Numbers

Place Value
Each digit is assigned a place and Each place has a value

Whole Numbers
Numbers constitute the only universal language. - Nathanael West

Each number is unique and must have a unique name. We use a simplified system which makes it easy to remember and to write any number.

Hundreds 1 one hundred

Tens 4 forty

Ones 6 six
7

Natural Numbers
The natural numbers are the numbers used for counting Think of the tally system

Digits
The symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . which we use are called arabic numerals even though they probably originated in India. We use combinations of these symbols or digits in an attempt to represent any number.
2 5

397
Three hundred ninety seven

, ,

,...

The Roman numeral system is just an advanced tally system.

Whole numbers
If we add zero to the counting (natural) numbers we get the whole numbers.

Written Numbers
Written numbers are formed from combinations of the ten digits. 3 4 1 8 9 0 5 6 7

983
Nine hundred eighty three

_, , ,

,...

Digits will have assigned places.

3 6 9

Reading and Writing Numbers

Trillion Million Billion

Each group of three digits is separated by a space or a comma These groups are called periods Each period has a name
10 13

One thousand four hundred thirty nine

872 326 759 387 215

16

Hundreds Tens Trillion Ones

Hundreds Tens Million Ones

Billion

Hundreds Tens Thousand Ones

Thousand

Million

Ones

Hundreds Tens Ones

22,336
Twenty two thousand three hundred thirty six
11

9 319 215

872 326 759 387 215

Each period has three place values within it
14 17

Thousand

Million

9,319,215
Nine million three hundred nineteen thousand two hundred fteen

Ones

What place value is the 8 in this number?

9 319 215
starting at the left read the 3-digit number in each period, say the name of the period, continue ... but dont say ones
12 15

4,829,905
Hundred thousands
18

Hundreds Tens Ones

Ones

Ones

1,439

Thousand

What place value is the 5 in this number?

6+3=9
US GDP - 2011 15,094,000,000,000

654,829,103
Ten millions
19

22

25

Actual really big numbers

Addition
If I take 6 steps

The Number Line

If we label our steps the numbers form a number line.

US population recently 314,160,797

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6+3=9
20 23 26

Addition
and then I take 3 more, how many steps have I taken

Properties of Addition
Commutative Property

World population recently 7,032,828,466

6+3=3+6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

21

24

27

Properties of Addition
Associative Property

Binary Operations
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are binary operations, Meaning that we can work with only two numbers at a time As we shall see we actually will work with only two digits at a time.
28 31

Adding with Carries

33 43 6 7 13 + 11 14 94
1

(4 + 2) + 3 = 4 + (2 + 3)

=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

725 416 7 + 35 1183

34

Identity Property 8+0=8 Closure Property Whole Number + Whole Number Whole Number
29

Column Addition
Line up place values and add vertically starting at the rightmost column.
lined up by place value

Use the Commutative Property to Check

carries

31 43 4 2 6 + 11 7 87

321 13 3 + 232 569

32

12 37 43 9 + 17 106

106 + 37 43 9 17 carries 12
35

Adding Large Numbers

The use of place values means that we have to add digits according to their place value Tens add to tens, hundreds to hundreds, just like You add dollars to dollars and pennies to pennies.

Adding with Carries

47 + 25 72
1
Carry

Using Addition
At the bookstore you spend $65 on a math book, $88 on art books and $19 on supplies. What is the total cost? At a clothing store you spend $69 on a sweatsuit, $29 for tennis shoes and $3 for socks. What is the total bill?
33 36

7 ones + 5 ones = 12 ones (1 ten and 2 ones). Put the 2 in the ones place Carry the 1 ten to the next column 1 ten + 4 tens + 2 tens = 7 tens

30

Subtraction
If we have a board that is 9 feet long and we remove 3 feet how long is it.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
52 -17

Borrowing
you cant subtract a larger number (7) from a smaller number (2)
Borrow 1 ten from the 5 tens, leaving 4 tens

Properties of Subtraction
Definitely not Commutative 7-33-7

9-3=6
37

52 - 17 35

4 12

Add the 1 ten borrowed to the 2 ones, to get 12 ones Now subtract

Subtract A from B, or A less than B means: B A. Definitely not Associative

12 ones 7 ones = 5 ones 4 tens 1 ten = 3 tens

(7 - 4) - 1 7 - (4 - 1)
40 43

Subtraction
To subtract large numbers
Write in column form Subtract starting with ones column When the lower digit is larger than the upper the numbers cant be subtracted Borrow 1 from the next column and and add 10 to upper digit

Borrowing with Zeros

borrows lined up by place value
8 9 9 10

Identity Property 8-0=8 Not Closed either Whole Number - Whole Number Whole Number only sometimes
41 44

9000 -6999 2001

The result is called the difference

38

Subtraction
57 -12 write the digits as columns lined up by place value, and start at the right

Check by Adding
borrows lined up by place value
2 17

Using Subtraction
At the start of your vacation, the odometer in your car reads 55743. When you return it reads 56891. How many miles did you travel? If you earn $750 per week, but have $123 in deductions, how much is your take-home pay?
42 45

57 - 12 45

37 - 19 18
carries

37 19 +18
1

7-2=5

37

39

Multiplication
Multiplication is repeated addition. The result from multiplication is called the product.
If you knock down 9 bowling pins 6 frames in a row, how many total pins did you knock down? 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 54
! !

Multiplication
To multiply large whole numbers
Write in column form Write the number with the most digits on top Multiply starting with ones column When the product is larger than 10 carry the tens digit Use the carried digit to add to the next product
46 49

Carries
4 143 =
1 1

4 7

3 4 16 + 1 = 17 2
4 4 = 16

or
6 9 = 54

factors!

product

52

Properties of Multiplication
Commutative Property 37=73 Associative Property (2 1) 4 = 2 (1 4) Identity Property 81=8
47

Multiplication
4 121 = 1 2 4 8 1 4 4 4 143 =

Carries
1

3 4 2
41=4 4+1=5

50

53

Zero Property 80=0 Closure Property Whole Number Whole Number Whole Number 4 143 =

Carries
1

Larger Numbers
24 143 = 3 4 4 3 = 12 2 +
1

1 2 3 5 8 4
1

4 2 7 6 3

3 4 2 0 2
54

48

51

Useful Shortcut
2 10 = 20 2 100 = 200 2 1000 = 2000 137,452 10,000 = 1374520000 = 1,374,520,000

Long Division

84 4

4 84
55 58

949 13 12345 117 64 52 125 117 8

61

Using Multiplication
If your car needs tires and each tire costs $63, how much will all 4 tires cost? If you have three $50 bills, seven $20 bills, nine $10 bills, six $5 bills and seventeen $1 bills, how much cash do you have?
56

21 4 84 8 4 4 0
59

Using Division
If you drove 637 miles in 13 hours, how many miles did you travel per hour? You brothers loans you $375 at no interest. If you pay off the loan with equal monthly payments over a year, how much would you pay each month?
62

Division
Think of division according to its name dividing something into equal sized pieces. If I have 30 marbles I can divide them into 4 groups of 7 marbles with 2 remaining. You cannot divide 30 marbles into groups of 0 marbles. You REALLY cannot divide by 0.
57

9 6 57 54 3

Rounding
When working with large numbers we often have more digits then we really care about. Rounding is the process of replacing the exact number with one that is close enough to work with.

60

63

If we plot 15,275 on the number line

15,275

Examples
Round 63,427 to the nearest hundred.

Exponents
In the same way that multiplication was shorthand for repeated addition an exponent is used to indicate repeated multiplication. The exponent tells how many times the base is used as a factor. 23 = 2 2 2 2 is the base and 3 the exponent
67 70

15,000

16,000

17,000

we see that 15,275 is closer to 15,000 than to 16,000. Therefore 15,275 rounded to the thousands would be 15,000.
64

Round 76,003 to the nearest ten thousand. Round 1,259,561 to the nearest thousand.

If we look closer
15,275

Estimation
Estimation is used to find an approximate answer.
15,400

Examples
39 is read as 3 to the ninth power 33 can be read as 3 cubed or 3 to the third power 32 can be read as 3 squared or 3 to the second power
68 71

15,200

15,300

we see that 15,275 is closer to 15,300 than to 15,200. Therefore 15,275 rounded to the hundreds would be 15,300.
65

One method of estimating uses Front End Rounding. In this case each number, including the answer, is rounded to its largest place value.

Simpler Process
Locate the rounding digit (mark it) Locate the test digit (to the right of the rounding digit). If the test digit is 5 round up. If test digit is < 5, round down. Zero all digits to the right of the rounding digit.
66

Examples
Use Front End Rounding to estimate 3,714 + 2,489 + 781 + 5,500 + 303 5,284 + 1,376 + 450 + 9,527 + 603

Examples
63 = (6 6 6) 74 = (7 7 7 7) 35 = (3 3 3 3 3) 02 = 0 0
69 72

Examples
12 = 1 22 = 4 32 = 9 42 = 16 52 = 25 62 = 36 72 = 49 82 = 64 92 = 81 102 = 100
73

Examples
1 = 1 4 = 2 9 = 3 16 = 4 25 = 5 36 = 6 49 = 7 64 = 8 81 = 9 100 = 10
76

Multiplication and division are always done left to right. Multiplication is commutative and associative, but division is not. Therefore, you can do problems that only contain multiplication in any order, but if there is division then the order is important.

79

Square Roots
Roots are the inverse of exponents. Remember two squared, 22 = 4 We say that 2 is the square root of 4 If we multiply the square root by itself (square it) we get the original number
74

Order of Operations
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally Parenthesis Exponents and Roots Multiplication and Division (L->R) Addition and Subtraction (L->R)

144 6 2 3 4 = 24 2 3 4 = 48 3 4 = 16 4 = 64
77 80

Radicals
2 is read as square root of 2 2 where the bar covers the number is better, and 2 where the number is inside the radical is best
75

The only difference below is the order of operations. The one on the left is correct. 48 6 2 = =82 = 16 = 48 12 =4

Multiplication and division are always done before addition and subtraction. 8 5 + 7 (8) = 40 + 56 = 96 =

78

81

To get the right answer

Write each step out completely under the previous step. If you skip writing all steps, you will make mistakes.

3 23 + 72 = 3 (2 2 2) + (7 7) = 3 8 + 49 = 24 + 49 = 73
82 85

4 + 2(4 + 2(1 + 2)) = 4 + 2(4 + 2(3)) = 4 + 2(4 + 6) = 4 + 2(10) = 4 + 20 = 24 =

Work the inside parenthesis first Do multiplication before addition Then the next set of parenthesis Multiply before adding

88

Find the mistakes

12 - 4 8 =88 = 64 12 2 3 = 12 6 =2 15 - 3 + 5 = 15 - 8 =7 35-78 = 15 - 7 8 =88 = 64
83

5 (22) - 6 18 + 4 (8 - 3) 4 [ 2 + (9 - 5)] 52 - (4 - 3)2 (5-2) (10-7) 5 (8/2)

86 89

Division bars and radicals act like parenthesis.

Exponents and roots

Exponents are done before multiplication and division. A root is an exponent and also done before multiplication, division, addition or subtraction. Always do parentheses or other grouping symbols first. If there are nested groups, work from the inside out.

When you see a bar for division do the top and bottom and then divide

24-4 2-7 = (24 - 4) (2 - 7) = 20 (2 + -7) = 20 -(7 - 2) = 20 -5 = -4

87 90

84

Problem Solving
Step 1: Understand
Read carefully. Underline or circle key words and numbers. This is the MOST IMPORTANT STEP.

Understand
Devin has 3 times as many CDs as Arlene. Devin has 36 CDs How many does Arlene have?

Step 2: Plan
Decide what operations are needed to solve the problem. Plan your work, trying to find any patterns.
91

Jaylynn had $84 in her savings account. She made a deposit. Her new balance was $107. How much was her deposit?

94

97

Step 3: Solve
Use your understanding of the problem and your plan to solve the problem.

Plan
Devin has 3 times as many. I must divide by 3 to find how many Arlene has.

Step 4: Check
Read your answer within the context of the problem. Does it make sense?

Vicki baked 90 cookies. If there are 15 cookies in each batch. How many batches did she bake?

Solve
36 3 = 12

92

95

98

Devin has 3 times as many CDs as Arlene. If Devin has 36 CDs, how many does Arlene have?

Check
Devin has 3 times as many as Arlene So Devin should have 3 12 = 36

One year the city ambulance responded to emergencies on 293 days. How many days were there no emergencies?

93

96

99

Chris bought items that cost $1, $2, and $5. How much change should Chris receive when paying with a $10 bill?

A car uses gas at a rate of 31 miles per gallon (mpg or mi/gal) and has a 16-gallon tank. How far can it travel on 2 tanks of gas?

The Houston Texans scored 24,36,13,10 and 7 points in their last five games, what is their average points per game?
24 + 36 + 13 + 10 + 7 = 90 90 / 5 = 18

100

103

106

Averages
A pipe 24 ft long is cut into four pieces, the first is 4 ft long, the second is 5 ft long, and the third 7 ft long. What is the length of the remaining piece? To find the average of a list of numbers, add the numbers and divide by how many numbers are in the list

101

104

Multiple Steps
Marisa has grown 2 inches a year for the last two years. She is now seven years old and 43 inches tall. If this growth pattern continues how tall will Marisa be when she is 10 years old? If the scores on your last four math tests were 96, 88, 83 and 93, what is the average of your scores?
96 + 88 + 83 + 93 = 360 360 / 4 = 90

102

105