KALAIGNARKARUNANIDHIINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY KANNAMPALAYAMPOST,COIMBATORE641402 DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONISENGINEERING

I.ALTERNATOR.
1.Whya3phasesynchronousmotorwillalwaysrunatsynchronousspeed? Becauseofthemagneticcouplingbetweenthestatorpolesandrotorpolesthe motorrunsexactlyatsynchronousspeed. 2.Whatarethetwoclassificationsynchronousmachines? Theclassificationsynchronousmachinesare: i. ii. Cylindricalrotortype Salientpolerotortype

3.Whataretheessentialfeaturesofsynchronousmachine? i. ii. iii. Therotorspeedissynchronouswithstatorrotatingfield. Varyingitsfieldcurrentcaneasilyvarythespeed. Itisusedforconstantspeedoperation.

4.Mentionthemethodsofstartingof3phasesynchronousmotor. a.AD.Cmotorcoupledtothesynchronousmotorshaft. b.Asmallinductionmotorcoupledtoitsshaft.(ponymethod) c. Usingdamperwindingsstartedasasquirrelcageinductionmotor.

5.Whataretheprincipaladvantagesofrotatingfieldsystemtypeofconstructionof synchronousmachines? Form Stationary connection between external circuit and system of conditionsenablethemachinetohandlelargeamountofvoltampereas highas500MVA. Therelativelysmallamountofpowerrequiredforfieldsystemcanbeeasily suppliedtotherotatingfieldsystemviaslipringsandbrushes.

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Morespaceisavailableinthestatorpartofthemachineforprovidingmore insulationtothesystemofconductors. Insulationtostationarysystemofconductorsisnotsubjectedtomechanical stressesduetocentrifugalaction. Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation. Itiseasytoprovidecoolingarrangement.

6.Writedowntheequationforfrequencyofemfinducedinanalternator. F =PN/120Hertz =No.Ofpoles =Speedinrpm. WhereP N

7.Whataretheadvantagesofsalientpoletypeofconstructionusedforsynchronous machines? Theyallowbetterventilation. Thepolefacesaresoshapedradialairgaplengthincreasesfromthepole centertothepoletipssothatfluxdistributionintheairgapissinusoidalin shapewhichwillhelptogeneratesinusoidalemf. Due the variable reluctance, the machine develops additional reluctance power,whichisindependentofexcitation. 8.Whydocylindricalrotoralternatorsoperatewithsteamturbines? Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds.Thehighspeedoperationofrotortendstoincreasemechanicallosses,sothe rotorsshouldhavesmoothexternalsurface.Hencesmoothcylindricaltyperotorswith lessdiameterandlargeaxiallengthareusedforsynchronousgeneratorsdrivenby steamturbineswitheither2or4poles. 9.WhichtypeofsynchronousgeneratorsareusedinHydroelectricplantsandwhy? As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric

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plants, salient pole type synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilationandalsohaveotheradvantagesoversmoothcylindricaltyperotor.

10.Whatistherelationbetweenelectricaldegreeandmechanicaldegree? Electricaldegree eandmechanicaldegreearerelatedtooneanotherbythe numberofpolesP,theelectricalmachinehas,asgivenbythefollowingequation. e =(P/2)m 11.Whatisthemeaningofelectricaldegree? Electricaldegreeisusedtoaccounttheanglebetweentwopointsinrotating electricalmachines.Sinceallelectricalmachinesoperatewiththehelpofmagnetic fields,theelectricaldegreeisaccountedwithreferencetothepolarityofmagnetic fields.180electricaldegreesisaccountedastheanglebetweenadjacentNorthand Southpoles 12.Whyshortpitchwindingispreferredoverfullpitchwinding? Advantages: Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and distortingharmonicscanbereducedortotallyeliminated. Conductormaterial,copperissavedinthebackandfrontendconnections duetolesscoilspan. Fractionalslotwindingwithfractionalnumberofslots/phasecanbeused whichinturnreducesthetoothripples. Mechanicalstrengthofthecoilisincreased.

13.Writedowntheformulafordistributionfactor.Nov06 Kd=sin(m/2) or msin(/2) where m n numberofslots/pole/phase anglebetweenadjacentslotsinelectricaldegree orderofharmonics. Kdn=sin(mn/2) msin(n/2)

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14.Definewindingfactor. ThewindingfactorKwisdefinedastheratioofphasoradditionofemfinduced inallthecoilsbelongingtoeachphasewindingoftheirarithmeticaddition. 15.WhyarealternatorsratedinkVAandnotinkW?Nov06 Thecontinuouspowerratingofanymachineisgenerallydefinedasthepower the machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurredinthemachinegivesrisetoasteadytemperaturerisenotexceedingthelimit prescribedbytheinsulationclass. Apart from the constant loss the variable loss incurred in alternators is the copperloss,occurringinthe3phasewinding,whichdependsonI2R,thesquareofthe currentdeliveredbythegenerator.isdirectlyrelatedtoapparentpowerdeliveredby thegenerator,ThusthealternatorshaveonlytheirapparentpowerinVA/kVA/MVAas theirpowerrating. 16.Whatarethecausesofchangesinvoltageofalternatorswhenloaded?Nov04 VoltagevariationduetotheresistanceofthewindingR. VoltagevariationduetotheleakagereactanceofthewindingX1. Voltagevariationduetothearmaturereaction.

17.Whatismeantbyarmaturereactioninalternators? The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature conductorsandthemainfieldfluxisdefinedasthearmaturereaction. 18.Whatdoyoumeanbysynchronousreactance? ItisthesumoftheleakagereactanceX1andarmaturereactanceXa Xs=X1+Xa 19.Whatiseffectiveresistant[Reff]? Theapparentincreaseinresistanceoftheconductorwhenanalternatingcurrent isflowingthroughitisknownaseffectiveresistance.

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20.Whatissynchronousimpedance? The complex addition of resistance R and synchronous reactance jXs is synchronousimpedanceZs. Zs=(R+jXs) =Zs Where=tan1(Xs/R) |Zs|=(R2+jXs2) 21.Whatismeantbyloadangleofanalternator?May06 ThephaseangleintroducedbetweentheinducedemfphasorEandterminal voltagephasorVduringtheloadconditionofanalternatoriscalledloadangle.The loadangleincreaseswithincreaseinload.Itispositiveduringgeneratoroperation andnegativeduringmotoroperation. 22.Definethetermvoltageregulationofalternator. Itisdefinedasthechangeinterminalvoltagefromnoloadtoloadcondition expressedasafunctionorterminalvoltageatloadcondition,thespeedandexcitation conditionsremainingsame. %Regulation=(EV)/Vx100 23.Whatisthenecessityforpredeterminationofvoltageregulation? Mostofthealternatorsaremanufacturedwithlargepowerratingandlarge voltageratings.Conductionloadtestisnotpossibleforsuchalternators.Henceother indirectmethodsoftestingareusedandtheperformancecanbepredeterminedat anydesiredloadcurrentsandpowerfactors.

24.Whyisthesynchronousimpedancemethodofestimatingvoltageregulationis consideredaspessimisticmethod? Comparedtoothermethods,thevalueofvoltageregulationobtainedbythis method is always higher than the actual value and therefore is called pessimistic method.

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25.WhyistheMMFmethodofestimatingthevoltageregulationisconsideredasthe optimizationmethod? ComparedtoEMFmethod,MMFmethodinvolvesmorenumberofcomplex calculationsteps.FurthertheOCCisreferredtwiceandSCCisreferredoncewhile predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takescoresaturationeffect.Asthismethodrequiresmoreeffort,thefinalresultis veryclosetotheactualvalue.Hencethismethodiscalledtheoptimisticmethod. 26.Whatissynchronizing? Theoperationofconnectinganalternatorinparallelwithanotheralternatoror withcommonbusbarsisknownassynchronizing. 27.Whatisasynchroscope? Synchroscopeisaninstrument,whichshowsthephaserelationshipofemfofthe incomingalternator.Italsoindicateswhethertheincomingalternatorisrunningslow orfast. 28.Whatisdirectaxis? Themmfwaveisheightwhenitisalignedwiththefieldpoleaxiscalledthe directaxisordaxis. 29.Whatisquadratureaxis? Thepermeanceofferedtoammfwaveislowerwhenitisoriented90o Tothefieldpoleaxiscalledthequadratureaxisorqaxis. 30.Whatarethethreemethodsofdeterminingvoltageregulation? i. ii. iii. SynchronousimpedancemethodorEMFmethod. TheampereturnorMMFmethod. Zeropowerfactororpotiermethod

Possible16Markquestions: 1.Obtaintheemfequationofathreephasealternator.Nov04

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2.Explaintheworkingprincipleof3phasealternator.Apr04 3.Discussthesynchronousmethodofcalculatingregulationofanalternator.Apr04 4.Bring out the characteristics of two alternators working in parallel. What is the effectofchangeinexcitationonloadsharing?Apr04 5.Explain the terms distribution factor and pitch factor of an alternator armature windingandderivetheemfequationofanalternator.Apr04 6.Define voltage regulation. What are the methods available for determination of voltageregulationofalternator?Apr05 7.Givetheconstructionaldetailsoftwotypesofalternator.Apr05 8.Forasalientpolesynchronousmachine,provethedaxissynchronousreactanceXd, canbeobtainedfromitsOCCandSCCneglectarmatureresistance.Nov05 9.Explainthetworeactiontheoryofsynchronousmachines.May06 10.HowcanXdandXqbedetermined?May06 11.Discussbrieflytheloadcharacterticsofalternatorfordifferentpowerfactor.Nov 06 12.Explaindarklampmethodofsynchronizinganalternatorwiththebusbar. 13.Deriveanexpressionforsynchronizingpower. 14.Forasalientpolesynchronousmachine,deriveanexpressionforpowerdeveloped asafunctionofloadangle

II.SYNCHRONOUSMOTOR
1.Whatdoeshuntingofsynchronousmotormean?Apr04,Apr03,Nov05 Whenthe load applied to the synchronous motor is suddenly increased or decreased,therotoroscillatesaboutitssynchronouspositionwithrespecttothestator field.Thisactioniscalledhunting.

2.Whatcouldbethereasonsifa3phasesynchronousmotorfailstostart? Itisusuallyduetothefollowingreasons a.Voltagemaybetoolow. b.Toomuchstartingload.

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c.Opencircuitinonephaseorshortcircuit. d. Fieldexcitationmaybeexcessive 3.Whatissynchronouscondenser? Anoverexcitedsynchronousmotorundernoload,usedforthe improvement of power factor is called as synchronous condenser because, like a capacitorittakesaleadingcurrent. 4.Writetheapplicationsofsynchronousmotor. a. Usedforpowerfactorimprovementinsubstationsandin industries. b.Usedinindustriesforpowerapplications. c. Usedforconstantspeeddrivessuchasmotorgeneratorset, pumpsandcompressors. 5.Whatisaninverted'V'curve? Foraconstantload,ifthepowerfactorisplottedagainstvariousvaluesoffield excitingcurrent,thecurveformedisinvertedVShapeandcalledasinverted'V'curve. 6.Asynchronousmotorstartsasusualbutfailstodevelopitsfulltorque.Whatcould itbedueto? a.Excitervoltagemaybetoolow. b.Fieldspoolmaybereversed. c. Theremaybeeitheropencircuitorshortcircuitinthefield. 7.DefineSCR? Shortcircuitratio(SCR)isdefinedastheratiooffieldcurrentrequiredto produce rated voltage on opencircuit to field current required to produce rated armaturecurrentwiththeterminalsshorted,whilethemachinerunsatsynchronous speed. 8.Whyisopencircuitcharacteristicscalledmagneticcharactertic? TheOCCiscalledmagneticcharacteristicbecauseitgivesthevariation

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9.WhatarethelossesdeterminedfromSCC? i. ii. Copperloss Mechanicalloss

10.Whatarestrayloadlosses? Strayloadlossisthesumofloadcorelossandlossduetotheadditional conductorresistanceofferedtotheac. 11.Whendoesasynchronousmotorgetoverexcited? Ifthefieldexcitationofthemotorisincreased,thefieldfluxwillbecomestrong andEbwillincrease.AsaresultEbwillexceedVandthemotorwillbecalledanover excitedmotor. 12.Definepullouttorque? Thepullouttorqueisthetorque,beyondwhichthesynchronouslinkbetween fieldpolesandresultantfluxwaveisseveredandthemachinefallsoutofslip. 13.Whatismeantbythesubtransientperiod? Theinitialperiodofdecayoftheshortcircuitcurrentiscalledthesubtransient, inwhichthecurrentdecayisgovernedmainlybythedamperwindingconstant. 14.Whatisfractionalpitchwinding? Whenawindingismadewithcoilspanlessthanfullpitch,thewindingiscalledas fractionalpitchwinding. 15.Givetheexpressionforthegrossmechanicalpowerdevelopedbythesynchronous motor.Nov06 GrossMechanicalPowerPm=3EbphIaphcos( ) WhereEbphbackemfinducedperphaseinvolts Iaphperphasevalueofstatorcurrentinamps tan1(XS/Ra) Loadangle

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16.Whenisasynchronousmotorsaidtobeunderexcited?Whatwillbethep.fatthis condition?Nov06 Whentheexcitedisadjustedinsuchawaythatthemagnitudeofinducedemfis lessthantheappliedvoltage(Eb V)theexcitationiscalledunderexcitation.The powerfactordecreasesandbecomesmoreandmorelagginginthiscondition. 17.Whatarethefundamentalcharacteristicsofrotatingmagneticfield?Nov04 Itisafieldorfluxhavingconstantmagnitudebutwhoseaxisrotatesinaplaneata certainspeed. 18.Whatistheroleofsynchronousmotorintransmissionline?May06 Thelowpowerfactorincreasesthecostofgeneration,distributionand transmissionoftheelectricalenergy.Hencesuchlowpowerfactorneedstobe corrected. Suchpowerfactorcorrectionispossiblebyconnectingsynchronousmotoracross thesupplyandoperatingatnoloadwithoverexcitation. 19.Enlisttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsynchronousmotor.Nov05 Advantages: 1. Animportantcharacteristicofthismotorisitsconstantspeedirrespectiveof theloadconditions. 2. Controllingitsexcitationcancontrolthepowerfactor 3. Foroverexcitationitspowerfactorisleadinginnature,whichisvery importantfromthepowerfactorcorrectionofview. Disadvantages: 1. Highercost 2. Necessityoffrequentmaintenance 3. NeedofDCexcitationsource,auxiliarydeviceoradditionalwindingprovision tomakeselfstarting. 20.Enlisttheapplicationsofsynchronousmotor Usedintool,motorgeneratorsets,synchronousclocks,stroboscopicdevices, timingdevices,beltdrivenreciprocatingcompressors,fansandblowers 21.Definesynchronousmotor Adevice,whichconvertsanelectricalenergyintoamechanicalenergyrunningat synchronousspeed,iscalledsynchronousmotor

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22.Listthemethodsofstartingofsynchronousmotor 1. UsingPonymotors 2. Usingdamperwinding 3. Asaslipringinductionmotor 4. Usingsmalldcmachinecoupledtoit 23.DefinePonymotor Whilestatingthesynchronousmotor,itsrotorisbroughttothesynchronous speedwiththehelpofsomeexternaldevicelikesmallinductionmotor.Suchan externaldeviceiscalledPonymotor. 24.Whatdoyoumeanbydamperwinding Inasynchronousmotorinadditionaltothenormalfiledwinding,theadditional windingisprovidedforstartingpurpose.Theadditionalwindingiscalledasdamper winding 25.DefineBackemf Incaseofsynchronousmotoralso,oncerotorstartsrotatingatsynchronous speed,thestationarystatorcutthefluxproducedbytherotor.Duetothisthereisan emfinducedinthestator,whichaccordingtolenzlawopposesthesupplyvoltage. Thisiscalledbackemf. 26.Explainaboutpowerfactorangle Theanglebetweenphasevoltageandphasecurrentdecidesthepower factor,atwhichmotorisrunning.Thisangleisdenotedasandcalledpowerfactor angle. Possible16markquestions: 1.Explainwhyasynchronousmotordoesnothavestartingtorque. 2.Explainonemethodofstartingasynchronousmotor. 3.Whydoesthepowerfactorofindustrialinstallationtendtobelow?Howcanitbe improved? 4.Doesthechangeinexcitationaffectthep.fofthesynchronousmotor?Explain 5.Anoverexcitedsynchronousmotoriscalledasynchronouscondenser.Explain. 6.Mentionsomespecificapplicationsofsynchronousmotor. 7.Explainwhathappenswhentheloadonasynchronousmotorischanged. 8.Whatismeantbyconstantpowercircleforsynchronousmotor?

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9.Whatismeantbyhuntinginasynchronousmotor?Whyisitundesirable?Whatis donetominimizeit?Nov04 10.ExplainVcurvesandinvertedVcurves.Nov06 11.Drawthepoweranglediagramofasynchronousmachine.Nov05 12.Explainbrieflytheprincipleofoperationofthreephasesynchronousmotor. 13.Describetheeffectofvaryingtheexcitationonthearmaturecurrentandpower factorofasynchronousmotorwheninputpowertothemotorismaintainedconstant. 14.ListoutthemaincharacteristicsofsynchronousmotorNov06

III.INDUCTIONMOTORS 1.Whataretypesof3phaseinductionmotor? 1. Squirrelcageinductionmotor 2. Slipringinductionmotor 2.Whytherotorslotsofa3phaseinductionmotorareskewed? Therotorslotsofathreephaseinductionmotorareskewed tomakethemotorrunquietlybyreducingthemagnetichum toreducethelockingtendencyoftherotor

3.Whytheinductionmotoriscalledasynchronousmotor? Sincetheinductionmotorrunsalwaysataspeedlesserthansynchronousspeed,it iscalledasynchronousmotor. 4.Whataresliprings? Theslipringsaremadeofcopperalloysandarefixedaroundtheshaft insulatingit.Throughtheseslipringsandbrushestherotorwindingcanbeconnected toexternalcircuits.

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5.Statethedifferencebetweenslipringrotorandcagerotorofaninductionmotor? Slipringrotorhas3phasewindings.Threeendsofwhicharestaredand theotherthreeendsarebroughtupandconnectedto3slipringsmountedinthe shaft.Extraresistancecanbeaddedintherotorcircuit.Squirrelcagerotorhasshort circuitedcopperbars.Extraresistancecantbeaddedasslipringrotor. 6.Writeanexpressionfortheslipofaninductionmotor. %slip=(NsNr)/Ns*100. NsSynchronousSpeedinrpm NrMotorSpeedinrpm 7.Whatiscoggingofaninductionmotor?Nov04,may06,Nov05 Whenthenumberofstatorandrotorteethsisequalorintegralmultipleof rotorteeth,theyhaveatendencytoalignthemselvesexactlytominimumreluctance position.Thustherotormayrefusetoaccelerate.Thisphenomenonisknownas cogging. 8.Explainwhythenoloadcurrentofaninductionmotorismuchhigherthanthatof anequivalenttransformer. Ininductionmotor,duetothepresenceoftheairgap,themagnetizingcurrent thatisrequiredtosetupthefluxismuchhigher.Theworkingcomponentofthe currenthastomeetthehysterisisloss,eddycurrentloss,frictionandwindagelosses. Hencethenoloadcurrentofinductionmotorishigher. 9.Statetheeffectofrotorresistanceonstartingtorque? Startingtorqueincreaseswithincreaseinvalueofrotorresistance. 10.Whataretheadvantagesofcagemotor? Sincetherotorhasverylowresistance,thecopperlossislowandefficiencyis high Ontheaccountofsimpleconstructionofrotor,itismechanicallyrobust. Initialcostisless. Maintenancecostisless. Simplestatingarrangement

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11.Givetheconditionsformaximumtorquefor3phaseinductionmotor?Nov06, Nov04 The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximumtorquei.e.R2=sX2wheresistheslipunderrunningconditions. R2=X2understartingconditions 12.Whatisreasonforinsertingadditionalresistanceinrotorcircuitofaslipring inductionmotor?May06 Introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit will increase the startingtorqueaswellasrunningtorque.Alsoitlimitsthestartingcurrent,improves thepowerfactor. 13.Whataretheadvantagesof3phaseinductionmotor? Itwasverysimpleandextremelyrugged,almostunbreakableconstruction Itscostisverylowanditisveryreliable Ithasbeensufficientlyhighefficiency.Nobrushesareneededandhence frictionallossesarereduced Itrequiresminimumofmaintenance. 14.Whatdoescrawlingofinductionmotormean?Nov04,may06,Nov05 Squirrelcagetype,sometimesexhibitatendencytorunstablyatspeedsaslow as1/7theoftheirsynchronousspeed,becauseoftheharmonicsthisphenomenonis knownascrawling 15.Statetheapplicationofaninductiongenerator? Usedinwindmillforgeneratingelectricpower. Usedinregenerativebreakingplacesliketraction.

16.Writethetwoextrafeaturesofslipringinductionmotors.Nov06 Rotorishaving3phasewinding.

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 Extraresistancecanbeaddedintherotorcircuitbyconnectingthroughthe helpofthreeslipringsforimprovingthepowerfactor,increasingStarting Torque,limitingthestartingcurrent. 17.Whyaninductionmotoriscalledrotatingtransformer? Therotorreceiveselectricalpowerinexactlythesamewayasthesecondaryof atwowindingtransformerreceivingitspowerfromprimary.Thatiswhyaninduction motor can be called as a rotating transformer i.e., in which primary winding is stationarybutthesecondaryisfreetorotate. 18.Whyistheefficiencyofa3phaseinductionmotorlessthanofatransformer? Ininductionmotor,thereisamechanicallossduetotherotationoftherotor. Hencetheefficiencyofaninductionmotorislessthanthatofthetransformer. 19.whataretheteststobeperformedoninductionmotortoobtaindatanecessaryto drawthecirclediagramNov06 Byusingdataobtainedfromthenoloadtestandtheblockedrotortest,the circlediagramcanbedrawn 20.WhatisanInductionGeneratorNov04 Whentheslippftheinductionmotorisnegativei.ewhentheinductionmotor runsfasterthansynchronousspeed,theinductionmotorrunsfasterthansynchronous speed,theinductionmotorrunsasageneratorcalledInductiongenerator 21.MentionthelossesthatoccurininductionmotorMay06 Constantlosses Variablelosses 22.EnlistfourapplicationofwoundrotorinductionmotorMay06 UsedinLifts,hoists,cranes,elevators,compressors 23.Whatistheeffectofchangeininputvoltageonstatingtorqueofinductionmotor? StartingtorqueTSt(KE1)2 Startingtorqueisdirectlyproportionalwiththesquareofsupplyvoltage.If supplyvoltageischanged,torquewillalsobechangedintermsofsquareroot

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24.Comparetheinductiongeneratorwiththesynchronousgenerator Thedistinctfeaturesofinductiongeneratorcomparedtosynchronous generatorareasfollows: 1. ItwillnotrequireD.Cexcitation 2. Itisnotselfexcited 3. Thefrequencyofinductiongeneratorisdecidedbythefrequencyofthe excitationvoltage,whichissupplyingcurrenttoit. 4. Synchronizationofgeneratorisnotrequiredasnoe.m.fisgenerateduntilitis connectedtotheline. 25.Howisthedirectionofrotationofinductionmotorchanged? Byinterchanginganytwoterminalsofthreephaseswindingwhileconnectingtoit threephasesupply,directionofrotationgetschanged. 16MARKQUESTIONS: 1.Developtheequivalentcircuitfor3phaseinductionmotor?Apr:2003,May06 2.Describetheprincipleofoperationof3inductionmotor.Apr:2003,Nov05 3.Drawthesliptorquecharacteristicsforathreephaseinductionmotorandexplain. Apr:1999,Nov06 4.Explainhowarotatingmagneticfieldisproducedinathreephase induction motorwithvectordiagram.Apr:1999,Nov06 5.Explainthemethodsareavailabletostartathreephaseinductionmotor 6.Explaintheprincipleandoperationof1inductionmotor 7.Draw and explain the torque/slip curves of a threephase induction motor for differentvaluesofrotorresistance.Oct:2000,Nov06 8.Explainthespeedcontrolof3phaseinductionmotor

IV.STARTINGANDSPEEDCONTROLOFTHREEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTOR 1.Whatarethetypesofstarters? Statorrheostat,AutotransformerStartoDeltastarterandrotorresistancestarter.

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2.Listoutthemethodsofspeedcontrolofcagetype3phaseinductionmotor? 1. Bychangingsupplyfrequency 2. Bychangingthenumberofpoles 3. Byoperatingtwomotorsincascade 3.Mentiondifferenttypesofspeedcontrolofslipringinductionmotor? a)Bychangingsupplyfrequencyb)Bychangingthenumberofstatorpoles c)Byrotorrheostatcontrold)Byoperatingtwomotorsincascade 4.Statetheadvantagesofcapacitorstartrunmotorovercapacitorstartmotor.Nov04 Runningtorqueismore;Powerfactorduringrunningismore. 5.WhatisUniversalmotor? AUniversalmotorisdefinedasamotor,whichmaybeoperatedeitheron directcurrentorsinglephaseacsupply. 6.statesomeapplicationofuniversalmotor. Usedforsewingmachines,tablefans,Vaccumcleaners,hairdriers,blowersetc 7.Explainwhysinglephaseinductionmotorisnotselfstartingone.Nov06 Whenthemotorisfedfromasinglephasesupplyitsstatorwindingproduces an alternating or pulsating flux, which develops no torque which is explained in Doublerevolvingfieldtheory. 8.Whattypeofmotorisusedforceilingfan? Capacitorstartandcapacitorrunsinglephasemotorisusedforceilingfans. 9.whatisthetypeofinductionmotorusedinwetgrinders? Capacitorstartcapacitorrunsinglephaseinductionmotor. 10.whatkindofmotorisusedinmixie? Singlephaseacseriesmotorisusedinmixie.

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11.whatistheapplicationofshadedpoleinductionmotor?Nov06 Becauseofitssmallstartingtorque,itisgenerallyusedforsmallfans,toys, instruments,hairdriers,ventilators,electricclocketc. 12.Inwhichdirectiondoesashadedpolemotorrun? Therotorstartsrotationinthedirectionfromunshadedparttotheshadedpart. 13.whysinglephaseinductionmotorhaslowpowerfactor? Thecurrentthroughtherunningwindinglagsbehindthesupplyvoltagebyavery largeangle.Thereforepowerfactorisverylow. 14.Diffrentiatebetweencapacitorstartandcapacitorstartcapacitorruninduction motor? Incapacitorstartmotor,capacitorisconnectedinserieswiththestarting winding.Butitwillbedisconnectedfromthesupply,whenthemotorpicksupits speed.Butincapacitorstartcapacitorrunmotortheabovestartingwindingand capacitorarenotdisconnected,butalwaysconnectedinthesupply.soithashigh startingandrunningtorque. 15.Statetheapplicationofaninductiongenerator? Usedinwindmillforgeneratingelectricpower.

Usedinregenerativebreakingplacesliketraction.
16.WhatdoyoumeanbyresidualEMFinagenerator. TheEMFinducedinthearmatureconductoronlyduetotheresidualfluxinthe fieldpolesisknownasresidualEMF 17.Statetheeffectofrotorresistanceonstartingtorque? Startingtorqueincreaseswithincreaseinvalueofrotorresistance.

18.Howcanvaryingsupplyfrequencycontrolspeed? ~ 18 ~

Weknowthat Ns=120f P Fromtheequationitisclearthatbyvaryingfrequencyspeedcanbevarieditis varyrarely. 19.Howisspeedcontrolachievedbychangingthenumberofstatorpoles? Herechangeinstatorpolesisachievedbyhavingtwoormoreindependentstator windingsinthesameslot.Eachwindinggivesdifferentnumberofpolesanddifferent speeds.Atatimeonlyonewindingisusedandotherisclosed. 20.Whatarethemaindisadvantagesofrotorrheostaticcontrol?Nov06 Thespeedcanbedecreasedbyincreasingtherotorresistance,butincreasesI2R lossandhencedecreasesefficiency. Speeddependsonloadalsoandsousedforsmallperiodsonly.

21.Whatarethemethodsofspeedcontrolpreferredforlargemotors? 22.Whatisaninductionregulator? Aninductionregulatorisusedtoobtaintheconstantvoltageatthefeederend. Varyingtherangebetweenthemagneticaxesoftheprimaryandsecondarywindings controlsthevoltage;itmaybeasinglephase.Rotorismovedusuallybyamaximum of180degree. 23.DefineSlipfrequency. Therelationmotionofthestatorfluxandtherotorconductorsinducesthe voltageoffrequencySfcalledslipfrequency. Kramersystem Scherbiussystem

24.DefineAsynchronoustorque.

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Whenstatorandrotorfieldsarestationarywithrespecttoeachother,asteady torque is produced and rotation is maintained. Such a torque existing at any mechanicalspeedotherthansynchronousspeediscalledasanasynchronoustorque.

25.Whatisthemainuseofsquirrelcagewindinginsynchronousmotorstarting? Whenasquirrelcagewindingcalledtheamortissuerordamperwindingis inserted in the rotor pole faces, the rotor comes up to the synchronous speed by inductionmotoractionwiththefieldwindingunexcited. 26.Whatisbreakdowntorque? Fromthetorqueversesslipcharactertics,wecaninferthatasthetorqueincreases, slipincreasesuptoamaximumtorquedevelopedarecalledabreakdowntorque. 27.Whatisthefunctionofrotaryconverter?Whereitisused? Rotaryconverterconvertslowslipacpower.ItisusedinKramersystem,whichis forthespeedcontrolofthreephaseinductionmotor. 28.WhataretheadvantagesofKramersystemofspeedcontrol? Anyspeedwithintheworkingrangecanbeobtained Whenrotaryconverterisoverexcited,itwilltakeleadingcurrent,compensates withthelaggingcurrentdrawnbythemotor,thusimprovingpowerfactor. 29.Writetheexpressionforconcatenatedspeedoftheset. Cumulativemode(Nsc)=120f Pa+Pb Differentialmode(Nsc)=120f PaPb PanoofpolesofmotorA PbnoofpolesofmotorB

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1.Explainthedifferentspeedcontrolmethodsofsquirrelcageinductionmotor. 2.Explainthemethodsofstartingofinductionmotor.NOV03,May06 3.Explainthecascadeoperationofinductionmotorstoobtainvariablespeed.Nov06 4.DescribleKramersystemofspeedcontrolfor3phaseinductionmotorwithaneat diagram.Nov03 5.Explainindetailautotransformermethodofstartingasquirrelcage induction motor. 7.Howaddinganexternalresistanceintherotorcircuitcontrolsthespeed? 8.BrieflyexplaintheV/Fcontrolofaninductionmotor.Nov04 9.Explaintheworkingoffollowingstarterswithhelpofneatcircuitdiagram. 1.Statorresistancestarter2.StarDeltastarter3.DirectOnLineStarter4.Rotor resistanceStarter5.AutotransformerStarter 10.Explainthepoleamplitudemodulationmethod. 11.Explainthesupplyvoltagemethod.Whythismethodrarelyusedinpractice. 12.Explainthevarioustechniquesofspeedcontrolofinductionmotorfromrotorside control.Nov04 13.Expalinindetailaboutnecessityofstarters

V.SINGLEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTORSANDSPECIALMACHINES 1.Explainwhysinglephaseinductionmotorisnotselfstartingone.Nov06 Whenthemotorisfedfromasinglephasesupplyitsstatorwindingproducesan alternatingorpulsatingflux,whichdevelopsnotorquewhichisexplainedinDouble revolvingfieldtheory. 2.Whattypeofmotorisusedforceilingfan? Capacitorstartandcapacitorrunsinglephasemotorisusedforceilingfans. 3.Whatisthetypeofinductionmotorusedinwetgrinders? Capacitorstartcapacitorrunsinglephaseinductionmotor. 4.Whatkindofmotorisusedinmixie? ~ 21 ~

Singlephaseacseriesmotorisusedinmixie. 5.Whatistheapplicationofshadedpoleinductionmotor?Nov06 Because of itssmall starting torque, itisgenerally used for small fans, toys, instruments,hairdriers,ventilators,electricclocketc. 6.Drawtheequivalentcircuitofasinglephaseinductionmotorwithoutcoreloss. 7.Areshadedpoleinductionmotorsreversiblespeedmotors?Nov06 Yes.Shadedpoleinductionmotorsarereversiblespeedmotors.Butitisdifficult. To achieve the speed reversal, the additional set of shading rings is required. By opening one set and closing other, direction can be reversed but this method is complicatedandexpensive. 8.Statetheadvantagesofcapacitorstartrunmotorovercapacitorstartmotor. Runningtorqueismore;Powerfactorduringrunningismore. 9.Inwhichdirectiondoesashadedpolemotorrun? Therotorstartsrotationinthedirectionfromunshadedparttotheshadedpart. 10.whysinglephaseinductionmotorhaslowpowerfactor? Thecurrentthroughtherunningwindinglagsbehindthesupplyvoltagebyavery largeangle.Thereforepowerfactorisverylow. 11.Diffrentiatebetweencapacitorstartandcapacitorstartcapacitorruninduction motor? In capacitor start motor, capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding.Butitwillbedisconnectedfromthesupply,whenthemotorpicksupits speed. But in capacitor start capacitor run motor the above starting winding and capacitorarenotdisconnected,butalwaysconnectedinthesupply.soithashigh startingandrunningtorque.

12.Whatarethedemeritsofrepulsionmotor?Nov06 ~ 22 ~

Motorsareexpensiveandrarelyusedinapplications.Alsothespeedofthemotor changeswithload.Atnoloaditsvalueisveryhigh.Thereispossibilityofsparkingat brushesandthemotorrunsatlowpowerfactor. 13.Whycapacitorstartinductionmotorsadvantageous?Nov04 In capacitor startinduction motors, capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. When speed of the motor approaches to 75 to 80 5 of the synchronousspeed,thestartingwindinggetsdisconnectedduetotheoperationofthe centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains in the circuit only at start. The starting torque is proportional to phase angle and hence such motors produce very high startingtorque. 14.Drawthespeedtorquecharacteristicsofrepulsionstartinductionrunmotor. 15.Drawthevectordiagramfora.capacitorstartandb.splitphaseinductionmotor. 16.Whatisthefunctionofcapacitorinasinglephaseinductionmotor?May03 Capacitorisusedtoimprovethepowerfactorofthemotor.Duetothecapacitor connectedinserieswiththeauxiliarywinding,thecapacitivecircuitdrawsaleading current which increases the splitphase angle between two currents main winging currentandstartingwindingcurrent. 17.Whatistheuseofshadingcoilintheshadedpolemotor?May03,May04 Inshadedpolemotors,thenecessaryphasesplittingisproducedbyinduction. Thesemotorshavesalientpolesonstatorandasquirrelcagetyperotor.Thepolesare shaded.i.eeachpolecarriesacopperbondoneofitsunequallydividedpartcalled shadingband When singlephase a.c supply is given to the stator winding, due to shading providedtothepoles,arotatingmagneticfieldisgenerated. 18.Givetheclassificationofsinglephaseinductionmotors 1.Splitphaseinductionmotor 2.Capacitorstartinductionmotor ~ 23 ~

3.Capacitorstartcapacitorruninductionmotor 4.Shadedpoleinductionmotor

19.Statetheapplicationsofsplitphaseinductionmotor Theseareusedforeasilystartedloadslikefans,blowers,grinders,centrifugal pumps,washingmachines,oilburners,officeequipmentsetc., 20. What are all the tests needed to draw the equivalent circuit of single phase inductionmotor? 1.Noloadoropencircuittest 2.Blockedrotortestorshortcircuittest 21.WhatdoyoumeanbyfractionalkWmotors? Thepowerratingofsomemotorsisverysmall.Someofthemareevenfractional horsepowerfactorshencethesemotorsarecalledfractionalkWmotors. 22.Definesplitphasetechnique Inreluctancemotorthereexistsaphasedifferencebetweenthecurrentscarried bythetwowindingsandcorrespondingfluxes.Suchtwofluxesreacttoproducethe rotatingmagneticfield.Thetechniqueiscalledsplitphasetechniqueofproductionof rotatingmagneticfield. 23.Definehysteresistorque Inhysteresismotorwhenstatorisenergized,itproducesrotatingmagneticfield. Themainandauxiliarywinding,boththewindingsmustbesuppliedcontinuouslyso astomaintaintherotatingmagneticfield.Thisfieldinducespolesintherotor.The hystereisphenomenonisdominantfortherotormaterialchosenandduetowhich rotorpoleaxislagbehindtheaxisofrotatingmagneticfield.Duetothis,therotor polesgetattractedtowardsthemovingstatorfieldpoles.Thusrotorgetssubjectedto torquecalledHysteresistorque. 24.ClassifySteppermotors ~ 24 ~

Variablereluctancesteppermotors Permanentmagnetsteppermotors Hybridsteppermotors

25.WritetheapplicationsofSinglephaseACseriesmotor Becauseofhighstartingtorqueitisusedinelectrictraction,hoists,locomotives etc. 16MarksQuestions: 1.Explainthedoublerevolvingfieldtheoryforoperationofsinglephaseinduction motor.Nov06,Nov04,May06 2.GivetheconstructionaldetailsandoperatingprincipleofACseriesmotor.Nov06, May06 3.Whatarethetypesofsinglephaseinductionmotors?Explainanytwoindetail. Nov06 4.Writeabriefnoteonhysteresismotor.Nov06,May06 5.Describetheprincipleofoperationofsinglephaseinductionmotorusingcapacitor. Drawthecircuitandphasordiagram.Nov06 7.Describeanyonetypeofsteppermotorwithdiagram.Nov06 8.Explainshadedpoleinductionmotorwithdiagram.Nov06 9.IllustrateRepulsionmotorwithdiagram.Nov06 10.Expliantheoperationofthetypesofsteppingmotor.Comparethem.Statefour applicationsofsteppermotors.Nov04,Nov05 11.EnumeratethefeaturesofReluctancemotor.May06,Nov05 12.Showthatasinglephasesinusoidalfieldcanbereplacedbytwofieldsrotating aroundtheairgapinoppositedirections:sketchthesliptorquecurveduetoeach field.Provethatthemotorhasnostartingtorque.Nov05 13.Developequivalentcircuitofasinglephaseinductionmotorignoringcorelosses. 14.Explainthecharacteristicsofsteppermotor 15.Discussindetailaboutthestartingofsinglephaseinductionmotor

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