The Age of Exploration, 1500-1800

Exploration and Expansion Africa in an Age of Transition Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

Exploration and Expansion

Objectives: 1. Discuss how in the fteenth century, Europeans began to explore the world 2. Summarize how Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England reached new economic heights through worldwide trade

Motives and Means First Portugal and Spain, then later the Dutch Republic, England, and France, all rose to new economic heights through their worldwide trading activity Europeans had long been attracted to Asia, Marco Polo traveled to ChinaKublai Khan

Economic motives loom large in European expansion The spices, which were needed to preserve and avor food, were very expensive after being shipped to Europe by Arab middlemen Others explored overseas to introduce the holy Catholic faith

Others sought grandeur, glory, and a spirit of adventure God, gold, and glory are the chief motives for European expansion Europeans had also reached a level of technology that enabled them to make a regular series of voyages beyond Europe

The Portuguese Trading Empire

*Portugal took the lead in European exploration. Under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese eets began probing southward along the western coast of Africa

Portuguese sea captains heard reports of a route to India around the southern tip of Africa *Vasco da Gama went around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India cargo of spices Portuguese eets destroyed Muslim shipping and to gain control of the spice trade

The Portuguese then began to range more widely in search of the source of the spice trade, eventually discovering *Melaka on the Malay Peninsula From Melaka, the Portuguese expeditions to China and the Spice Islands Due to their seamanship, guns, and ship technology, the Portuguese dominated the spice trade

Voyages to the Americas The Spanish sought to reach the Indian Ocean and the spice trade by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean

The Voyages of Columbus

The Italian *Christopher Columbus sought to head westward to reach the far east Educated Europeans knew that the world was round Columbus believed India was only 2,000 miles across the Atlantic4,000 miles in actuality

In 1492, Columbus (funded by Queen Isabella of Spain) reached the Americas, where he explored the coastline of Cuba and the island of Hispaniola He believed that he reached the Indies islands in the far east The people were Indians

A Line of Demarcation
Spain and Portugal resolved their concerns over exploration and competition with an imaginary line that divided their spheres of inuence The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494gave portugal control over its routes in Africa and gave Spain rights in almost all of the Americas

Race to the Americas

Governmentsponsored explorers from many countries joined the race to the Americas *John Cabot, a Venetian seaman, explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England

*Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, went along on several voyages and wrote letters describing the lands he saw He discovered the mainland of the new world later named after him, America

The Spanish Empire

The Spanish conquerors of the Americasknown as *Conquistadors 1550, the Spanish gained control of northern Mexico under Hernan Cortes *Francisco Pizarro led the expedition in South America taking the Incan Empire

The Portuguese took Brazillocated on the other side of the line of demarcation Queen Isabella declared the Indians her subjects and granted the Spanish the right to use these people as laborers Native Americans were used on sugar plantations and in gold and silver mines

With little natural resistance to European diseases, the native peoples were ravaged by smallpox, measles, and typhus Hispaniola, 250,000 to 500 Mexico (100 years), 25 mil to 1 mil

Native American social and political structures were torn apart and replaced by European systems of religion, language, culture, and government

Economic Impact and Competition

Wherever they went, Europeans sought gold and silver The extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worldknown as the *Columbian Exchange transformed economic activity in both worlds

New Rivals Enter the Scene

By the end of the 16th century, several new European rivals had entered the scene for the eastern trade *Ferdinand Magellan, discoverer of the Philippines New territory and base of Spanish operations

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, an English eet landed on the northwestern coast of India and established trade relations The Dutch founded new colonies in along the Hudson River Valley

During the 1600s, the French also colonized parts of what is now Canada and Louisiana English settlers were founding Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colony The English seized the Dutch land, New Netherlands and renamed it New York

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism

Many trading posts and colonies in the Americas and the East *Colonya settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the patent country by trade and direct government control Increased international trade

*Mercantilisma set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century The prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver *Balance of Tradethe difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports

Objectives: 1. Discuss how in the fteenth century, Europeans began to explore the world 2. Summarize how Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England reached new economic heights through worldwide trade

Africa in an Age of Transition

Objectives: 1. Explain how European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade 2. Characterize the traditional political systems and cultures that continued to exist in most of Africa

The Slave Trade

Trafc in slaves was not new The Primary market for African slaves was Southwest Asia, where most slaves were used as domestic servants 15th century, 1000 slaves brought to Portugal a year

Cane sugar was introduced to Europe from South west Asia during the Middle Ages During the 16th century, *plantations were set up along the coast of Brazil and on islands in the Caribbean to grow sugarcane

Growth of Slave Trade

In 1518, a Spanish ship carried the rst boatload of African slaves from Africa to the Americas *Triangular trade European merchant ships carried guns and cloth to Africa; Trade for slaves Trade for tobacco, molasses, sugar, a raw cotton

As many as 10 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between the early 16th and the late 19th centuries The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas became known as the *Middle Passage the middle portion of the triangular trade route

Sources of Slaves
Most slaves in Africa were prisoners of war Europeans bought them from local African merchants at slave markets for gold or guns Local merchants ignored the depopulation occurring in coastal regions and continued to sell slaves

Effects of the Slave Trade

The salve trade led to the depopulation of some areas, and it deprived many African communities of their youngest and strongest men and women The slave trade had a devastating effect on some African states *Benin, in West Africa, was an advanced civilization wiped-out by gradual depopulation from slavery

The race perception among many Europeans

Objectives: 1. Explain how European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade 2. Characterize the traditional political systems and cultures that continued to exist in most of Africa

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

Objectives: 1. Summarize the Portuguese occupation of the Moluccas in search of spices and how the Dutch pushed the Portuguese out 2. Relate how the arrival of the Europeans greatly affected the Malay

Emerging Mainland States

Conicts did erupt among the emerging states on the Southeast Asian mainland New kingdoms arose in Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula Muslim merchants attracted to the growing spice trade dominated most of the Indonesian shipping

The Arrival of Europeans

In 1511, the Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the *Moluccas and the spice trade They set up small settlements and trade posts along the coast

A Shift in Power

The situation changed with the arrival of the English and *Dutch traders, who were better nanced than were the Portuguese The Dutch gradually pushed the Portuguese out They also reduced the English inuence to a sing port on the coast of Sumatra The Dutch established a central fort in 1619 on the island of *Java

Impact on the Mainland

Portuguese and then Dutch inuence was mostly limited to the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago The Portuguese established limited trade relations with several *mainland states

The Mainland states of Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam had begun to dene themselves as distinct political entities They had strong monarchies that resisted foreign intrusion

Religious and Political Systems Particularly in the nonmainland states and the Philippines, Islam and Christianity were beginning to attract converts Buddhism was advancing from Burma to Vietnam Traditional beliefs, however, survived and inuenced the new religions

Objectives: 1. Summarize the Portuguese occupation of the Moluccas in search of spices and how the Dutch pushed the Portuguese out 2. Relate how the arrival of the Europeans greatly affected the Malay