Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion Social Crises, War, and Revolution Response to Crisis: Absolutism The World of European Culture
Objectives: 1. Discuss the situation in many European nations in which Protestants and Catholics fought for political and religious control 2. Summarize how, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many European rulers extended their power and their borders
French Civil WarsFrench Wars of Religion (1562-1598) The French kings persecuted Protestants *Huguenots were French Protestants inuenced by John Calvin An extreme Catholic partyknown as the ultra-Catholicsstrongly opposed the Huguenots The religious wars, and those who fought in them, sought political and economic gain
*Henry of Navarre, the political leader of the Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV Converted to Catholicism to solidify his reign Issued the *Edict of Nantes in 1598recognized Catholicism as the ofcial religion but gave Huguenots the right to worship
Spain saw itself as a nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics The Spanish Netherlands were the richest parts of the empire Philip tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands The Dutch, under leadership of *William the Silent, the prince of Orange, offered growing resistance
Spain had the most populous empire in the world. Spain controlled almost all of South America and a number of settlements in Asia and Africa Philip II brought Spain to bankruptcy for spending too much on the war By the end of the war, real power in Europe had shifted to England and France
Moderate in her foreign policy, trying to keep out of conict with Spain and France If one nation seemed to be gaining in power, England would support the weaker nation Philip attempted to overthrown England with a massive armada
Objectives: 1. Discuss the situation in many European nations in which Protestants and Catholics fought for political and religious control 2. Summarize how, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many European rulers extended their power and their borders
Objectives: 1. Explain how the Thirty Years War ended the unity of the Holy Roman Empire 2. Relate how democratic ideals were strengthened as a result of the English and Glorious Revolutions
Features and accusations against witches: sworn allegiance to the devil, black Sabbaths, and evil spells Witch trials and the witchcraft hysteria
The Peace of Westphalia stated that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, could determine their own religion This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity
Revolutions in England
A series of rebellions and civil wars rocked Europe in the seventeenth century The most famous struggle was the English Revolution, a struggle between king and Parliament to determine what role each should play
The Puritan gentry formed an important part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament The conict that began during the reign of James came to a head during the reign of his son, *Charles I Charles also tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England
Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of the Lords After destroying both king and Parliament, Cromwell set up a military dictatorship This was one of the rst steps toward ending the concept of Divine Right of Kingship
The Restoration
Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 Parliament restored the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I The Stuart monarchy gained much of its power back James II (made king in 1685) and was a devout catholic, an unsettling issue for the Parliament
A Glorious Revolution
Parliament invited the Dutch leader, William of Orangea Protestant leader With almost no bloodshed, England had undergone a Glorious Revolution A Bill of Rights was created which helped fashioned system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament
Objectives: 1. Explain how the Thirty Years War ended the unity of the Holy Roman Empire 2. Relate how democratic ideals were strengthened as a result of the English and Glorious Revolutions
Objectives: 1. Identity and describe Louis XIV, an absolute monarch whose extravagant lifestyle and military campaigns weakened France 2. Discuss how Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
The royal court that Louis Government and Religion established at Versailles served three purposes: personal household, chief ofces of the state, and powerful subjects came to nd favors Louis neutralized the power of high nobles He had complete authority over foreign policy, the Church, and taxes His power was only limited at the local level
The king bribed important people in the provinces to see that his policies were carried out The desire to keep this power led Louis to pursue an antiProtestant policy aimed at converting the Huguenots to Catholicism
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe After the Thirty Years War, there was no German state, but over 300 Germanies. Prussia and Austria are the only states to emerge
The Austrian monarchy, however, never became a highly centralized, absolutist state, chiey because it was made up of so many different national groups
Objectives: 1. Identity and describe Louis XIV, an absolute monarch whose extravagant lifestyle and military campaigns weakened France 2. Discuss how Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Objectives: 1. Describe the artistic movements of Mannerism and the baroque, which began in Italy and reected the spiritual perceptions of the time 2. Identify Shakespeare and Lope de Vega, prolic writers of dramas and comedies that reected the human condition
Mannerism
Emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s The worldly enthusiasm of the Renaissance declined as people grew anxious and uncertain and wished for spiritual experience The rules of proportion were deliberately ignored as elongated gures were used to show suffering, heightened emotions, and religious ecstasy
High point in the work of *El Greco elongated and contorted gures, portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of stormy grays
*Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who completed Saint Peters Basilica in Rome Berninis Throne of Saint Peter is a highly decorated cover for the pope;s medieval wooden throne
Artemisia Gentileschi famous for her pictures of heroines from the Old Testament (Judith Beheading Holofernes)
Spanish Literature
Touring companies brought the latest Spanish plays to all parts of the Spanish Empire *Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, one of the greatest literary works of all time The Knight and Sancho Panza, an image of both the dreamer and the hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition
Political Thought The English revolutions of the 17th century prompted very different responses from two English political thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Hobbes
humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation Rebellion must be suppressed. To Hobbes, such absolute power was needed to preserve order in society
John LockeTwo Treatises of Government He argued against the absolute rule of one person Locke believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war natural rightslife, liberty, and property
People found it difcult to protect their natural rights. For that reason, they agreed to establish a government to ensure the protection of their rights Locke was not an advocate of democracy, but his ideas proved important to both America and the French in the eighteenth century
Objectives: 1. Describe the artistic movements of Mannerism and the baroque, which began in Italy and reected the spiritual perceptions of the time 2. Identify Shakespeare and Lope de Vega, prolic writers of dramas and comedies that reected the human condition