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WHY HT REQUIRED ?
TO ENHANCE PROPERTIES Strength Toughness Hardness
TO BRING THE PROPERIES SUITABLE FOR FABRICATION
CARRIED OUT IN
FABRICATION INDUSTRIES STEEL PLANTS FOUNDRY FORGING SHOPS
3
ALLOYS
Single Phase : Copper Nickel Multiphase : Steels
HEAT TREATEMENT
CRITERIA COLD WORKED to NORMAL
All materials
STRESSED to UNSTRESED
All Materials
NORMALIZING
The steel is heated to 40 C above the upper critical temperature followed by cooling in the still air. To achieve Uniform structure Change in Mechanical properties,
UTS & YS Hardness Impact properties
ANNEALING
Steel is heated 10 to 50C above the upper critical temperature and held for the desired length of time followed by very slow cooling within the furnace
To achieve:
Softness & better ductility Stresses free material Stress generated due to mechanical working / previous HT Uniform property through out the material
10
SOLUTION ANNEALING
Austenitic Stainless steels is heated to above 1050C and held for the desired time followed by cooling to room temperature within few minutes by quenching / blowing the air. Solution annealing is done on stainless steel and non ferrous alloys to achieve following: To soften the material To remove carbide precipitation formed at grain boundaries during manufacturing process 11 To improve Corrosion Resistance
AGEING
The Material is heated to a certain temperature, and held for the desired time; followed by quenching or cooling in air
AGEING
Maraging Steels
M250
Temperature : 485 C Normally 3 Hrs 15 mts Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : Cool in Air / Quench in water
13
STRESS RELIEVING
The steel is heated to a temperature below or close to the lower critical temperature with a specific rate of heating. It is held at the temperature for a desired length of time, followed by cooling with a specific rate up to certain temperature. There is no change in grain structure. Stress relieving is done Fabricated Components of CS & LAS: To reduce Internal Stresses To soften the steel partially To soften HAZ 14
STRESS RELIEVING
C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo (< 2% Cr)
C - Mn Steels , C - Mo Steels, Cr-Mo Steels
SA 515Gr 70 , SA204GrA, SA387GR11CL1
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
15
STRESS RELIEVING
Cr-Mo Steels
Cr - Mo Steels (Cr >2%)
SA 335P22 ,SA335P5
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
16
STRESS RELIEVING
Ni -Steels
Nickel Steels : 1,2,3% Ni
SA 203 GrA ,D
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
17
STRESS RELIEVING
Steels enhanced by Heat Treatments
Q&T Steels :
9.5% Ni Steels , SA 517 Gr E
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
18
JOB
RECORDER
P.I.D.
19
THERMOCOUPLES
PRINCIPLE OF A THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE BEING USED IN HZW
20
PRINCIPLE OF THERMOCOUPLE
The basic principle of thermoelectric thermometry is that a thermocouple develops an emf which is a function of the difference in temperature of its measuring junction & reference junction. If the temperature of reference junction is known, the temperature of the measuring junction can be determined by measuring the emf generated in the circuit.
21
Material
Nickel based
Chromel
( 10 %Cr )
Alumel
+ ( 2 % Al )
Properties :
Non-Magnetic +
Magnetic
In this type of thermocouple, the wires are joined at one end only to form a point-type temperature sensor. Instrumentation converts the millivolt signal to related temperature. 23
Attachment
Usability
Mech
Reusable
Capacitor
Disposable
Location
Color
PIT F/c
-
CONSTRUCTION OF A
K TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
pid
Welded junction
recorder
Compensating cable
Thermocouple wire
Accuracy : 0.75%
25
S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
Accuracy : 0.25 %
S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE ARE THE STANDARD THERMOCOUPLES. IT IS USED FOR CALIBRATING K Type THERMOCOUPLES. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION 90% PLATINUM + 10% RHODIUM PLATINUM OXIDATION RESISTANCE , SO MORE LIFE .
26
ISSUE METHODOLOGY
For DISPOSAL TYPE
COMPENSATING CABLE
COMPENSATING CABLE IS DEFINED AS A PAIR OF WIRES HAVING SUCH EMF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO THE THERMOCOUPLE WITH WHICH THE WIRES ARE INTENDED TO BE USED, THAT WHEN PROPERLY CONNECTED TO THERMOCOUPLE THE EFFECTIVE REFERENCE JUNCTION IS IN EFFECT TRANSFERRED TO THE OTHER END OF THE WIRES.
MATERIAL ==> +ve COPPER ( white ) -ve COPPER NICKEL (blue ) for K TYPE .
28
P.I.D.
PID = PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE
PID FUNCTIONS BOTH AS PROGRAMMER AND CONTROLLER PID CONTROLLER CAN BE ZONE WISE PROGRAMME IS MADE IN SEGMENTS AS PER DIFFERENT STAGES OF HEAT TREATMENT DIGITAL DISPLAY IS AVAILABLE FOR PROGRAMME TEMPERATURE AND FURNACE TEMEPERATURE TYPICAL OR REPETITIVE HEAT TREATMENT CYCLE CAN BE STORED IN PID(PROGRAMMER)
29
RECORDER
TYPES OF RECORDER
PAPERLESS -WITH COLOUR DISPLAY SCREEN ,HARD DISC AND FLOPPY DRIVE.
WITH PAPER -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN HZW. 24 CHANNEL -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN PFS( CHINO MAKE-- model no.I003
/Graph ET 001).
GRAPH PAPER
GRAPH PAPERS ARE USED FOR PLOTTING THE FURNACE TEMPERATURE VIA THERMOCOUPLE. THEY ARE FITTED ON THE RECORDER. GRAPH PAPER RECOMMENDED ON RECORDER ONLY TO BE USED GRAPH PAPER FOR MFS1 AND HFS1 FURNACE ==> ET 201 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN GRAPH PAPER FOR PFS FURNACE ==> ET 001 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN THE LENGTH OF ONE BUNDLE OF GRAPH PAPER IS GENERALLY 2000 MM.
DOTTING TYPE RECORDER INK (CHINO MAKE, JAPAN) IS USED IN RECORDER FOR PLOTTING OF GRAPH. USUALLY , 6 COLOURS ARE FILLED FOR PLOTTING. 31
32
( ZONE-2 )
( ZONE-4 )
( ZONE-6 )
( ZONE-8 )
BURNER
1640
1650
3575 ( ZONE-3 )
14300.
3575 ( ZONE-5 )
3575 ( ZONE-7 )
33
9000
3. CHARGE NO : 4. H. T. REQ. NO :
34
17.
18.
19.
20
26.
28.
29.
30.
For startup of furnace in other zones, follow the same steps no 16 to 27 mentioned above.
After all zones are started, start recording time and temperature from recorder every 30 minutes in the logbook. Conduct spot checks for heat treatment every 4hours 39 and fill the spot check format.
31.
40.
42
43
BURMER
BOGGIE WIDTH
1460
5500
44
6.
7.
9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
16.
Switch on ID blower first and then the air blower and maintain pressure at about 800mm WG by slowly opening the suction valve.
Ensure that pressure of LPG from yard to inlet of pressure regulator is always less than 20psi (1.5kg/CM2). Open the inlet valve to the regulator and open the outlet valve. If pressure exceeds 1600 mm WG , isolate the pressure by lifting the handle of safety shut off 47 valve.
17.
18. 19.
job.
32. Unload the job from bogie and move the bogie inside the furnace. 33. Close the furnace. Shut off the power supply.
50
51
FIRE BRICK
INSULATING CASTABLE
ROOF CERAMIC BLANKET
BLOWER
4020
125
250
4961
1000
52
5.
6.
53
8. 9.
10.
Insert the graph inside the recorder and take the signature of inspector on the graph paper.
Close the furnace door. Start the furnace by giving power supply ON
11. 12.
54
2.
3.
57
Calibration of recorder 1. Connect the millivolt source to the recorder by a compensating cable. Care should be taken to clean the wires and terminals thoroughly before the connections are made.
58
3.
4.
59
ACCURACY
+/- 0.25% +/- 0.25%
6.
Recorder
3.
4.
5.
Place the heat treatment fixture inside the furnace with thermocouples in position.
6.
Close the furnace lid. Start the furnace and the recorder.
61
10.
11.
64
HOW
Can be done by Electrical / Gas / diesel / Induction etc..
t
Heating band Insulation band
66
LSR of C/S
Spider or prop
68
69
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
1. Minimum distance between wall of furnace and the
job shall be 600mm. 2. Minimum distance between floor of the furnace and lower most part of the job shall be 300mm. 3. The distance between the flame of burner and saddle support shall be 600mm. 4. Minimum 90 degree saddle to be used, however
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
burner
900 600mm
600mm
450mm
300mm(point no:2)
5. Saddle shall be arranged in such away that open end of the vessel is maximum 450mm from saddle support. 6. Saddle shall be located as close to spiders (temporarily arranged to control deformation) as possible.
71
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
7. Spiders shall be provided as per annexure-5
9. Spiders or vertical prop shall be provided at open ends, center and below man way/nozzles above 24 10. Avoid gap between saddle support and job surface
72
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
13. Checklist shall be prepared and attached with HT request before furnace is fired as per Ann-1 14. Spot check report shall be filled by supervisor as per Annexure-2 during job is being heat treated. 15. Moonplate support and welding inside surface prior to release for Heat treatment as per Annexure-4 16. General idea about thermocouple locations and its attachments is as per Annexure-6
74
GENERAL
GENERAL
Temp. support
Furnace floor
7. Deoxidization agent shall be applied on all machined and gasket faces 8. Gasket / machined face of loose assemblies shall not be touching any object.
76
THERMOCOUPLES
1. All the thermocouples shall be tagged with aluminum sheet and identification hard punched on it. (For PIT furnace only)
77
THERMOCOUPLES
3. Minimum 8 thermocouples to be used for a charge in HFS- I furnace if the job occupies all 8 zones 4. Maximum distance between two thermocouples for a sample job is as shown in annexure- 6 5. PTC shall have separate thermocouple
78
THERMOCOUPLES ATTACHMENTS
1. Use only TAU-90 capacitor Discharge Welding machine for thermocouple connection
THERMOCOUPLES ATTACHMENTS
5.
6. 7. 8.
9.
81
SPECIAL NOTE
IF THE TEMPERATURE OF HEAT TREATMENT
EXCEEEDS
650-DEGREE
CENTIGRADE,
THE
MATERIAL AND SIZE OF SPIDERS AND SUPPORTS TO BE DECIDED BY PLANNING AND APPROVED BY DESIGN.
82
83
THICKNESS
LOW TEMERATURE OPERATION COLD WORKING CUSTOMER SPEC.
(UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)
(UCS-68) (UG-79)
84
1 HR. PER INCH. , HOWEVER 15 MINUTES MINIMUM 2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN. FOR EACH ADDITIONAL INCH ABOVE 2 2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN. FOR EACH ADDITIONAL INCH ABOVE 2
OVER 2 TO 5 OVER 5
* POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT IS MANDATORY ON P-NO.3 GR. NO. 3 MATERIAL IN ALL THICKNESSES.
89
91
Above 800 F( 427 C), the rate of heating shall not be more
than 4000F Per hour (2000C/Hour) divided by the maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no
------2 2
NOTES : 1. MINIMUM HOLDING TIME FOR 1 THICKNESS OR LESS ; ADD 15 MINUTES PER INCH OF THICKNESS FOR THICKNESS GREATER THAN 1. 2. THESE LOWER POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT TEMPERATURES PERMITTED ONLY FOR PNO.1 GROUP NO. 1 AND 2 MATERIALS. 95
96
97
98
99
SHELL DIAMETER
6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 ISMB 125 1500 1000 500 ISMB 125 ISMB 150 ISMB 150 ISMB 150
SHELL THICKNESS
DATA FOR ABOVE CHANNELS: DESIGNATION WT/ MTR.(KG) WEB HT FLG WD FLG THK WEB THK ISMB 125 13 125 75 7.6 4.4 ISMB 150 14.9 150 80 7.6 4.8 ISMB 250 37.3 250 125 12.5 6.9 ISMC 250 30.4 250 80 14.1 7.1
Annexure-5
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
HT REQUEST
102
HT CHARGE
103