D islocations (C ontd )

B e IV/ metal forming IV

Conservative (Glide) Motion of Edge dislocation Non-conservative (Climb)

Motion of dislocations On the slip plane

Motion of dislocation to the slip plane

For edge dislocation: as b t they define a plane the slip plane Climb involves addition or subtraction of a row of atoms below the half plane +ve climb = climb up removal of a plane of atoms ve climb = climb down addition of a plane of atoms

Edge Dislocation Glide

Shear stress

Surface step

Edge Climb

Positive climb Removal of a row of atoms

Negative climb Addition of a row of atoms

 The motion of a screw dislocation is also a result of shear stress Motion is perpendicular to direction of stress, rather than parallel (edge) However, the net plastic deformation of both edge and screw dislocations is the same

S crew D islocation

Screw dislocation

[1]

R ef: B ryan B aker chemed.chem.purdue.edu/ genchem/ topicreview/ materials/ bp/ defects3.html -

Fig B

Fig A Fig A and B Two views of a model of a right handed screw dislocation. The blue line indicates approximate location of the dislocation line

R ef: Journal of M atl. E ducation

Type of Screw dislocation Property Positive Symbol t and b direction

b t 0 b t
180

negative

Slip plane 2

Screw dislocation cross-slip

b
Slip plane 1

The dislocation is shown cross-slipping from the blue plane to the green plane

The dislocation line ends on: The free surface of the crystal Internal surface or interface Closes on itself to form a loop Ends in a node A node is the intersection point of more than two dislocations The vectoral sum of the Burgers vectors of dislocations meeting at a node = 0

Geometric properties of dislocations

Type of dislocation Dislocation Property Edge Relation between dislocation line (t) and b Slip direction Direction of dislocation line movement (t) relative to b Process by which dislocation may leave slip plane || to b || climb Screw || || to b Cross-slip

M ixed D islocations
In many materials, dislocations are found where the line direction and B urgers vector are neither only perpendicular nor only parallel and these dislocations are called mixed dislocations, consisting of both screw and edge character

Mixed dislocations

Pure screw

Pure Edge

The same model but viewed from behind. The s ame letter corresponds to identical locations in three figures

The schematic model R ef: Journal of M aterials E ducation

Motion of a mixed dislocation

[1]

We are looking at the plane of the cut (sort of a semicircle centered in the lower left corner). Blue circles denote atoms just below, red circles atoms just above the cut. Up on the right the dislocation is a pure edge dislocation on the lower left it is pure screw. In between it is mixed. In the link this dislocation is shown moving in an animated illustration.
R ef: http:/ www.tf.uni-kiel.de/ / matwis/ amat/ def_en/ kap_5/ backbone/ r5_1_2.html

Energy of dislocations
Dislocations have distortion energy associated with them E per unit length Edge Compressive and tensile stress fields Screw Shear strains Elastic Non-elastic (Core)
E

Energy of dislocation

~E / 10

Energy of a dislocation / unit length G () shear modulus b |b|

1 2 E Gb 2

1 2 E Gb 2

Dislocations will have as small a b as possible

Dislocations (in terms of lattice translation)

Full Partial

b Full lattice trans lation b Fraction of lattice translation

Dissociation of dislocations
Consider the reaction: 2b b + b Change in energy: G(2b)2/2 2[G(b)2/2] G(b)2 The reaction would be favorable

Density of dislocations in a crystal

Total length of the dislocation line per unit volume of the crystal (m.m^-3) or m^-2 Well annealed crystal has a dislocation density of ~ 10^8-10^10

Next class topics

Dislocations in FCC Lattice Stacking faults Frank partial dislocations Dislocations in HCP lattice Dislocations in BCC cubic lattice

R eferences
Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy, 1988, SI metric edition, McGrawHill W.D. Callister, Fundamental of materials science and engineering/ an interactive e. text., 2001, John Willey & Sons, Inc. Sanford, R.J., Principles of fracture mechanics, 2003, Prentice Hall Tapany Udomphol, Dislocation theory, Suranaree University of Technology R. Prasad, Models of Dislocations for Classroom , Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi