Wu1c2 by Adel Khamis

Chapter two -1- Unit one
Sound as a wave motion

……………………………………………Sound produced as a result of •
.…
?How does Sound transfer •
..………………………………………………………………………… •
:Sound Ray
………………………………………………………………………………… •
:Reflection of sound
..………………………………………………………………… :Definition •
Sound propagates in form of ………. Wave, where the source of •
the sound at ……. of that spheres, when sound waves reflect, it
reflect as if the source of the repeated sound ………. The

.reflector
……….…………………………………………… Sound reflects when •

…
The repeated sound is similar the original one, and it seems to •

..………………………………………………… be produced from
:Echo
.………………………………………………………………… :Definition •
:Laws of reflection
..……………………………………………………… :Angle of incident
……………………………………………………… :Angle of reflection
2008/2009 Work Sheet

:Laws of reflection
…………………………………………………………… :The first law •
.……
………………………………………………..……… :The second law •

..……
:Application of reflection
……………………………………………………………………………… •
..…
……………………………………………………………………………… •
..…
:Refraction of sound
………………………………………………………………… :Definition•
.…
θ
φ

When sound falls on a separating surface between two media, a•

……………… portion of the sound ………….. and the other portion
.…
If the velocity of sound in the first medium is (greater than – less •
than) that in the second medium, sound refract away from the
.normal
:Laws of refraction
:The first law
.......... . .......... .
=
.......... . ..........
:Where
..…………………………… φ is •
...…………………………… θ is •
:The second law
..……………………………………………………………………………
..……………………………………………………………………………
:N.B
The relation between velocity of sound and density of gas can be •

…………………… written as
If the temperature of air increases, therefore its density •

.)(increases / decreases
If the density of air increases therefore the velocity of sound •

.)(increase / decrease
When sound transfers from high velocity to slow velocity, it •

.refract (towards / away from) the normal
:G.R
Sound heard more clear at night than that at day time •
...…………………………………………………………………………… •
:Questions
?How can you form a lens to diverge the sound •
...…………………………………………………………………………… •
What is the relation between density of gas and velocity of •

?sound
...…………………………………………………………………………… •
:Example
Sound ray fall in the separated surface between air and water.1
with an angle of 30°, find the angle of refraction given that

.velocity of sound in air = 320 m/s and that in water = 400 m/s
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
]’38° 40 [
If the velocity of sound in air is 0.7 that in Hydrogen, given that.2
:density of hydrogen is 0.19 kg/m3 find
.Density of air)a
Refracted angle in hydrogen given that the incident)b
angle in air is 30°

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
]’kg/m3, 45° 35 0.38775 [
:Interference of sound
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
:Experiment
Vibration
generator
amplifier
Explain an experiment to illustrate the interference of sound by
using of two coherent sound sources (two loudspeakers are

:)connected with generator

……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
:Constructive interference
…………………………………… :Definition
.………………………………
……………………… = Path difference
:Where
).… m is integral number. (0,1,2,3
:Destructive interference
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
……………………… = Path difference
:Where
).… m is integral number. (0,1,2,3
:Example
Two waves of wavelength 0.5 m and velocity 300 m/s, if one of.1
the two waves starts after the second by 0.1 second. Find if the
.sound will be loud or decay
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
:Diffraction of sound
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
Diffraction of sound takes place when the diameter of the hole

.(smaller than, greater than) the wave length of the wave
G.R
.We can hear the sound of talking person in a closed room •
..…………………………………………………………………………… •
.We can hear the sound of talking person behind a thick barrier •
..…………………………………………………………………………… •
:Sound as wave motion

:Sound considered as wave motion for the following reasons
……………………………………………………………….1
..……………
……………………………………………………………….2
..……………
……………………………………………………………….3
..……………
……………………………………………………………….4
..……………
……………………………………………………………….5
..……………

Superposition of waves
It is ………………………………………., where the intensity of the •

...…………………………………………………… resultant wave is
If the frequencies of the two •
superposed waves are slightly
different, …….which are high sound

.are formed
Superposition of waves may •
produce as a result of incident and

.reflected wave in a string
If the end of the string is fixed, the •
crest reflect as ………………., and

.that case (increase / decrease) in intensity
If the end of the string is free, the crest reflect as ……….. and •
that cause (increase / decrease)

.decrease in intensity
:Stationary "standing" waves
Standing waves arise from the •
superposition of two identical waves
having the same amplitude and
frequency traveling with the same speed but in ………………

.)directions (incident and reflected waves
:Node
………………………………… :Definition •
..………………………

:Antinode
..………………………………………………………… :Definition •
:)Wave length (λ
..………………………………………………………… :Definition •
:Melde’s experiment
…………………………………… •
…………………………………
…………………………………… •
…………………………………
…………………………………… •
…………………………………
…………………………………… •
…………………………………
:Vibration of strings
When a string of length (L) is fixed at both ends and plucked near
the center, it vibrates forming its "fundamental tone". This wave has
.a smallest possible frequency

Relation between number of waves, segments,

:antinodes and nodes
Number of waves Number of Number of Number of
segments antinodes nodes
Rule
:Vibration of strings
Fundamental Second
First overtone
.t overtone
First Second Third

.harmonic t .harmonic t .harmonic t
:Shape
Number of
………… ..………… .…………
segments n
)L (related to λ ..…………… .………… ..…………
….……………
Ratio of ν .…….…………… .…….……………
.…
:As general

nλ
L =
2
2L
λ=
n
:Ratio of ν
V = .......... .× .......... ..
.......... .
∴ν =
.......... .
..........
but λ =
.........
.......... .
∴ν =
.......... ..
when L and V are const.

ν 1 n1
=
ν2 n2
ν 1 : ν 2 : ν 3 = n1 : n 2 : n 3
ν1 : ν 2 : ν 3 = 1 : 2 : 3
:Equation of strings
The velocity of propagation of the transverse waves in a stretched

:string can be calculated from the following formulas
V =........ ×.........
FT
......... V =
but λ= m
..........
..........
∴ V =ν
.......... .
.......... .........
ν =
.......... .........
........ ..........
ν=
......... .........

:Where
Ft: is ………………………….. and has unit of ……………. and it can be

.……… calculated from the relation ………… where: M is
m: (longitudinal density) is ………………….. and has unit of …………
….. , and it can be calculated as m = ………… and it can be

..………… calculated from the relation
:Factors affecting the frequency

:)The length of the string (L-1
The frequency is ……………. Proportional to the length, when the

.rest of variables are constant
ν ∝ ..........
ν 1 .......... .
=
ν 2 .......... ..
:)The tension of the string (Ft-2
The frequency is …………… proportional to the square root of the

.tension, when the rest of variables are constant
ν ∝ ..........
ν1 .......... .
=
ν 2 .......... ..
:)The mass per unit length (m-3
The frequency is ………….. Proportional to the square root of mass

.per unit length, when the rest of variables are constant
ν ∝ ..........
ν 1 .......... .
=
ν 2 .......... ..

:Questions
Find the relation between the frequency and density of string's-1
material
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
..…
Find the relation between the frequency and radius of the string-2
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
..…
:Examples
A string of length (L) stretched on a sonometer with a.1
certain tension emits its fundamental tone with frequency
50 hertz. Find its frequency if its length is decreased to half

.)of (L
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
]Hz 100 [
The tension of a string stretched on a sonometer is changed from .2
6.4 N to 8.1 N without change in its length. Find the ratio of the
frequencies in the two cases if you know that the string always
.emits its fundamental tone
..………………………………………………………………………………

..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
]8:9 [
A string of length 1.5 m and mass 1.5 x 10-3 kg. is stretched with-3
a mass of 20 kg (acceleration of gravity = 9.8 m/s2). Find its

.fundamental frequency
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
]Hz 147.57 [
A string made of steel 1 m long vibrates in two segments. It is-4
stretched by a mass of 8 kg (g = 9.8 m/s2). Calculate its

.frequency if its mass per unit length is 0.001 kg/m
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
]Hz 280 [
A string of mass per unit length 0.01 kg/m is stretched by mass-5
of 10 kg. Calculate velocity of propagation of a transverse wave

)on this string (g = 10 m/s2
..………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………
]m/s 100 [

:.N.B
.…………………………………………… = Number of segments *
..…………………………………………… = Number of antinodes *
.…………………………………………… = Number of nodes *
:.G.R
You can differentiate between the musical tones emitted from •
different musical instruments although their fundamentals are

.same
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

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Chapter two -1- Unit one

Sound as a wave motion

?How does Sound transfer •

Sound propagates in form of ………. Wave, where the source of •

the sound at ……. of that spheres, when sound waves reflect, it

reflect as if the source of the repeated sound ………. The

……….…………………………………………… Sound reflects when •

The repeated sound is similar the original one, and it seems to •

……………………………………………………… :Angle of reflection

2008/2009 Work Sheet

………………………………………………..……… :The second law •

2008/2009 Work Sheet

When sound falls on a separating surface between two media, a•

If the velocity of sound in the first medium is (greater than – less •

:The second law

The relation between velocity of sound and density of gas can be •

If the temperature of air increases, therefore its density •

If the density of air increases therefore the velocity of sound •

When sound transfers from high velocity to slow velocity, it •

Sound heard more clear at night than that at day time •

What is the relation between density of gas and velocity of •

with an angle of 30°, find the angle of refraction given that

If the velocity of sound in air is 0.7 that in Hydrogen, given that.2

:density of hydrogen is 0.19 kg/m3 find

Refracted angle in hydrogen given that the incident)b

angle in air is 30°

2008/2009 Work Sheet

]’kg/m3, 45° 35 0.38775 [

Explain an experiment to illustrate the interference of sound by

using of two coherent sound sources (two loudspeakers are

2008/2009 Work Sheet

……………………… = Path difference

).… m is integral number. (0,1,2,3

……………………… = Path difference

).… m is integral number. (0,1,2,3

2008/2009 Work Sheet

Diffraction of sound takes place when the diameter of the hole

:Sound as wave motion

2008/2009 Work Sheet

It is ………………………………………., where the intensity of the •

If the frequencies of the two •

superposed waves are slightly

different, …….which are high sound

Superposition of waves may •

produce as a result of incident and

If the end of the string is fixed, the •

crest reflect as ………………., and

that cause (increase / decrease)

:Stationary "standing" waves

Standing waves arise from the •

superposition of two identical waves

having the same amplitude and

frequency traveling with the same speed but in ………………

2008/2009 Work Sheet

2008/2009 Work Sheet

Relation between number of waves, segments,

Number of waves Number of Number of Number of

segments antinodes nodes

First Second Third

)L (related to λ ..…………… .………… ..…………

2008/2009 Work Sheet

when L and V are const.