The 3rd ACF International Conference ACF/VCA 2008

B.13

NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SLENDER REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Ju Hyoun Cheon- PhD Candidate; Jae Geun Park - PhD Scholar; Moon Young Kim- Professor; Hyun Mock Shin- Professor; Jun-Hee, Lee - PhD Scholar and executive director of Saman Corporation Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea

ABSTRACT:

The ACI building code and other's several design codes permit the use of a moment magnifier approach for the design of slender reinforced concrete columns based on first-order elastic analysis results. This method is separated in two cases like that structural is restricted to the side sway and permitted to the side-sway. The design codes stated that proposed effective flexural stiffness has to be used in first-order elastic analysis and for the calculation of critical buckling load. Conservative of the results was verified in many researches for the case. These design codes permit the second-order analysis results directly in practical design, too. A nonlinear finite element analysis program named RCAHEST (Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology) was used in order to evaluate the reality second-order behavior of the slender reinforced concrete columns.

KEYWORDS:

Mixed Formulation, Flexibility Method, Nonlinear Material Model, Nonlinear Geometric Analysis, RCAHEST, Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns

1. INTRODUCTION In the recent years the increased use of slender components in building and bridges has made it necessary to pay more attention to stability. The strength of a slender column is affected by many factors such as column length, end-restraint conditions, distribution of bending moment, level of axial thrust, creep of concrete and bracing condition of the column. Most of the recent analysis methods for slender reinforced concrete columns are based on equilibrium, compatibility, and material properties at the mid-height critical section or at various sections along the column. Kong et al. (1986) proposed a computer-aided analytical method by using the moment-deflection curves at column mid-height to predict the failure load of a slender concrete column. Rangan (1990) proposed a method based on simplified stability analysis to calculate the failure load of slender concrete columns. In the simplified analysis, the momentcurvature relation at column mid-height was converted to a moment-deflection curve for an axial load value. Bazant et al. (1991) proposed a new analysis method to compute interaction diagrams for slender columns. Several studies have emerged for the analysis of slender reinforced concrete columns. Most of them, however, have adopted analytical methods which assume the deflection curve of the column as a cosine wave or sine wave etc., and solve the governing differential equations for a column. As the load is increased beyond the elastic limit, 706

The 3rd ACF International Conference ACF/VCA 2008 the deflection shape of the concrete column gradually differs from the deflection curves which are assumed in the analytical methods, and the application of analytical methods is almost impossible when the columns are a part of a complex structure. In this study, nonlinear FEM method is proposed to evaluate the second-order behavior of slender reinforced concrete columns 2. FORMULATION OF BEAM-COLUMN ELEMENT 2.1 Element Forces and Deformation The beam finite element without rigid body modes and the element forces and the corresponding deformations is schematically shown in Figure 1. The element has five deformation degree of freedom (q1-q5) and corresponding element forces (Q1-Q5). Element forces and deformations are grouped in the following vectors, respectively:
M y ( x ), y ( x )

N ( x), ( x )

M z ( x), z ( x)

Q3 , q3

Q4 , q4

Q1 , q1

Q2 , q2

Q5 , q5

Figure 1- Beam element without rigid body modes in local reference system

2.2 Beam Element Formulation The beam element formulation follows the two-field mixed method which uses the integral form of equilibrium and section force-deformation relations to derive the matrix relation between elements generalized forces and corresponding deformation.
D ( x ) = b ( x ) Q ( x ) d ( x ) = a ( x )q ( x ) ----------------------------------------------- (2)
,

Where a(x) = deformation interpolation matrix, b(x) = force interpolation matrix The section force-displacement relation is linearized about the present state and an iterative algorithm is used to satisfy the nonlinear section force-deformation relation within the required tolerance. In the mixed method formulation the integral forms of equilibrium and section force-deformation relations are expressed first. The weighted integral form of the linearized section force-displacement relation is :

DT ( x)[d ( x) f ( x)D( x)]dx = 0 ----------------------------------------------- (3)

2.3 State Determination The process of finding the resisting forces that correspond to the given displacements is known as state determination. The state determination process is made up of two nested 707

Q = {Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5 }

q = {q1q2 q3 q4 q5 }

----------------------------------------------- (1)

The 3rd ACF International Conference ACF/VCA 2008

phase: the element state determination and the structure state determination. These are then compared with the total applied loads and the difference, if any, yields the unbalanced force vector. In the Newton-Raphson algorithm the unbalanced forces are then applied to the structure until external loads and internal resisting forces agree within a specified tolerance. 2.4 Geometrically Nonlinear Flexibility-Based Element State Determination The classical method in the formulation of frame elements for geometrically nonlinear analysis derives the geometric stiffness directly from the governing differential equation of the second-order theory for bending with axial force (Chen and Liu 1991). Commonly, the formulation of frame elements for geometrically nonlinear structures is based on appropriate interpolation functions for the transverse and axial displacements of the member. Equilibrium in the deformed configuration is satisfied by the force interpolation functions, which in a geometrically nonlinear setting need to include the transverse displacements. 3. REINFORCED CONCRETE FIBER BEAM-COLUMN ELEMENT 3.1 Model Assumptions The formulation of the fiber beam-column element is based on the assumption of linear geometry. Plane sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis during the element deformation history. The models used in this study are those discussed in Filippou et al. (1996). 3.2 Forces and Deformation The fiber beam-column element is shown in Figure 2 in the local reference system x,y,z. It is divided into a discrete number of cross sections. These are located at the control points of the numerical integration scheme used in the element formulation. In this study the Gauss-Lobato integration scheme is used, since it allows for two integration points to coincide with the end sections of the elements, where significant inelastic deformations typically take place. Each section is subdivided into n ( x ) fibers. The generalized element forces and deformations and the corresponding section forces are grouped in the following vectors:

Figure 2- Beam-column element in the local reference system : subdivision of cross section into fibers

M z ( x) z ( x) D( x) = M y ( x) , d ( x) = y ( x) , N ( x) ( x)

1 ( x, y1 , z1 ) 1 ( x, y1 , z1 ) ... ... e( x) = ifib ( x, yifib , zifib ) , E ( x) = ifib ( x, yifib , zifib ) ---(3) ... ... n ( x, yn , zn ) n ( x, yn , zn ) 708

The 3rd ACF International Conference ACF/VCA 2008 Where D(x) = Section force vector, d(x) = Section deformation vector E(x) = Fiber stress vector, e(x) = Fiber strian vector 3.3 Fiber Constitutive Models The nonlinear behavior of the proposed fiber beam-column element derives entirely from the nonlinear behavior of the fibers. Thus, the validity of the analytical results depends on the accuracy of the fiber material models. It is important to note that both stress-strain models are explicit functions of strain. This is a significant feature of the material models in connection with the fiber model, where fiber strains are determined from section deformations. The stress determination only involves a function evaluation based in the current fiber stress and strain and the given strain increment.

4- NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM 4.1 Nonlinear Material Models The widely used elastoplastic and fracture model for the biaxial state of stress proposed by Maekawa and Okamura (1983) is used as the constitutive equation for the uncracked concrete(Fig. 3). For cracked concrete, to consider the tension stiffness effect because of the bond effect between the concrete and the reinforcing bars (Okamura et al. 1985) and to describe the compressive behavior of concrete struts between cracks was used in the direction normal to crack plane and in the direction of the crack plane, respectively. The shear transfer model based on the contact surface density function (Li and Maekawa 1988) is used to consider the effect of shear stress transfer due to the aggregate interlock at the crack surface. These models are shown in the Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.

1 max

Envelope

Equivalent stress

:C

Eo 0

Eo

EoKo 1

on st a nt

= EoKo e = EoKo ( - p )
Figure 4- Equivalent stress equivalent reversed cyclic loading

max

Equivalent strain

Figure 3- Elasto-Plastic and strain relationship

Figure 5- Shear transfer model

The rebar model is developed by applying the equilibrium of force and compatibility of strain to the stress distribution assumed as sine function between two cracks and was shown in the Figure 6 and Figure 7. To consider the confining effects was used Mander's confining effect model like the Figure 8.

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The 3rd ACF International Conference ACF/VCA 2008

' fC fcc

' f co

EC

t
ft
'

Esec

co

2 co

sp

cc

cu

Figure 6-Yield condition for Figure 7- Reinforcement model for Figure 8- Model for confined concrete reinforced concrete reversed cyclic loading

4.2 Nonlinear Finite Element Program (RCAHEST) The proposed structural element library RCAHEST is built around the finite element analysis program shell named FEAP, developed by Taylor(Taylor, R. L. 2000). RCAHEST was developed by Kim and Shin(Kim, T. H. et al 2003a, b), at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University. The goal of the development is to apply the program for modeling of various concrete structures under a variety of loading conditions. Element library of the RCAHEST is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9- Element library RCAHEST

5- NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
The applicability of the nonlinear analysis program RCAHEST that considers the geometric nonlinearity was performed. In this case, geometric nonlinearity was considered but didnt consider the material nonlinearity. The properties and geometric shape of the members are like that(fig 10). The results show a good agreement with the exact solution.

Figure 10- Geometric details of the specimens

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5
Exact Element, 8 used Element, 16 used

0.8

4
0.6

0.8

Load (MN)

0.6

v / L

0.4

P / Pcr
0.4 0.2
Exact Soluction Element 8, Used Element 16, Used

0.2

Exact Solution Element 8, Used Element 16, Used

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 0 1 2 3 4

Displacement (m)

PL2/EI

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Displacement (m)

Figure 11- Results of the geometric nonlinearity

6- NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
The applicability and adequacy of the nonlinear analysis program named RCAHEST that consider material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity was carried out with reliable tests(J. K. Kim etc al.). The main purpose of this test was to investigate the effects of the concrete strength and longitudinal steel ratio on the ultimate load and the behavior of reinforced concrete columns with the same section and boundary conditions at the ends. In the test program, three factors were taken : the concrete strength, the longitudinal steel ratio and the slenderness ratio. In this study, choose only 2 specimens to verify the applicability and adequacy. The lateral deflections were measured at the mid-height. Material properties and results of test and analysis presented in Table 1 and Figure 13, respectively. The results are showing a good agreement with the exact solution (fig. 13). Table 1- Material properties and results of test and analysis
specimens 60L2-1 60L2-1 100L2-1 100L2-1 25.5 100

f c ' (MPa)

60

(%)

Lateral deflection at ultimate load (mm) 14.88

Pu, test (MPa) 63.7 65.7 38.2 35.0

Pu, analysis (MPa) 67.58

1.98

16.20 29.84 32.72

37.72

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Figure 12- Geometric details of the specimens and subdivision of cross section into fibers
80
40

60

30

Axial Load (kN)

40

Axial Load (kN)

60L2-1 60L2-2 Analysis

20

20

10
100L2-1 100L2-2 Analysis

0 0 10 20 30 40

0 0 10 20 30 40

Laterial Displacement (mm)

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Figure 13- Load and deflection of test and analysis

7- CONCLUSIONS
Most studies to date concerned with the nonlinear analysis of reinforced-concrete frame structures are based on finite element models which are derived with the stiffness method. Recent studies have demonstrated the advantages of models derived with the force method. Flexibility-based element there are no deformation interpolation functions to relate the deformation along the element to the end displacements, the state determination is not straightforward and is not well developed in flexibility-based models proposed to date. In this study, mixed formulation and flexibility-based fiber element method was used that was developed by F.C. Filippou et al. The nonlinear finite element program RCAHEST that based on these formulations with applying material and geometric nonlinearities was developed. The applicability and adequacy was verified with experiments and conclusions are like followings : 1. Reasonable estimation for the geometric nonlinearities is possible with the nonlinear analysis program RCAHEST. 712

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2. Slender reinforced concrete columnss reasonable estimation is possible with considering material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity. 3. Need more effort to prepare reasonalbe estimation method to consider the secondorder effects of slender reinforced concrete columns.

REFERENCE
1. Ansgar Neuenhofer and Filip C. Filippou. (1998), Geometrically Nonlinear FlexibilityBased Frame Finite Element, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 124, pp. 704-711. 2. B. Vijaya Rangan. (1990), Strength of Reinforced Concrete Slender Columns, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 87, 32-38. 3. Spacone., V. Ciampi and F.C. Filippou. (1996), Mixed Formulation of Nonlinear Beam Finite Element , Computers & Structures, Vol.58, 71-83 4. E. Spancone., F. C. Filippou., and Fabio F. Taucer. (1996), Fiber Beam-Column Model for

Nonlinear Analysis of R/C Frames: Part . Application, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic, Vol.25, 711-725. 6. Jin-Keun Kim and Joo-Kyoung Yang. (1995), Buckling behavior of slender high-strength concrete columns, Engineering Structures, Vol.17, 39-51. 7. Kim, T. H., Lee, K. M., Chung, Y. S., and Shin, H. M. (2005), Seismic Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns, Engineering Structures, Vol.27, 576-592. 8. M. A. Diaz and J. M. Roesset. (1987), Evaluation of Approximate Slenderness Procedures for Nonlinear Analysis of Concrete Frames, ACI Structural Journal, Vol.84, 139-148. 9. S. A. Mirza. (1990), Flexural Stiffness of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns, ACI Structural Journal, Vol.87, 425-435. 10. Taylor, R. L. (2000). FEAP - A Finite Element Analysis Program, Version 7.2. Users Manual. 1, 2.

Nonlinear Analysis of R/C Frames: Part. Fromulation, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic, Vol.25, 727-742. 5. E. Spancone., F. C. Filippou., and Fabio F. Taucer. (1996), Beam-Column Model for

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