Boiler Automation of Temperature Control, Water Level and Control Systems using Microcontroller

INTRODUCTION A boiler or steam generator is employed wherever a source of system is required. A boiler incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat. The heat is initially transferred to water to make steam, this produces saturated steam at equilibrium temperature. Higher the furnace temperature, faster the steam production. The saturated steam thus produced can either be used immediately to produce power via a turbine and alternator, or else may be further superheated to a higher temperature. This notably reduces suspended water content making a given volume of steam produce more work. In this project, we propose the parameters like the temperature of the steam, the level of water, control of feed water pump. Pressure of the steam has to be measured and critically monitored for reliable and safe operation of the generation unit. This kind of operation with critical importance can be carried out efficiently and implemented employing Microcontroller.

Table of Contents
Definition of Sensor...................................................................................................................................... 1 Level Sensor Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor ................................................................................................................................. 2 Features of Sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Level Sensor .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor ................................................................................................................................. 6 Different Sections of the Project.7 Boiler Section.8 Controlling Section. . . . . . . . 9 Water Supply System..10 Power Supply Section.11 Stages of Project Design.12

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PIR Sensors 3.1 General Description The PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor is a pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring changes in the infrared levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be detected by checking for a high signal on a single I/O pin. 3.2 Features

. Single Bit Output . Small size makes it easy to conceal . Compatible with all Parallax microcontrollers 3.3 Application Ideas . Alarm Systems . Halloween Props . Robotics 3.4 Theory of Operation Pyroelectric devices, such as the PIR sensor, have elements made of crystalline material that generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation. The changes in the amount of infrared striking the element change the voltages generated, which are measured by an onboard amplifier. The device contains a special filter called a Fresnel lens, which focuses the infrared signals onto the element. As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly, the on- board amplifier trips the output to indicate motion.

3.6 Connecting and Testing Connect the 3-pin header to your circuit so that the minus (-) pin connects to ground or Vss, the plus (+) pin connects to +5 volts or Vdd and the OUT pin connects to your microcontrollers I/O pin. One easy way to do this would be to use a standard servo/ LCD extension cable, available seperatley from Parallax(#805-00002). This cable makes it easy to plug sensor into servo headers on our board of education or professional development board. If you use the board of education, be sure the servo voltage jumper ( located between the 2 servo header blocks ) is in the Vdd position, not vin. If you do not have this jumper on your board you should manually connect to Vdd through the breadboard. You may also plug the sensor directly into the edge of the breadboard and connect the signals from there. Remember the position of the pins when you plug the sensor into the breadboard. Once the sensor warms up (settles) the output will remain low until there is motion at which time the output will swing high for a couple of seconds, then return low. If motion continues the output will cycle in this manner until the sensors line of sight of still again. 3.7 Caliberation The PIR sensor requires a warm-up time in order to function properly. This is due to the settling time involved in learning its environment. This could be anywhere from 10-60 seconds. During this time there should be as little motion as possible in the sensors field of view. 3.8 Sensitivity The PIR sensor has a range of approximately 20 feet. This can vary with environmental conditions. The sensor is designed to adjust to slowly changing conditions that would happen normally as the day progresses and the environmental conditions change, but responds by toggling its output when sudden changes occur, such as where there is motion.

4. Hardware Requirements . Microcontroller . PIR . ADC . Buzzer . PC

Microcontroller interfacing with the sub-components

The microcontroller used is AT89s52 The followings are its features: Compatible with MCS-51 products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory-Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully static Operation: 0Hz to 33MHz Three-level Program Memory lock 256*8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming ( BYTE and Page Mode ) Green (Pb / Halide-free) Packaging Option Description: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non volatile memory technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-clip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a sixvector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT889S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but

freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. 40-lead PDIP

Pin Diagram for 40-lead PDIP Mirocontroller

Pin Description VCC Sypply voltage. GND Ground

Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during access to external program and data memory. Int this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1