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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202 BRANCH: EEE SEMESTER: III UNIT III CONTENTS:
1.Lorentz Law of force 2. Magnetic field intensity 3. Biotsavart Law 4. Ampere s Law
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
1. FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE: In electric field, force on a charged particle is F=QE Force is in the same direction as the electric field intensity (positive charge) A charged particle in motion in a magnetic field force magnitude is proportional to the product of magnitudes of the charge Q, its velocity V and the flux density B and to the sine of the angle between the vectors V and B. The direction of force is perpendicular to both V and B and is given by a unit vector in the direction of V x B. The force may therefore be expressed as F=QV x B
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
dF = JxBdv
dF = IdLxB
Integrating the above equations over a volume, surface open or closed F=
JxBdv
F = KxBds
s
F = ILxB
Where is the angle between the vectors representing the direction of the current flow and direction of the magnetic flux density.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
2. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY: The quantitative measure of strongness or weakness of the magnetic field is given by magnetic field intensity or magnetic field strength. The magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field is defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole of one Weber strength, when placed at that point. The magnetic flux lines are measured in webers (wb) while magnetic field intensity is measured in newtons/weber or amperes per metre (AT/m) It is denoted as H. It is a vector quantity. This is similar to the electric field intensity E in electrostatics.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
The law of Biot savart is sometimes called Ampere s law for the current element.
dH 2 =
The magnetic flux density at any point P due to current element I dl is given by dB = Where, IdL a 4r 2
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
4. AMPERE S CIRCUITAL LAW: o The Ampere s circuital law states that, The line integral of magnetic field H around a closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that path.
H.dL = I
v In electrostatics, the gauss s law is useful to obtain the E in case of complex problems. v Similarly in the magnetostatics, the complex problems can be solved using a law called Ampere s law or Ampere s work law.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
dL = rda While H obtained at point P, from Biot-savart law due to infinitely long conductor is, H = I a 2r I a .rda 2r I rd 2r I d 2
H .dL =
H .dL =
=
I d = 0 2 I [ ]2 0 2 I 2 2
This proves that the integral H. dL along the closed path gives the direct current enclosed by that closed path.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
5. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR: Consider a infinitely straight conductor carrying a current I and also consider a current element IdL. Let P be any point at which magnetic field intensity is to be measured at a distance r from the current element Idl. According to Biot savart s law, the magnetic flux density at any point P is given by B= From ABC 0 I dL sin 4 r 2
AC = sin AB
dL sin r 0 I d B= 4 r =
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
6. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY: The total magnetic lines of force i.e. magnetic flux crossing a unit area in a plane at right angles to the direction of flux is called magnetic flux density. It is denoted as B and is a vector quantity. It is measured in Weber per square metre (wb/m2). Which is also called Tesla(T). This is similar to the electric flux density D in electrostatics. B= 0 H free space only Wb/m2 (or) tesla (or) Gauss. 6.1 MAGNETIC FLUX:
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
10
DIAMAGNETIC: In diamagnetic materials magnetic effects are weak. Atoms in which the small magnetic fields produced by the motion of the electrons in their orbit and those produced by the electron spin combine to produce a net field of zero. The fields produced by the electron motion itself in the absence of any external magnetic field. This material as one in which the permanent magnetic moment m0 of each atom is zero. Such a material is termed diamagnetic.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
11
8. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: A boundary between two isotropic homogeneous linear materials with permeability 11 and 2. The boundary condition on the normal components is determined by allowing the surface to cut a small cylindrical gaussian surface. Applying gauss s law for the magnetic field.
B.ds = 0
s
We find that BN 1S BN 2 S = 0
H.dL = I
Is applied about a small closed path in a plane normal to the boundary surface. Taking trip around the path, we find that
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
12
H t 1L H t 2 L = KL Boundary may carry a surface current K whose component normal to the plane of the closed path is K.Thus H t1 H t 2 = K The direction are specified more exactly by using the cross product to identify the tangential components, ( H1 H 2 ) xaN 12 = K Where aN12 is the normal at the boundary directed from region 1 to region 2. An equivalent formulation in term of the vector tangential components may be more convenient for H: H t1 H t 2 = K x a N 12
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
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H.dL = I
If no current is enclosed i.e. J=0
Hdl = 0
Magnetic field H can be expressed as negative gradient of a scalar function. Vm = H .dl This scalar potential also satisfies lapalace equation
In free space
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
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VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL: Scalar magnetic potential exists if there is no current enclosed i.e. H .dL = 0 . If current is enclosed, the potential which depends upon current element (vector quantity) is no more scalars but it is vector quantity. Since the divergence of a vector is a scalar, vector potential is expressed in curl.
.B = 0
B = xA
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
15
They are in the form of Poisson s equation. from the above equation ,magnetic vector potential can be written as Ax = Jx ( r )dv 4 v Jy ( r )dv 4 v Jz ( r )dv 4 v
Ay =
Az =
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
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10. TORQUE: When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, forces act on the loop that tends to rotate it. The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at which it acts is called torque or mechanical moment on the loop. Consider the rectangular loop of l and breadth B carrying a current i in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B. F Ft
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
17
If loop plane makes an angle with respect to flux intensity B, the tangential component of the force is Fts = F cos The total torque on the loop T=BIA cos . The magnetic moment of loop is IA m =IA T=mBcos In vector form
T=m x B
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
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The SI unit of m.m.f. is ampere(A) In electric circuit, resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current given by R=V/I In magnetic circuit, reluctance as the ratio of the magnetomotive force to the total flux.
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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]
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IMPORTANT QUESTION PART A 1. State Biot Savart Law? 2. What is magnetic vector potential? 3. Name any two dielectric materials. 4. Name any two applications of Ampere s Law? 5. Define magnetic flux density? 6. What is the difference between scalar and vector magnetic potential? 7. Compare the usefulness of Ampere s Circuital Law and Biot-Savart Law in determining B of a current carrying circuit.