AP Biology Notes

Chapter 9
Three key pathways of respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Concept 9.1
Fermentation: catabolic process involving partial degradation of sugars without oxygen Aerobic Respiration: most prevalent catabolic process that involves consuming oxygen (aer=air; bios=life Anaerobic Respiration: catabolic process that does not involve consuming oxygen Cellular Respiration: catabolic pathways of aerobic/anaerobic respiration that produce ATP

Redox reactions: reaction involving complete/partial transfer of one or more e- from one reactant to another. Stands for oxidation and reduction Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: addition of electrons

Reducing agent: electron donor (Xe-) Oxidizing agent: electron acceptor (Y) Redox reactions can be partial. In CH4+O2, carbon dioxide is formed, which shares e- less equally. Carbon partially lost its shared electrons = methane has been oxidized When carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen, carbon loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons Oxygen is one of the most potent of all oxidizing agents. An electron loses PE when it moves toward a more electronegative atom Combustion releases energy. Molecules with a lot of hydrogen are good fuels bonds are hilltop electrons Hydrogen atoms from glucose are not directly transferred to oxygen, but to e- carrier NAD+

NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide derivative of niacin, e= acceptor/carrier that functions as an oxidizing agent during CR. Dehydrogenases remove pair of hydrogen atoms from glucose, oxidzes it and delivers to NAD+

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E- loses little PE in this process. NADH stores that energy

Electron Transport Chain: sequence of e- carrier molecules (proteins built into inner membrane mitochondria/membrane of prokaryotes) that shuttle during redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. Electron transfer from NADH to oxygen is exergonic G -53kcal/mol (-222kj/mol) Each downhill carrier (can oxidize) is more electronegative than its uphill neighbor Stages of Cellular Respiration: 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

e-

Glycolysis: (cytosol) breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle: (mitochondrial matrix/cytosol of prokaryotes) oxidizes derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide, completing glucose breakdown Energy released at each step of ETC is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria/plasma membrane of prokaryotes) powered by redox reactions of ETC to make ATP; accounts for ~90% ATP generated by respiration Substrate-level phosphorylation: reactions of glycolysis and citric acid cycle; enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP rather than adding inorganic phosphate to ADP Each molecule of glucose makes 38 molecules of ATP (7.3kcal/mol each)

Concept 9.2
Glycolysis = sugar splitting Glucose 2 3C sugars (oxidized/rearrange atoms) 2 pyruvate Net yield from glycolysis = 2ATP + 2NADH

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Concept 9.3
If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters mitochondria to complete glucose oxidation

Acetyl CoA: entry compound for citric acid cycle in CR; fragment of pyruvate attached to coenzyme 1. Pyruvates carboxyl group (oxidized) is removed and given off as CO2 2. Remaining 2C fragment is oxidized forming acetate; enzyme transferred extracted e- to NAD+, storing it as NADH. 3. CoA is attached to acetate by unstable bond (high PE) Citric acid cycle = tricarboxylic acid cycle = Krebs cycle Hans Krebs worked out pathway in 1930s Krebs cycle generates 1 ATP/turn via substrate-level phosphorylation; most energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) To join the cycle, acetyl joins oxaloacetate to make citrate Citrate is decomposed to make oxaloacetate to make a cycle For each acetyl group entering the cycle: o 3NAD+ are reduced to NADH o FAD accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons to make FADH2 o GTP is produced

Concept 9.4
Glycolysis+CAC = 4ATP/glucose ETC = collection of molecules embedded in inner membrane of mitochondrion, mostly proteins (I-IV) with prosthetic groups (nonrotein components essential to catalytic functions) Uphill neighbor of ETC has lower electron affinity Complex I: FMN; first molecule of ETC FMN flavin mononucleotide prosthetic group of first molecule of ETC in complex I