Formulae of Integral Calculus

S.No
1

Chapter Integrals

Formulae 1.1 Indefinite Integrals f(x)dx = F(x) + C where F(x) is the

antiderivative of f(x) Properties [f(x) + g(x)]dx = f(x)dx + g(x)dx

kf(x)dx = k f(x)dx for any real number k [k f (x) + k f (x) + ...... + k f (x)]dx = k f (x)dx + k f (x)dx + .... + k f (x)dx
11 1 2 2 nn 1 2 2 n n

1.2

where, k1,k2kn are real numbers & f1,f2,..fn are real functions Some Standard Integrals xn +1 xndx = + C,n 1 n+1 dx = x + C

cos x dx = sin x + C sin x dx = cos x + C sec x dx = tan x + C co sec x dx = cot x + C sec x tan x dx = sec x + C co sec x cot x dx = cosec x + C dx 1 x = sin x + C
2 2
1 2

dx
2

= cos1 x + C

1x dx = tan1 x + C 1 + x2 dx = cot 1 x + C 2 1+x dx 1 2 = sec x + C x x 1

dx x x 1
x x

= cos ec1 x + C +C

e dx = e

1.3
ax dx =

ax +C loga

x dx = log x + C
Integration by Partial Fractions P (x) P(x) A rational function = T(x) + 1 if degree of Q(x) Q(x) P (x) P(x) > degree of Q(x) & 1 can be expressed Q(x) as sum of partial fractions. px + q A B = + , ab (x a)(x b) x a x b px + q A B = + 2 x a (x a)2 (x a)
px2 + qx + r A B C = + + (x a)(x b)(x c) x a x b x c px2 + qx + r A B C = + + 2 2 x b (x a) (x b) x a (x a) px2 + qx + r A Bx + C = + 2 2 (x a)(x + bx + c) x a x + bx + c where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further

1.4

Integration by substitution A change in the variable of integration often reduces an integral to one of the fundamental integrals. Some standard integrals are: tan x dx = log sec x + C

cot x dx = log sin x + C sec x dx = log sec x + tan x + C co sec x dx = log co sec x cot x + C

Standard substitutions x2+a2 substitute x = a tan

x2 -a2 substitute x = a sec a2 x2 substitute x = a sin or a cos

1.5

Integral of some special functions dx 1 xa = log +C 2 2 2a x+a x a

a
1.6

dx 1 a+x = log +C 2 2a ax x dx 1 x = tan1 + C 2 2 a a x +a dx = log x + x2 a2 + C 2 2 x a dx x = sin1 + C 2 2 a a x

2

dx
2 2

= log x + x2 + a2 + C

x +a Integration by parts

f (x).f (x)dx = f (x) f (x)dx dx f (x). f (x)dx dx

1 2 1 2 1 2

1.7

1.8

where f1 & f2 are functions of x ILATE I- inverse trigonometric L- logarithmic A-algebra T-Trigonometric Eexponential , is used to identify the first function. Some special type of integrals x 2 2 a2 x2 a2 dx = x a log x + x2 a2 + C 2 2 x 2 2 a2 x2 + a2 dx = x + a + log x + x2 + a2 + C 2 2 x 2 a2 x a2 x2 dx = a x2 + sin1 + C 2 2 a Area function

A(x) = f(x)dx , if x is a point in [a,b]

a

1.9

Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus First fundamental theorem of integral

calculus: If Area function, A(x)=

f(x)dx
a

for all

xa, & f is continuous on [a,b].Then A(x)= f (x) for all x [a, b]. Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus: Let f be a continuous function of x in the closed interval [a, b] and let F be another d function such that F(x) = f(x) for all x in dx domain of f, then
b

f(x)dx = F(x) + C
a

b a

= F(b) F(a)

Definite Integrals

2.1

Definite integral as limit of sum b 1 f(x)dx = (b a)lim f(a) + f(a + h) + .... + f(a + (n 1)h n n a

where h =

ba n

2.2

Properties of Definite Integrals

b

a b

f(x)dx = f(t)dt
a

f(x)dx = f(x)dx
a b a

In particular, f(x)dx = 0
a b

f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx

a b a b c

f(x)dx = f(a + b x)dx

a a a a

f(x)dx = f(a x)dx

0 0

2a

0 0

f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(2a x)dx

0 a 0

2a

f(x)dx =2 f(x)dx,if f(2a x) = f(x)

0

=0
a a

,if f(2a x) = f(x)

f(x)dx =2 f(x)dx,if f (x) = f(x)

a

Application of Integrals

3.1

=0 ,if f(x) = f(x) Area of bounded region The area of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis and the lines x = a and x
b

= b (b > a) is Area= ydx =

a

f(x)dx
a

The area of the region enclosed between two curves y = f (x), y = g (x) and the lines x = a, x = b is
b

Area = [f(x) g(x)]dx where, f(x) > g(x)

a

in [a,b] If f (x) g (x) in [a, c] and f (x) g (x) in [c,b], a < c < b, then Area = [f(x) g(x)]dx + [g(x) f(x)]dx
a c