,I
E KV/MM
, "
COP(OUCTOR KV.M
MM7"AAlP
100 14.55
1.50 9.69
----------+0
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OUTER
APEX
WIRE 8
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20


TRUSS
60
40
30
20
40 WIRE e

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.
w
30

60 >60
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WIRE e
60
20 20
'0 '0
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TRUSS
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APEX
60
60
WiRE
60
60
20
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20
o
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OOWNLEAD
TRUSS
CO'lDUCTOR LENGHi MEASURED FROM DOWNLEA.O TRUSS TOWARDS CATENARy

SCAtt - rHT
"----..,- r.
J
.-__

400'- __

------==40
o
OUTR
APEX
cmlWCTOR LEflGTH ME"'SUREO fROM OUTER APEX TOWAROS CATENARY

Figure 5-29 ORADIENT DISTRIBUTION UNDER MAXIMUM WIND ON PANEL

(WIRES 5-8)
5-46
-----
DECO 4!. 21 630411 NJP C
WIRE 4
WIRE 4
SURfACE GRADIENT (E,I
E Kd* ltV/"Y
CONO&TOR K
d

14_55
50
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TRUSS
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20
10
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TRUSS
WIRE 2
20
10
,----
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TRUSS
1.00
'''.

w
'0
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50

i

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30
,",.,.., 1
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20

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WIRE I
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TRUSS
C:OHoucrOR Lf.NGTH IroIEASURlO fROU DOWNlEAO TRUSS "rOWARDS CATENARY

50
WIRE I
'0
30

,,",,1
3
_. __ I{V/lJifj

3.'
10
--J:'

0
OUTER
,lfJEX
CONOUCTOA LENGTH MfASURED FFtOM OUTER APEX TOWARDS CATENARY

Figure 5-30
GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION UNDER MAXIMUM WIND ON PANEL 2
(WIRES
5-47
'0
.0
eo
40
'0
10
00
1
00
o
o
0"'[11
,pu
=:;:::::.----+0
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50
40
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00
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Figure 5-31 ORADIENT DiSTRIBUTION UNDER MAXIMUM WINDON PANEL 2
(_IRES 5-8)
r:
, 0
Best Available Copy
DECO 43-Z1 630411 IN A
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40
Figure 5-32 GRAD lENT 01 STH I BUTI ON UNDER MAXI MUM WI ND ON PANEL 3
(WIRES \-4)
5-49
Best Available Copy
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Fl,url GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION UNDER IAIIIUI III1 '.IEL 3
(WIRES 5-8)
1.3
Fl
DECO 43-21 630406 DP A
NOTES:
1- NUMBERED POINTS INDICATE GRADIENT FOR
NORMAL OPERATION AT 15.5 kC WITH I
MEGAWATT RADIATED. DERIVED FROM MODEL
DATA.
2-SHADING INDICATES GRADIENT IN EXCESS OF
O.B K\lIMM CRITICAL DESIGN VALUE.
Figure 5-34
VERTICAL SCALE IN FEET
o 50 100 150
c:= ~
NO HORIZONTAL SCALE
GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION ON CRITICAL (No.2 FAN) DOWNLEAD
UNDER 130 MPH WIND
5-51
DECO 43-21 630407 DP 8
EL 1080'
NOTES
1- NUMBEREQ POINTS INDICATE GRADIENT FOR
NORMAL OPERATION AT 15.5 KC WITU I MEGAWATT
RADIATED. DERIVED FROM MODEL DATA
2- SHADING INDICATES GRADIENT IN EXCESS OF
DB KV/MM CRITICAL DESIGN VALUE
VERTIDAl SCALE IN FEET
o 50 100
!
150
a
NO HORIZONTAL seAL"!!
Figura 5-35 GRADIENT DiSTRIBUTION ON CRITICAL (No.2 FAN) DOWNLEAD
UNDER 110 MPH WIND
5-52
r
.25
.3
.2
.3
.1
.1-
DECO 43'21 630407 DPC
-.4-ELI080
NOTES:
1- NUMBERED POINTS INDICATE FOR
NORMAL OPERATION AT 15.5 KC WITH I
MEGAWATT RADIATED. fROM MODEL
DATA.
2- SHADING INDICATES GRADIENT IN EXCESS OF
0.8 KVlMM CRITICAL DESIGN VALUE
VERTICAL SCALE IN FEET
o 50 100 150
E :a
NO HORIZONTAL SCALE
Figure 5-36 BHOIEn DiSTRIBUTION ON CRITICAL (NO.2 FAN) DOWNLEAD
UNDER 90 MPH WIND
5-53
---
'Chic. prC'scnt" the results of i1ntC'nna. nlodel study which
-.vas out for the dcvclopnlent of t.he design of the VLF PAC antenna.
Beginning with an evaluation of tlw initial coniiguration (Section 5. 1) this
study includes the results of a continuous nlodd progranl involving
detailed structural revisions which occurred as part of the refined design.
These revisions included changes in top hat shape, intermediate tower
elevations, entrance bushings and Transmitter/Helix Building. In gen-

' .. e:tal, ther"eilects of such revisions were reflected by relatively minor
changes in electrical performance as derived model measurements.
\ \
Consequently, the mcasurenlent of some aspects"of performance which
were not considered of prima ry importanc e or '.vere not expected to
change appreciably were not repeated for the final revisions.
For comparison, 6-1 summarizes both the predicted full-
scale basic antenna pi\rameters and the derived operating characteristics
relating to full-power (1 megawatt radiated) operation at the design
frequency (15.5 kc). This data is given for (a) normal (6 panel, no wind)
operation, (b) emergency (5 panel, no wind) operation, and (c) for the
condition r 6 panels and maximum winn. (1.30 mph) distortion. The
normal and wind-distorted data w"rc obtained from the final model
with all pertinent revisions included. However, the emergency con-
dition was evaluated only on the initial configuration. Since no major
changes determined in the performance for the normal condition
(compare, for example, the results of Tests 22 and 34) it was consid-
ered unnecessary to repeat the en1ergency measurements.
The base reactance values shown in Table \-1 include all
corrections and i1re rcfcrrc:J 10 the bushll'!; on Ihp antenna.
\
Figure 6-1 is a plot of the corrected input reactance over the entire
6-1
TABLE 6-1
Sumn"lary of Performance
Basic Parameters: (1) (2) (3)
Normal Operation
6 panels, no wind
Emergency Op- Maximum
eration 5 panels, Wind 6 panels
no wind
Effective Height - ft.
Static Capacitance - lJ.f
Resonant Frequency - kc
Performance Characteristics:
628
.1637
32.28
625
.1412
33.05
684
. 1515
30.68
(15.5 kc, 1000 kw radiated)
3 db Bandwidth - cps
Base Reactance - ohms
Base Voltage - kv
Top Hat Voltage - kv
Input Current - amps
Radiation Resistance - ohms
Average Gradient - kv/ mm
Maximum Gradient
With Coupling Circuitry:
38.2 32.7 43.5
-46.9 -56.7 -47.7
123. 144. 113.
160 185 152
2545 2559 2336
.154 .153 .183
.43 .52 .43
.74 >.84 1. 30
Maximurn operating freq. - lec
Miscellaneous Data:
Apparent Inductance - !J.h
Antenna Q (15.5 kc)
29.45
149
406
6-2
164
474
28.25
171
356
DECO 43-1 630226 BR
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-100
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-80
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FREQUENCY - KC
3D 4
Flaure 6-1 BASE REACTANCE AS AFUKCTION OF FREQUENCY
6-3
range of operating frequencies referred to the bushing entrance. Note
that the resonant frequencies (zero reactance) indicated in Figu.re 6-1
differ slightly from the tabulated values taken directly from. model data,
reflecting the corrections and different reference point involved in the
figure.
Considering the re:;uUs of the rn.odcl study, the configuration
selected adequately llleets the design goals. The bandwidth require-
ment (not to be less than 37.5 cps) is exceeded slightly under normal
conditions and only degraded under elllergency operation where such
degradation was considered acceptable. Silnilarly, the maxilll Ulll
operating frequency (not to be less than 28. 5 ke) was exceeded by
almost 1 kc under normal operation and violated only under maximum
wind distortion by 0.25 kc. In all cases considered, the average gra-
dient on the antenna conductors fell below the design limit (average
not to exceed 0.65 lev /mm), with the lllaximum value exceeding the
tolerable limit (maxirnuln not to exceed 0.80 kv/mm) only for full-
power operation with 5-panels and for m.axilnum wind distortion. Since
the full-po-'lIer requirement is relaxed for 5-panel operation, this rep-
resents no problem. (sec Seciiull J. 3. 1) gl'adieiit
under wind distortion was not considered intolerable considering the
relative infrequency with which su.ch such high winds are incident to
the site.
6-4
Appendix A: MODEL DATA
This appendix contains the data obtained on the VLF-PAC model
during the measurement program. Table A-1 presents the effective
heights, static capacitances, and resonant frequencies for Tests 21
through 39; tower heights, number of panels, and dates of tests, are abo
included. Table A-2 presents a tabulation of the base reactances meas-
ured on the model at various stages of development.
Detailed descriptions of the test procedures and theoretical back-
ground are given in other sections of this report; however, certain com-
ments are repeated here for refercnc8.
o Effective heights - An average was taken of several runs
made on each test. This average was corrected for the effect of the input
susceptance of the cathode follower driving the voltmeter.
Static capacitances -- The average of several readings was
divided by 1. 027 to correct for the effect of the wires on the model being
slightly larger than 1/100 of the full-scale size.
- The resonant frequency was obtained
by interpolating to the frequency at which the measured base reactance was
zero.
Measured base impedances .- The resistive term is tabu-
lated for completeness only, but should not be considered indicative of radia-
tion reRistance or full-scale losses because of the i.nability to accurat.ely
model ground plane and cable conductivities.
A-1
TABLE A-1
Model Data Summary
Test
No. Date Test Conditions
21 2.9 Mar. 162 o?eraticn :,;ingle bushing, .Modeled T /KB
See Note 3
22 2 Apr. '62 "Normal" operation, sir gle bushing
23 II May '62 T / HB enlarged. two bus :lings
24 Z3 '62 T/HB enlarged, two bushings
20 25 May '62 T/HB enlarged, two bus:ungs
26 28 May '62 Ne-w top hat with inc rea.:: ed sags
27 31 '62 New top hat with ed sags
28 1 June '62 New top hat with inc rea! ed sags
29 6 June '62 Raised "B
TI
To......er 2.0'
30 6 June '62 Raised "Bit Tower 2.0'
31 7 June '62 Raised '13" Tower 2.0'
::.>
32 7 June '62 Meaaured at Hoor T /HB through one bushing
I 33 B June '62 "Block and Tackle" in:3t3.11ed on Panel "An
N
'62 Revised dov.nlead pull-eli structures to 4-1egged version 34 14 June
35 26 June '62 36 wood poles in place f:;lr willa distortion
36 9 July '62 130 mph wind distortec. :ondition
37 27 July '62 Critical fan-to-guy spacing (Panel "D
tl
) increased to 45'
38 2.8 July '62 Critical fan-to-guy spacing (Panel "D") increased to 70
39 12 July '62 Observe shift in resonant frequency due to
simulated tuning networ:<:.
Measuring
Point
(Note 1)
a
b
b
b
d
a
b
Effective Static Resonant
Height Capacitance Frequency
(eO!t) Co hJ.f) f, (kc)
625. 0.1451 33.05
625. 0.1633 32.18
637. 0.1647 29.60
6L;J,. 0.1634 33.70
622. 0.1634 32.25
610. 0.1642 32.45
607. 0.1638 33.57
608. 0.1647 29.43
623. 0.1644 29.45
627. 0.1630 33.85
629. 0.1633 32.45
627. 0.1630 31.95
629. 0.1630 31. 95
628. 0.1638 32.28
619. 0.1640 32.28
685. 0.1575 30.68
See Note 4.
See Note 4.
28.25
C
1271 ieet
12'71 ieet
2.
Notes:
1. Measuring Points
a. :-rormal, at Transmitter /Helix Building floor.
b. Through sirrr.ulated tuning/coupling circuitJ y.
c. At tie bar between two entranc e bushing s.
d. At T::-ansrnitter/Helix Building floor. with only one t:ntrance bushing used (as for eme::gency operation).
The full-scale tower heights were as follows.
A B
Test:=; 21-28 996' feet 1175 fet:t
Tests 29-39 996 feet 1195 feet
3. All tests ...... ere for 6-panel operation, except tt st 21, "... hicb was run with 5 pa:c.els.
4. Tests 37 and 38 ...... ere for gradient studies only.
5. Corre:ted model antenna data scaled to full-sized anter.na.
6. Tests 21 through 25 for Top Hat 1; 'ests 26 thlough 28 for Top Hat Il; tests 29 through 39 for Top Hat III.
TABLE A-2
Measured Base Impedance (Referred to Full-Scale Antenna)
TEST 21
Frequency
KC
10. 00
12. 45
14. 00
17. 50
20. 00
22. 50
25.05
27.50
30. 00
31. 00
TEST Z2
Impedance
Ohms
0.21 - jl02. 0
0.20 - j77. 9
NR - j66. 1
0.36 - j47. 2
0.41-j35.0
O. 50 - j2.6. 9
0.55 - j19.8
0.65 - j13. 1
0.79 - j6. 87
0.85. - j1. 81
Frequency
KG
31. 50
32.00
32.50
33.00
33.50
34.00
35.00
37.50
40.00
Irnpedancc
Ohms
0.86-j3.82
0.89-j2.19
0.91 - j1. 54
0.92 - jO. 15
0.97 + jO. 75
0.99+j1.80
1. 03 + j4. 00
1. 2.0 + j8. 55
1.40 +j13.0
Frequency Impedance
KC Ohms
10. 00 ------:O,.....--:-1
7
6-_-:-j8=-8:-.-0=--
iZ.45 0.24 - j66. 7
14.00 NR-j57.1
17.50 0.32 - j38. 9
2.0.00 0.40 - j30. 0
ZZ.50 0.48 - j22.. 7
25.05 0.55 - .i15. 6
27.50 0.62-j9.83
30.00 0.76 - j4. 33
TEST 2.3
Frequency
KG
31. 50
32.00
32.25
32.50
33.00
35.00
37.50
40.00
Inlpcdance
Ohms
0.85 - j 1. 43
0.88 - j O. 41
0.88 + jO. 0(,
0.90 + jO. (,2.
0.92+j1.50
1. 01 + j5. 23
1.20 +jl0.0
1.40tj14.0
Frequency
KC
10.00
14.00
20.00
25. 00
28.90
NR - No Reading
Impedance
OhlTIS
NR - j86. 0
NR-j50.0
0.40 - j26. 0
0.65 - jl1.2
0.79 - .i2. 1

A-3
Frequency
KG
29.50
29.60
30.00
35.00
40.00
Impedance
Ohms
0.80-jO.3
0.81 +jO.
0.82+j1.3
1.10+j11.7
1.50 +j21.0
TABLE A-2 (Cant.)
TEST 24
Frequency
KG
10.00
14.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
12.0U
Itnpedance
Ohms
0.23-j86.0
0.30 - j55. 7
0.40-j31.0
0.59-j17.6
0.79-j6.67
0.88-j3.12
Frequency
KG
33.50
33.70
33.75
34.00
35.00
40.00
Irnpedance
Ohn1s
O. 92 - j O. 30
0.95+jO.
0.92+jO.1
0.93+jO.59
1. 01 + j2. 88
1.42 +j10.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST 25
Frequency Impedance
KG Ohms
Frequency
KG
Itnpedanc e
Ohms
0.90-jO.63
O.')O+jO.
1.02 +j5.29
1. 58 + j 13. 5
12.00
32.25
35.00
40. 00
10.00 0.25-j85.0
14.00 NR - j55. 0
20.00 0.42 - j29. 5
25.00 0.49 - j15. 6
30.00 0.80 - j4. 66
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST 26
FI'cquency Impedance
KC Ohms
Frequency
KG
Impedance
Ohins
0.80 - j O. 78
0.89 I j O.
1. 00 + j4. 85
1.52 +j13.4
32.00
32. 45
35.00
40. 00
10.00 0.18 - j85. 0
14.00 NR - j55. 0
20.00 0.41 - j29. 5
25.00 0.58 - j15. 8
:?g:gg----- ~ : 7 7 _ - j5. 00
--------------------------------------------------
TEST 27
Frequency
l<;C
10. 00
14.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Impedance
Ohms
0.18 - j85. 5
NR-j55.7
0.39-j31.0
O. 57 - j 17. 2
0.77-j7.00
Frequency
KG
32.00
33.55
33.60
35.00
40.00
Im.pedance
Ohlns
0.86 - j3. 1
0.90+jO.
0.91 +jO.
0.99 +j2.H6
1.45 +j1L5
------------------------------------------------------------------------.-
NR - No Reading
A-4
TABLE A-2 (Cont.)
TEST 28
Frequency Impedance Frequency Inlpedance
KG Ohms KG Ohms
10.00 0.18 - j82. 0 29.40 0.79 + j O ~
14.00 NR-j51.4 29.45 O.80+jO.
20.00 0.43 - j25. 5 30.00 0.81 -\ j1. 3
25.00 0.61 - jiO. 4 35.00 1. 07 + jE. 0
29.00 0.78 - jO. 86 40.00 1. 53 + j21. 5
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
TEST 29
Frequency
KG
10.00
14.00
20.00
25.00
29.00
29.45
Impedance
Ohms
0.20-j87.5
NR - j52. 1
O. 45 - j 25. 5
0.b1-jl0.8
0.80-j1.0
0.82 + jO.
Frequency
KG
29.50
29.60
29.70
30.00
35.00
40.00
bnpedance
Ohms
O. 81 + j O.
0.81+jO.34
0.82 + jO. 60
O. 83 I j 1. 3
1. 09 + j1l. 0
1. 58 + j21. 8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST 30
Frequency
KG
10. 00
14.00
20.00
25.00
30. 00
32. 00
Impedance
Ohms
0.20 - j86. 5
NR - j56. 1
0.40 - j31. 5
O. 58 - j 18. 0
0.79-j7.14
0.88 - j 3. 28
Frequency
KC
33.60
33.75
33.85
35.00
40.00
bnpcdancc
Ohms
0.93 - jO. 41)
0.94 - jO. 1
0.95+jO.0
1. 01 + j2. 0
1.48 +j10.5
--------------------------------- ------
---------------------------------
TEST 31
Frequency
KG
10. 00
14.00
20. 00
Impedance
Ohms
0.20 - j85. 5
NR-j55.0
0.41 - j29. 5
Frequency
KG
25.00
30.00
32.45
Irnpcdancc
Ohms
0.59 - j15.8
0.79 - j5. 00
0.90+jO.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST 32
Frequency
KG
31. 95
32. 15
32. 30
Im.pedance
Ohms
0.89+jO.
0.90 +jO.31.
0.90 + j O. 62
Frequency
KG
32.40
34.00
IlTlpedance
Ohms
0.91 +jO.77
1. 00 + j4. 11
-----------------_._-------------------------------------------------------
NR - No Reading
A-5
TABLE A-2 (Cont.)
TEST 33
Frequency
KG
31. 95
IITlpedance
Ohms
0.90+jO.
Frequency
KG
lrnpedance
Ohms
-------------------------------------------_ .. _---------------- .. _--------
TEST 34
Frequency IITlpedance Frequency Impedance
KG Ohms KG Ohms
10. 00 0.23 - j85. 0 32.00 0.89 - jO. 62
14.00 NR - j55 32.28 0.90 + jO.
20.00 0.42 - j29.5 32.45 0.91 +jO.46
25.00 0.58 - j15. 8 35.00 1. 03 + j5.:l.4
J:.52jJ.}.. 'L __
TEST 35
Frequency bnpedance Frequency Impedance
KG Ohms KG Ohms
32. 00 0.88 - jO. 62
32.28 0.90 + jO.

TEST 36
Frequency
KG
10.00
14. 00
20.00
25.00
27.00
30.00
Impedance
OhITls
0.19-j87.0
NR-j55.0
0.49 - j28. 5
0.68 -j13.2
0.79 - j8. 15
0.93 - j1. 5
F"equency
KG

30.68
30.80
:15.00
40.00
Impedance
OhITls
... r.... .""?")
v. '1':) ... JU. J-J
0.98 + jO.
1.00+jO.32
1. 24 + j9. 71
2.20+j16.0

TEST 39
Frequency
KG
10.00
14.00
20.00
25.00
28.00
28.25
Impedance
Ohms
0.22 - j85. 0

0.53 - j24. 5
0.72 - j8. 40
0.90 -jO.54
0.91 + jO.
Frequency
KG
28. 50
29.00
30.00
35.00
40. 00
Impedance
Ohms
0.92 +jO.70
0.97 + j2. 1
1. 02 + j4. 34
1.32 +j16.3
2.17 + j24. 3
---------------------------------------_ .. _-------------------------------
NR - No Reading
A-6
Appendix B: PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS
Short, capacitively loaded antennas of the type considered in this
report are conveniently characterized by the antenna capacitance C and
a
The antenna capacitance deterrnincs the input the effective height h
a
reactance (for frequencies much below resonance f ) and, hence, the volt-
a
a ges which result from the current developed on the radiator. The low
values of radiation resistance R which result from short antennas require
a
large currents to develop appreciable quantities of radiated power. The
top loading, then, is a practical necessity to luaintain tolerable voltages
under this situation and also, as will be shown, a vital factor in provid-
ing sufficient radiation bandwidth bw .
a
Effective He.ight
The effective heigl,.; depends jointly on the physical length of the
vertical radiator and on the current distribution. If the current clistri-
bution as a function of elevation z is I(z) and the physical height is II,
then
h
a
1
I
a
II
X
o
I(z) clz .
(.13-1)
Where I
o
1(0), i. e., the value of the base current.
For a short, thin radiator I(z) tapers linearly frorn a maxirnum
at the base to zero at the top so that
h
a
H/2 (Short, Thin Monopole) (B-2)
However, if the top loading capacitance C is increased sufficiently,
o
the effective height may be made to approach the physical height.
H (B- 3)
B-1
Practically, the effective height is considerably less than the phy-
sical height as a result of both a practical limiation on antenna capaci-
tance and, more important, a loss in effective height resulting from cur'-
rents in grounded towers and guys. As an approximation, the gross effect
of the oppositely sensed (with respect to the downlead current) currents
in grounded structures may be considered as altering the current distl'i-
bution, I(z), and thereby reducing the effective height.
An alternate definition of effective height which lends itself to two-
terminal measurements is in terms of the open-circuit base voltage Vb
and the incident, vertically polarized, electric field E .
1
h '" Vb/E, (B-1)
o 1
This definition is identical to Equation B-1 for short antennas. Equation
B-4 is easier to apply experientally since it requires only two measure-
ments, (i. e., base voltage and incident field) whereas Equation B-1 re-
quires a knowledge of all currents on the antenna and nearby structures.
Radiation Resistance
The radiation resistance R is defined in terms of the antenna base
current 1 and the radiated power P
o 0
R = P /1
2
ohms
o 0 0
(B-5)
Here P is the summation of the incident power over a closed surface
a
surrounding the antenna.
For short monopole antennas, the radiation re sistance is given
by
R = 160 n
2
(h /A)2 ohms
o 0
B-2
(B-6)
Considering Equations B-2, B-3, and B-6, it becomes apparent
that top loading can increase the radiation resistance by as rnm:h as f O L ~ r
times. This result may be obtained by integrating the total radiated power.
Although this integration can theoretically be performed over any converi-
ient surface, it is simpler to develop far-field (Fraunhofer Region) ex-
pressions for the radiation field and perform the summation of incident
power essentially at infinite distance.
Base Current
Having determined the radiation resistance, the base current can
be expre ssed in terms of the required radiated power P
o
Top Hat Voltage
I = ~ P /R
o 0 0
alnps. (B-7)
Referring to the basic equivalent circuit shown in Figure B-1,
the voltage at the top hat (V) appears across the antenna capacitance.
t
Resonant Frequency
V - I fmC volts.
t 0' 0
(B-8)
Since the antenna and downleacls have some inductance, the antenna
will have a resonant frequency f given by
a
Base Voltage
f
o
1
2n"fLC cps.
o 0
(B-9)
Using the resonant frequency, the base voltage Vb is related to
the top hat voltage as
B-3
~
~ > R
o
= RADIATION RESiSTANCE

DEtD 43-21 630412 TH J.

L
o
= ANTENNA INDUCTANCE
I
: ~ 1. Co 0 ANTENNA CAPACITANCE
I 0
I
I
I
1 .""
T vV
I R
L
= LOSS RESISTANCE
Figure B-1 BASIC EQUIVALENT CiRCUIT
B-4
(B-10)
Thus,the base voltage is less than the top voltage for frequencies below
resonance and approaches zero (i. e. limited only by the relatively sluall
resistance) at resonance. Equations B-8 through B-10 neglect the effects
of the resistance since, for short antennas, they are not significant in
determining the lUagnitude of the input impedance.
Antenna Q
The bandwidth of the basic antenna, neglecting loss resistance
R
L
is derived frolU the antenna Q, where
Bandwidth
Q
1/wR C
o a
(R-11)
The half-power bandwidth (bw ) for the undalupcd antenna is then
o
given by
bw
a
f
Q
wR C f cps.
o a
(13 -1 Z)
The actual bandwidth bw of a particular antenna is greater than
the value indicated by B-iZ. Ab ct i"coulL vI Lhe dalUping effect
of loss resistance R
L
, where R
L
is referred to the antenna circuit as
shown in Figure B-1. Under this condition, the operating bandwidth is
inversely proportional to the radiation efficiency 11,
bw
bw
a
(B-i3)
Here the radiation efficiency is given by:
R
o

a
usually expressed as a percentage.
B-5
(B-14)
Conductor Surface Gradient
Figure B- 2 depicts a typical cylindrical conductor section whose
length L is much greater than its radius r, all dimensions being much
less than the wavelength A. The relation between the displacement cur-
rent density and the electric field gradient at the conductor surface will
be developed in terms of measurable quantities.
Writing Maxwell's first equation,
curl H oE +
aE
-
at
(B -15)
0"", for" RinllRoirlr111y tiTIlA varying fiplrl,
curl H = oE + jWE (B -16)
If we further restrict 0 = 0 for application to the non-conducting space
surrounding the conductor,
curl H = jWE (B-17)
At the s U ~ ' f a c e of a perfect conductor, only the normal component
of the electric field is present E. For this component, which is orcli-
p
narily referred to as the gradient,
curl H = jwE (B-18)
P P
(Note that E is the generalized vector, E being the p component. )
p
Expanding,
curl H
P
jwE
P
(B -19)
This is further simplified by noting that for a long conductor
HZ 0, reducing the expression to
-jW E
P
B-6
(B-20)
Deco (3-21 TH B
p
p
E
p
=SURFACE COMPONENT '"
OF ELECTRIC FIELD
IT)
f),Z
I
L
.,Z
7 _ I
r I
to
I
-..J
Fi gura B-2 INCREMENTAL SECTION OF A LONG CONDUCTOR
SHOY/IN:] CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (p, cf;, Z).
Near the 'surface of a long thin cylindrical conductor carrying
current at a low frequency such that the radii of interest are luuch less
than the radian length (1' << A/ Zn) the quasi- stationary field predominate s
and is given by
I
Z
H
1
= -- amps/meter
rp Znr
InR",rting thiR relation into F:qnation B-ZO yields
(B-2! )
IE I
p
1 dI
Z
2nrWE: ClZ volts/meter.
(B-22)
Since the magnitude of the radial field is the critical factor in
corona formation, the absolute value is given in Equation B-2Z.
In practice, the partial derivative in Equation B-Z2 can be approxi-
mated by measuring the change in current ('lIZ) over a small but finite
increm.ent of conductor length (6Z). Thi s yields a useful approximation:
(B-23)
Equation B-23 yields the conclllrtr,,' Rllrface gladip!').t Or!. <:\n incre-
mental length of conductor. If a large number of similar conductors are
involved, as in an antenna top hat, it i8 useful to be able to obtain an aver-
age value of the surface field. For thi"s purpose, the incremental quan-
tities l'II
Z
' 6.Z are replaced by the total base current 1
0
and the total length
of elevated conductor L. This yields the average gradient
1 I
E = -Z-- ( La ) volts/meter.
p nrWE:
(B-24)
Obviously, if the incremental displacement per unit length 6.I
Z
is uniform,
then Equations B-Z3 and B-Z4 give identical results. "In practice, however,
it is not usually possible to maintain a uniform gradient, so that the value
given by B-Z4 is a rough approximation useful only for estimating
purposes.
B-8
Appendix C: ANTENNA EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The use of equivalent circuits simplifies sonle antenna probleITIs
by characterizing a physical structure involving distributed parameters
by a IUITIped-parameter equivalent. VLF antennas of the type considered
in this report are represented approximately by a simple series L-C cir-
cuit with small series resistances representing radiation and loss com-
ponents. The resistance properties depend strongly upon the frequency,
so that the equivalent resistance must also vary with frequency. How-
ever, the equivalent reactive cOITIponents are relatively independent of
frequency, so that one circuit can be used to describe the reactance
properties of the antenna over thc entire frequency range.
Figure C-1 (A) shows a simple or basic equivalent vlf antenna
curcuit consisting of lumped inductance L
o
, capacitance Co' and resist-
ances R
o
, R
L
Except for the previously noted variation in the resistance
values, this circuit is usually a close approximation for any vertical
radiator whose length is short compared to a wavelength. A convenient
technique for handling iITIpedance data rOITI such a circuit is shown in
Figure C-1 (B) in which the base reactance-frequency product is plotted
as a function of frequency squared. For this circuit, the input, or base,
reactance-frequency product is
fX 2nL
o
fl - 1 / 2nC
o
(C-1)
which is linear in f2, with a zero-frequency intercept of - 1/2TTC
o
and a slope of 2TTL
o
' as shown in Figure C-1 (B). For this circuit, the
static capacitance Co and the resonant frequency fa provide two easily
measured points which determine the reactance at any frequency at
which the antenna cur rent distribution is approxiITIately linear.
C-1
DECO 43-21 63040B TH A
f2 _ fREOUENCY SQUARED
/
INTERCEPT = de;
I L
o
= ANTENNA INDUCTANCE
I
~ Co = ANTENNA
! JCAPACITAUC[
W
Ro = RADIATION
I RESiSTANCE
I
I
I R
l
= LOSS RESiSTANCE
I
ACCESSiBLE TERMINALS
(BUSHINQ ENTRANCE)
';:'
z
+
~
T
~
w
-
~
...
!
I'
w
u
z
~
~
u
~
u,
n'
W
'"
~
'"
=:
0-
I 2
o
(A)
F1aure C-1
( B)
BASIC EQUIVALENT CiRCUIT
f 2
,
f2 - FREQUENCY SQUARED
D -
~
,/ ACTUAl 1NTERCEPT =
/ I
~ 2rr(C
o
+Cb)
/ I
,/ EXTRAPOLATEO INTERCEPT = b!c
+-------1- 0
w
u
z
~
>-
u
~
w
-
- ,
T SLOPE - 2rrl
o
=> ., +----------"JI"
~ !
~ I
I R
L
= LOSS RESISTANCE
I
ACCESSI aLE TERMI NAlS
(BUSHING ENTRANCE)
(A) (B)
Fliure C-2 REFINED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT INCLUDING NEAR-BASE CAPACITANCE
C-2
It was found that extensive data taken fron1. base-reactance meas-
urem.ents on the scale vl antenna m.odel described in this report showed
an appreciable departure from. the expected values indicated by Figure
C-1 (B), particularly as the frequency approached zero. Precise meas-
urernents of the static capacitance (Section 2.2.2), and the base react-
ance in the operating frequency range (Section 2. 2.3) revealed an appar-
ent excess capacitance at the lower frequencies. This suggested an
additional capacitance element in the equivalent circuit across the input
on the input. side of the antenna inductance. This additional capacitance
C
b
is referred to as "near-base" capacitance.
Figure C-2 (A) shows a refined equivalent circuit includine rI.
near-base capacitor. This additional capacitance is attributed to the
long, horizontal busses and the insulators and support structures
associated with the buswork over the Transm.itter /Helix Building. For
this model, the near-base capacitance is much less than the antenna, or
top hat, capacitance. For this situation, the variation of reactance with
frequency in the region near resonance is relatively independent of Cb.
Thus, as shown in Figure C-2 (B), extrapolating frorn the near-reso-
pGX"tiOrl of the rcu..ctancc-fi:c:;qu-C;JH... y \...ULVt:: :-.;huulJ yield a zero-
frequency intercept depending only on the antenna capacitance, that is
- 1/2TTC
O
' The actual intercept, however, will yield a value related to
the sum of both capacitances,
Lim fX
t ~ O
1
(C-2)
The above discussion descrihes one technique for deriving a
three-element equivalent (reactance) circuit from measured data.
This proc.edure was applied to model data and found to provide an accur-
ate representation of the reactance variation with frequency.
C-3
In the developrnent of the equivalent circuit, it should be noted
that two rninor corrections were applied to the Inouel base-reactance
data:
(a) Corrected data is referred to the bushing entrance point
rather than the T IBB floor terrninal. Cornpa.ring data frorn Tests 30
and 31 reveals an equivalent inductance of approxirnately 11.3 f.Lh (full
scale) for the floor-to-bushing rnodellead. This arnounts to about 1. 4
ohms at 15.5 kc.
(b) The model wire diameter was 1. 4 times the scaled diameter.
This inc rease model capacitances by approxirnately 2.7 percent. The
corrected data reflects an appropriate reduction.
The base reactance data of Test 34 (referred to full scale) is
shown in Figure C-3 to i.ndicate the way in whi.ch the equivalent circuit
values were determined. The plot of the base reactance-frequency
product as a function of frequency squared shown in Figure C-3 exhibits
the departure from a straight line previously noted. Specifically, the
actual zero-frequency intercept indicates a static capacitance C
a
of
0.1711 Il-f while the near-resonance extrapolation indicates only 0.1530
f.lf for the antenna or top hat capacitance Co' The difference, 0.0181 Il-f,
is attributed to near-base capacitance Cb. Correcting for the wire-
diameter modeling discrepancy yields:
Co = 0.1490 f.Lf
Cb = O. 0 176 J.Lf
Ca 0.1666 f.Lf
The resonant frequency f
o
becornes 33.8 kc after the data is
referred to the bushing entrance point. Note that the wire diameter
discrepancy does not change the resonant frequency due to compen-
sating changes in inductance and capacitance.
C-4
IIEtO 0-21 LHUa tM A.
tHe lOCO '00 600 .00 zoo
iJd -
l-
f--
iHOlE: lE1l 31 WI REF!IREo 10 BUSHIHO
If IULlSCUE IMTUU

I
/

MEU lESOHUC -
"f
-
I H'.'
11.46 I 10' I

p
/
f-
I
r---- --
..
---- ----- c----
1---------
.. w'/
- - - ---
,/../"
1----- ----- -"1/ -- ---- --- --- ---
[/ 1 ...

:-1--'
---
..""/
t '
I

--G ---
__ 1 10'- 2-(C.'C,) I h
(
I
=--E' 1iJ
211C
o
I
200
3BO
'00
-600
10.
-IOC
- 500
-300
- 200
BOO
-900
'1100
o
-I DOG
FHQUMCl 1M SQUARED
Figure 0-3 DERIVATIUN OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
C-5
The effect of the additional near-base capacitance on the perform-
ance of the antenna is not great for the val.ues obtained. The apparent
effective height becomes slightly frequency dependent because of the
loading effect of the near-base capacitance. However, this will only
result in a variation of about 5 percent over the frequency range of
interest. Compansating changE:s in apparent effective height aUlI Htatlc
capacitance introduced by Cb result in the saTTle unloaded antenna band-
width. Other performance characteristics reflect negligible differences
when cOlllputed from the circuits of Figures C-1 (A) and C-2 (A).
C-6
Appendix D: INVESTIGATION OF VLF FIELD DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of surface current density (Hfield) and the
distribution of vertical electric intensity (E-field) were determined in
the central region of the scale model. In accordance with Navy dlrec
tions, the area inve stigated was limited to that in the immediate vicinity
of the Transmitter IHelix Building and a sector under one downlead.
Figures D-i and D-2 indicate these general areas as well as the nlodel
T IRB configuration during measurements. Within the limits of the
structural variations considered in the model program, the final shape
of the building and the top hat are not expected to create any significant
differences in the While the hoist hou::;e::; at the T IHB were not
included at the time or modeling, any deviations of current magnitudes or
directions crea.ted by their addition in actual installation are not expected
to be of any prinlary consequence.
Figure D-i shows the distribution o[ surface current density ill
the vicinity of the T IBB with the given in amperes per meter,
normalized to a base current of 2540 anlperes, with the direction of sur-
f::.rp rllrnmt inrlicated at each point of nleasurem,,:nt.
In the near vicinity of the T/I-IB, the H-field distribution is sym-
metrical about the center Hue. Beyond the influence of the building,
field symmetry is governed by the distribution of towers and guys. Near
the center tower guys, 120degree sectors of symmetry center along the
center tower guy planes; in the vicinity of the intermediate lowers and
beyond, 60-degree sectors of sym=etry center along radials passing
through eaL:h 11llel'11lediate tower.
In addition to the field distribution on the roof and grotmd =at,
shown in plan view in Figure D-1, the magnitude and direction of current
D-i
/'
AI,

"
;( .
0

H;
d\
f


.'

I
I
y,
I ..
; It'
:; ..../
j;'/
,r

1//
/ ..'
I .:f

/ ;t
,
I

I
=;
/
I
:<
H
/'


i"


:f
b
D-2
C!I
:z
c::l
....
::>
ID
><
-'
LU
=
"-
a:
....
.....
.....
=:IE
v.>
:z:
-e
a:
.....
u.
10
:r
>-
=:
:z:
=
>-
LLJ
. :>:
;.._.
;z:
::z
c:>
.....
ID
a:
.....
v.>
CI
=
....
UJ
lL-
I
=
I
c
CD
,..,
bIl
.....
I
.
~
~
~
0
',"
.
",
: ~
.;,\!
~ ,
.'
~ . :-:.
t. j. ~ . :.
;. j-'
=
a::>
....
c::>
>-
UJ
=
t--
....
1
....
N
I
CI
L
~ ,
D-3
"
Q)
...
:::J
bIl
......
dens ity is also shown along the center line of the T /HB exterior walls.
Radio frequency currents display a tendency toward concentration in the
salient areas of irregular conductors (i. e. , those protruding beyond a
circle of equal area). This effect is indicated in Figure D-1 by a plot
of surface current density along one side and to the center line of each
end of the T/HB exterior. Loss studies which guided the distrihl1t;Cln of
conductors on the T /HB and in the ground system immediately beyond
were based on the m e a ~ u r e d data. In accordance with the field data, the
ground system design displays a concentration of buried conductors near
the building corners and some departure from true-radial directions in
accordance with the measured magnitude and direction of surface current.
Figure D-Z is a plot ofE-field distribution near the surface in the
vicinity of the T /HB. The electric fielc'l magnitude at each point of meas-
urement is given in volts per meter and is norrnal to the surface. Axes
of E-field symmetry exists identical to those previously described in the
I-I-field measurements. The values shown are normalizec'l to full power
operation at 15.5 kc.
Although measurements of E- and H-fields in typical sectors
beyond the T/HB vicinity and the exploration of tower and guy resonances
were originally proposed, they were deleted at the direction of cogniy,ant
Navy offices. It was felt that tLe similarity with the existing Cutler
facility was sufficient to preclude the need for such studies.
D-4
Thb pr('"enl'-' the l"l'"ults of the i1ntC'llna. nlodcl study which
was out for the development of t.he design of the VLF PAC antenna.
Beginning with an evaluation of the initial coniiguration (Section 5. 1) this
study includes the results of a continuous modd program involving
detailed structural revisions which occurred as part of the refined design.
These revisions included changes in top hat shape, intermediate tower
elevations, entrance bushings and Transmitter/Helix Building. In gen-
, ' . e:tal, thE!"""eIfrcr;-6f such revisions were reflected by relatively minor
changes in electrical performance as derived model measurements.
Consequently, the measurement of some which
were not considered of primary importanc e or were not expected to I
change appreciably were not repeated for the final revisions.
For comparison, Tabie 6-1 summarizes both the predicted full-
scale basic antenna parameters and the derived operating characteristics
relating to full-power (1 megawatt radiated) operation at the design
frequency (15.5 kc). This data is given for (a) normal (6 panel, no wind)
operation, (b) emergency (5 panel, no wind) operation, and (c) for the
condition r 6 panels and maximum wini! (1.30 mph) distortion. The
normal and wind-distorted data w"re obtained from the final model
with all pertinent revisions included. However, the emergency con-
dition was evaluated only on the initial configuration. Since no major
changes determined in the performance for the normal condition
(compare, for example, the results of Tests 22 and 34) it was consid-
ered unnecessary to repeat the enlergency measurements.
The base reactance values shown in Table \-1 include all
corrections and nrc rcfcrrcJ tu the bushIng ('nt 1 on Ih(' antenna.
Figure 6-1 is a plot of the corrected input reactande over the entire
\
\
. 6-1
E-Z
--,.,
-0
.... -
-
.... -
"" ....
COl --
zu
::0 N
.....
...II
"">
c:a :00:
c::>
=- .....
oa
-
z:z::
z_
... -
--
Z
"C

....
...
....
:::>
...
....
r-----------.... -----
DECO 43-1 63D226 8ft
..
. . . j
L
, ,

,
o
20
-80
, ' . , '. " , ,. , ,. i",t, .I,lt!':'
: ; ; '1 '. ' , !., :. I.: .. t d t iH 11+. '.
,.",j.'J .. ,',! "'.. +I"".'I'.III"'lIjl\l+Hi:'
,I.." " , i I' ,01 I Wj 1jqtttfu
;. ;. I. ;. i. t. rttt. i. I 111 LIi II' 11tl.:
: : : : :1' 'I . 'p' 'IL"',; :;;;! II.;; \ltitjj.;.r'Ulj+l:
,.".\ S X UE S, p "r,ltt:
t-----+--+-t--......
i ... .. ::;: i ij!30 MPH .'"D II !J I,
t' .t.: t__ , lLL
r
l
1
j
.1; 1\: j 11 l! .HI tl
+", , ,,",' IlIITI'
+ it' .,. " , , : : I ' I! II'.! I,,:r l.' I.. ':j . j t q;
1
1
, I , , I ' !.." ri J.I ,j , . t + , I II.
,I'"" i',)1 'l; LJ"r!'qt" Hilt
l
'
-20 Hr-+............ .......
! ' I j , : ; i [1 IU 4'1 1 j 1 I;
; :; , j I j : : , : f1+rl1ffilftjjtfH:81' iffiffil:1
I--l----<r-I--l--j--f-+-....-l- .
f-- '-1 ::: 1I : ; :. 1 :1.. i1tn .t
-- -- t ! 1 I ! I. t t ,r . ,t H to'ftt II
. ,., '1"'-"'" III. Ii, lll.li!
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FREOUUCY - IC
30 40
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Fllur. 6-1 lASE REACTANCE AS AFUMCTIOM FREQUEMCY
As an example of the detail obtained in this study, consider the
photographs appearing in Figures E-2 and E-3. Figure E-2 shows an
overall view of the model under maximum wind distortion with the
obsE:rver looking toward the center tower from just beyond an outer
tower of panel No.2. (The large bright spot near the upper part of
the photograph is caused by the moon.) This study was made with 30
kv excitatiun. Faint traces of corona are visible on the panel with
brighter indications along the No. 2 panel downlead where it approaches
the center tower guys to within 20 feet. Figure E-3 shows a close-up
of the critical downleads (two panels are distorted identically under the
wind condition studied), indicating clearly the extent of corona in this
area.
Further study of thl, problem areas was carried out using the
current distribution method to develop quantitative information relating
to corona formation.
E-4
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E-5
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Na. 2 'ANEL DGWNLAD UNDER MAXIMUM liND D l l r O ~ T I D '
WITH 30 KY EXCITATION
-6
'Best Available Copy