UNiSEL (KMD 3133)

Fluid Power Application

Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133
By,

Mohd Darnalis A.Rahman

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What is Fluid Power?

Deals with the generation, control, and transmission of power using pressurized fluids. The muscle that moves industry. Most modern machines driven by it. Applications,
fluid power steering & brakes automobiles, drives machine tools, controls airplanes, moves earth (excavation), even drills teeth.
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Fluid Transport? or Fluid Power?

Should be realized that there are actually 2(two) different types of fluid systems.
1.

Fluid transport
Sole objective is to deliver a fluid from one location to another to accomplish some useful purpose.

2.

Fluid power
Designed specifically to perform work.

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Fluid Power
The work is accomplished by a pressurized fluid acting on a fluid cylinder or fluid motor.
A fluid cylinder produces a force. A fluid motor produces a torque. Fluid cylinders & motors provide the muscle to do desired work.

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Fluid Power - History

Known as hydraulics & pneumatics due to the working fluid can either be liquid or gas. Working on the Pascals Law
Pressure is transmitted undiminished in a confined body of fluid Pascal found that when he rammed a cork into a jug completely full of wine, the bottom of the jug broke and fell out.

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Fluid Power - History

Pressure Acting Area 1

Acting Area 2 Pressure Transmitted

Pascals law indicated that the pressures were equal at the top and bottom of the jug, however, the jug has a small opening area at the top and a large area at the bottom, thus the bottom absorbs greater force due to its larger area.
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Fluid Power - History

While Bernoulli developed his law of conservation of energy for a fluid flowing in a pipeline. Pascals & Bernoullis law is the working principle of all fluid power applications and are used for analysis purposes.

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Fluid Power Hydraulics

Hydraulics Systems
Uses liquids such as mineral oils, water, synthetic oils, even molten metals. Water was the 1st hydraulic fluids Not very suitable due to several deficiencies, such as freezes, poor lubricant & corrosive characteristics. Oils are superior and widely used. Liquids provides very rigid medium (uncompressible) for transmitting power & thus provides huge forces moving loads (with accuracy & precision)

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Fluid Power Pneumatics

Pneumatics Systems
Uses air as the gas medium due to abundant supply and can be readily exhausted to the atmosphere. Other gasses are not favorable due to cost, efficiency reasons but might be considered for special/critical purposes, should there be. Gas exhibits spongy characteristics due to compressibility of gas. However it is less expensive to build, operate & maintained.
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Applications

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Applications

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Advantages of Fluid Power

3 basic methods of transmitting power;
Electrical Mechanical Fluid Power

Efficient overall system using combination of all above. Fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distance than mechanical system. However, restricted to shorter distances compared to electrical systems
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Advantages of Fluid Power

Fluid power secret is its versatility and manageability. Not constrain to the physical geometry of the machine compared to mechanical systems. E.g. automotive braking systems. Power transmitted in almost limitless quantities. Not constrained by the physical limitation of materials such in an electrical systems. (E.g. Electromagnets, depends on saturation limit of steel)
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Advantages of Fluid Power

Main advantages of Fluid Power systems are:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Ease and accuracy of control. Multiplication of force. Constant force or torque. Simplicity, safety & economy.

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Drawbacks of Fluid Power

In spite of all highly desirable of fluid power, it is not the answer of all power transmission problems.
Hydraulics oil are messy. Leakage is virtually impossible to eliminate completely. Safety issue hydraulics lines might burst resulting to injuries if proper design are not implemented.
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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

Pneumatic powered Dextrous articulated artificial limb

Courtesy of , Shadow Robot Company

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UNiSEL (KMD 3133)

Applications of Fluid Power

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Applications of Fluid Power

Pneumatic powered artificial muscle. Air Muscle, Courtesy of Shadow Robot Company

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System)

There are 6(six) basic components
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Tank (reservoir) holding the liquid (hydraulic oil). Pump forcing liquid through the system. Electric motor or other power source to drive the pump. Valves controlling liquid direction, pressure & flow rate. Actuators convert energy of liquid into mechanical force / torque providing useful work. Cylinders linear motions. Motors rotary motions. Piping Carries the liquid from one location to another.
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6.

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System)

Figure 1-21

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System)

Figure 1-20

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System)

Complexity of hydraulic systems will vary depending on the specific applications Each unit is a complete, packaged power system containing,
Electric motor Pump Shaft coupling Reservoir (oil tank) Miscellaneous piping, pressure valves and Other components as required for proper operation such as pressure gages.
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Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System)

Figure 1-22

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System)

There are also 6(six) basic components
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Air Tank (reservoir) storing a given volume of compressed air. Compressor Compresses air from the atmosphere. Electric motor or other prime mover to drive the compressor. Valves controlling liquid direction, pressure & flow rate. Actuators convert energy of liquid into mechanical force / torque providing useful work. Cylinders linear motions. Motors rotary motions. Piping distribute the pressurized air from one location to another.
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Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System)

Fig 1-23

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System)

Complexity of pneumatic systems will vary depending on the specific applications. Self-contained pneumatic power unit is consist of,
Electric motor Compressor Shaft coupling Reservoir (Air tank) Miscellaneous piping, pressure valves and Other components as required for proper operation such as pressure gages.

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Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System)

Should be noted;
In pneumatic systems after pressurized air is spent driving actuators, it is then exhausted back to the atmosphere.

While,
In hydraulic systems, the spent oil drains back to the reservoir and is repeatedly reused after being re-pressurized & filtered by the system.
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Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System

Fluid power can either be using the closed-loop or open-loop type. Closed-loop System
Using feedback. Output from system is automatically sampled and compared (fed back) to the input / command signal by means of a device known as feedback transducer. If there is significance difference between command signal and feedback signals, action will be taken automatically to correct the system output. A.K.A servo systems, valves used to direct fluid are systems typically called servo valves.
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Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System

Open-loop System Not using feedback. Performance solely depends on individual components and how they interact in the circuit. No input / output compensation occur. Most hydraulic circuits are of the open-loop type, which generally not so complex / precise as closed-loop. Errors due to slippage (oil leakage which somehow depends on the pressure & temperature.) Example,
Leakage past seals inside pumps due to viscosity change of fluid which affected to the rise of operating temperature. Leading to pressure and speed of actuators to drop.

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Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System

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