MSE 308 Thermodynamics of Materials

Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Spring 2005/Bill Knowlton Problem Set 1 Solutions

1. In sections1.3, Gaskell states the final volume, V3, is independent of the order in which the steps to attain V3 are taken. Explain why this is so. Use section 1.2 to help you. Because the state function is an exact differential and the state function is given by equation 1.1 and equation 1.4. In thermodynamics, we only care about comparing the initial state and the final state. We do not care by what path it changes from initial to final. The whole reason we can ignore the path is that exact differentials are path independent. More on this later. 2. In section 1.6, Gaskell gives a brief synopsis of extensive and intensive properties (or variables) of a system. According to his definitions, determine whether the following properties (or variables) are extensive or intensive and explain your reasoning. a. y = y1 = y2 = y3, where y1, y2 and y3 are variables measured in a system that is in equilibrium. i. Provide several examples of variables. Y is an intensive variable because at each point in the system it is the same as the system as a whole (point variable). Examples are pressure and temperature. b. x = x1 + x2 + x3 where x1, x2 and x3 are variables measured in a system that is in equilibrium. i. Provide several examples of variables. Y is an extensive variable because at each point in the system it is not the equal to the system as a whole and if the sum of all Ys at each point is the value of the system as a whole (point variable). Examples are volume and number of particles in the system. 3. Define the following terms: a. State function A function that describes the state of a system using variable that can move the system away from equilibrium. p. 4 Gaskell b. Equation of state Very similar to a state function in that it is an equation that describes the state of a system when given values of variables that can move the system away from equilibrium. p. 2 Gaskell

MSE 308 Thermodynamics of Materials

Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Spring 2005/Bill Knowlton

c. Constitution or phase diagram Typically a phase diagram is a graphical means to represent equilibrium states. p. 9 Gaskell d. Process variables Process variables, such as heat and work, are path dependent and thus have meaning only for a changing system. The way we use a process variable in a sentence eludes to the fact that it is path dependent and its value depends on path. For instance, work done on or by a system and the heat transferred to or from a system are good examples. Hence, the differentials of a process variable (dQ and dW) are inexact. e. Homogeneous system A homogeneous system is one that has only one phase. (p. 10 Gaskell) f. Heterogeneous system A heterogeneous system is one that has more than one phase (p. 10 Gaskell). g. Unary system A unary system is one that has one component. (p. 9 Gaskell) h. Binary system A binary system is one that has two components. (p. 9 Gaskell) i. Ternary system A ternary system is one that has three components. (p. 9 Gaskell) j. Quaternary system A Quaternary system is one that has four components. (p. 9 Gaskell)

MSE 308 Thermodynamics of Materials

Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Spring 2005/Bill Knowlton

4. On page 7 of Gaskell, figure 1.3a, a plot of pressure versus volume of an ideal gas is plotted at two different temperatures. a. By examining the plot, what do you think the relationship is between pressure as a function of volume? In other words, what do you think is the mathematical functionality? Explain. The data is decreasing with increasing volume therefore there seems to be an inverse relationship. Thus: 1 [1] P V We also notice that as temperature increases that the pressure increases so there seems to be a direct relationship between pressure and temperature. Thus: P T [2] Combining equations [1] & [2], we have T P . [3] V We now need a constant of proportionality This gives: T [4] P=R V Why use R? If we remember the equation of state for an ideal gas, we know that: PV = nRT [5] Where n is the number of moles, or PV = RT [6] for 1 mole of gas. If we solve for pressure, we equation [4]. We can plot this in Mathematica where R is the ideal gas constant which is 8.314 (J/mol K) = 0.08206 (atm L)/(mol K)). We shall use the latter value for the plotting.

MSE 308 Thermodynamics of Materials

Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering Spring 2005/Bill Knowlton

b. Using your reasoning from part a, use a mathematical program (not Excel) to plot figure 1.3a. Label your plot thoroughly.
MSE 308 ProblemSet 1
Problem 4b:
In[78]:=

Bill Knowlton

Clear@v, p, r, T, PplotD r = 0.08206; Huniversal gas constant, units = Hatm LLHmol KL 8.314 JHmol KLL rT p@v_, T_D := HIdeal Gas Law for 1 mole of gasL v
HPlotsL Pplot1 = Plot@p@v, 300D, 8v, 1, 20<, PlotRange 80, 20<, Frame True, GridLines Automatic, PlotStyle RGBColor@0, 0, 1D, FrameLabel 8"Volume HLL", "Pressure HatmL"<, PlotLabel "Red =300K; Blue=1000K"D; Pplot2 = Plot@p@v, 1000D, 8v, 1, 20<, PlotRange 80, 20<, Frame True, GridLines Automatic, PlotStyle RGBColor@1, 0, 0D, FrameLabel 8"Volume HLL", "Pressure HatmL"<, PlotLabel "Red = 300 K; Blue = 1000 K"D; Show@Pplot1, Pplot2D;
Red =300K; Blue =1000 K 20 15 10 17.5 12.5

Pressure HatmL
7.5 2.5 0 5 10 Volume HLL 15 20 5 Red = 300 K; Blue = 1000 K 20 17.5

Pressure HatmL
15 10 12.5 7.5 2.5 0 5 10 Volume HLL 15 20 5

Red =300K; Blue =1000 K 20 17.5

Pressure HatmL
15 10 12.5 7.5 2.5 0 5 10 Volume HLL 15 20 5