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KUMAR VYOMKESH PARAMJIT SINGH KARAN BARPETE SOMDEEP CHAKRABORTY DINI SATHEESAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................3 GLOBAL TRENDS IN HOUSING FINANCE MARKET ....................................................... 4-8 HOUSING FINANCE SYSTEM IN INDIA ..................................................................................8 HISTORY OF HOUSING FINANCE ...................................................................................... 9-10 HOUSING FINANCE SYSTEM .................................................................................................11 STRUCTURE OF HOUSING FINANCE .............................................................................. 11-12 FUNDAMENTAL OF HOUSING MARKET ..............................................................................13 FUNDING SOURCES FOR HOUSING ................................................................................ 14-15 LOW INCOME HOUSING FINANCE IN INDIA ................................................................ 16-21 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................22
INTRODUCTION
Housing is for many households around the world both the largest expense and the important assest. For the all households it is an important determinant of quality of life. According to UN(2005), roughly 1.1 billion or one -third of the world urban population lives in slum. At a country basic level country's housing sector helps to improve the public health and stimulate economic growth. The best housing sector should enables the adequate provision for the shelter for all segments of the population. In 2000 the UN member countries adopted 8 million development goals. With regards to housing it was seventh goal "ensuring environment stability " and assigned UN -HABITAT the
responsibilty assisting states to monitor and gradually makes city "SLUM FREE" .This target calls on member states cumaltively to achieve a significant improvment in the lives of atleast 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. While housing finance is best component of well- functioning of the housing system , to date there has not been a systematic analysis a analysis of the housing finance across the broad set of countries. In fact , as far we know no formal cross-country study of size housing market finance exists.
History: Housing finance sector in the UK was formally instituted with the formation of Building societies in 18th century. The first Building Society was formed in Birmingham in 1774.
Like the United States, the first few building societies in England were fully terminating; they would be dissolved when all members had a house. Permanent Building Societies came into existence in the late 1830.
At the start of 2008, there were 59 building societies in the UK with total assets exceeding 360 billion. However, by the end of 2008 the number of building societies in the UK fell by a fourth due to a series of mergers brought about by the financial crisis.
Mortgage Intermediaries
Deposits
Households
Lenders
Depositors Banks Money Market Funds Insurance Companies Foreign and Domestic Banks
Interbanking Lending
Above illustration shows the key structures of the private sector housing finance in the UK.
During the last one decade, Asia Pacific economies have made significant progress in developing private housing market and market based systems for financing home purchases. Government sponsored housing finance strategies have become more and more non-viable due to budget constraints.
CHINA:
As land in the country has been nationalized since 1949, initially State Owned Enterprises (SOE) provided housing to their employees as part of compensation. After the open door policy, housing policies underwent a series of changes in 1980-90s. In 1998, SOE stopped providing houses and began to encourage workers to buy their own homes, directing tenure for residential property of 70 years, commercial of 30-50 years and industrial property of 20 years, with provision of transferable rights. Peoples Bank of China issued guidelines to other banks on granting housing loans that led to the full scale development of primary mortgage market. By the end of 2005, the majority of residential units were traded at market prices, and the subsidized segment accounted for less than 10% of the private housing market. Year to Year Growth of Real Estate Loans and Investments in China: 1999 2000 2001 2002 Growth of Real Estate Loans Growth of Real Estate Investment 39% 14% 117% 19% 35% 27% 42% 24%
Commercial banks are currently the dominant lender in the primary mortgage market, supplemented by the Housing Provident Fund (HPF) scheme established in 1990. The HPF scheme, which follows the Singapore model, requires compulsory saving by employees (plus contributions from employers) for entitlement to a housing loan in the future. Currently, HPF loans represent approximately 12% of total mortgage balances outstanding.
HONGKONG:
Housing constitutes an important component of household assets and mortgage loans accounts for 25-30% (approximately) of bank loans. On the supply side, the government runs a large public housing (which includes low-cost housing and public rental units) that takes care of
INDONESIA:
The law of the land in Indonesia regarding the ownership of land can be classified as follows: ownership rights, the right to build, the right to exploit and the right to use. From the beginning of 1970s housing development policy of the government has focused on providing low-cost housing for low-income householders and this is done by imposing compulsory 1:3:6 rule for developers. Accordingly, for every high cost house, developers must build minimum three middle-class houses and six simple or very simple houses. Through this rule, the government provided subsidized loans for low-cost housing through state owned mortgage banks. In terms of sales value medium and high cost houses, which represent just 10% of the housing units, have dominated the market in terms sales value. Many domestic banks and one foreign bank have been actively involved in housing finance for high-end houses.
KOREA:
Heavily regulated housing and housing finance system in Korea witnessed major changes after 1991 due to the interest rate liberalization and financial deregulation. Accordingly, price controls on new apartments were abolished and market based-housing finance emerged and later by 1996 commercial banks were allowed to provide long-term mortgages. In the year 1997, Korea Housing Bank, which was subsidized by the State, was privatized. After a decade of rapid growth, housing banks and commercial banks have become the major source of mortgage loans for medium and high-cost houses. For low-income homebuyers, National Housing Fund (NHF) still remains the primary funding source.
Singapores home-ownership is segmented into private and public housing markets. Public housing in Singapore can be purchased by upper or middle income groups and hence it is not at par with the low-cost housing in other countries. The public housing sector is dominant and accounts for 84% of the total households and this is being done under the Housing Development Board which plays a major role in the demand and supply sides of the housing market and housing finance. But from 1990 onwards, the government has taken steps to encourage the development of private housing and the share of private housing has increased rapidly. With reference to housing finance there exist two systems. One is through the HDB and the other one is private mortgage system. Under the HDB system, for the first time homebuyers, the HDB grants subsidized loans or second time homebuyers who upgrade to another HDB flat. A majority of households use Central Provident Fund Scheme, a mandatory social security saving plan, to finance their home purchases.
THAILAND:
Thailands real estate sector developed well during 1980s. In 1986, the government issued guidelines to encourage commercial banks to participate more actively in mortgage lending. Currently, commercial banks and the Government Housing Bank (GHB) are the two dominant mortgage lenders with a combined share of 8090%. The GHB is the leading mortgage financial institution with a market share of 39% of all residential mortgages and 48% of new mortgage originations in 2005.
1st phase begins from 1970's when the sole provider of any of house building supports was the
government of India through its various social schemes for public housing . The government implemented these schemes through state housing boards which were responsible for allocating serviced land, houses to individual on social equity principle.
2nd phase starts with the establishment of public housing company and housing and urban
development corporation (HUDCO). HUDCO was created to assist and promote housing and urban development programs with government agency. HUDCO still plays an important role in implementing government initiatives such as the "Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna" was launched by Govt. Of India in 2001-02 to provide shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people living below poverty line in urban slums. Another important private player, Housing development finance Company HDFC, was created in 1977. HDFC pioneered in individual lending based on market principles.
3rd
phase covers the decade of 1980, which is marked by the establishment of the countrys
housing finance regulator- National Housing Bank in 1987. The era also government involvement in directing various agencies like insurance companies, commercial banks( Under priority lending requirements which allowed banks to allocate 1.5% of their incremental deposits
4th phase is the era after liberalisation and is characterised by dramatic changes in pricing of loans.
Before 1994, the pricing of home loans were regulated by the NHB based on a differential rates charged according to the size of the loan. This policy was amended in 1994 and providers were free to charge market rates for loans above Rs 25000. The fourth phase saw a dominance of fixed interest rates, but variable rate offers started emerging at the end of the decade.
th phase of rapid growth in the sector started after the millennium. Home loan
disbursements rapidly grew during the first few years of this phase. The lower interest rate regime, rising disposable incomes, stable property prices and fiscal incentives made housing finance attractive business. Home loan disbursements grew to Rs 768191.90 million in 2005 from Rs 147012.00 million in 2001. The year 2003 witnessed an annual growth rate of 76% in loan disbursements.
With the growth and profitability in housing finance evident, commercial banks gave more importance to this sector, aggressively increasing their market share. Banks overtook housing finance companies in the market capturing 72% of the market in 2006 from a previous share of 27% at the beginning of this phase in 2001.
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On the supply side, one way to think about the provision of housing finance is to split it into two components: (i) the provision of housing finance by a lender who has ample funds at hand, and (ii) the mobilization of funds within an economy so that lending institutions have access to funds.
Besides, above mentioned, there are 25 state level Apex societies and about 90,000 registered Co-operative Housing Finance Societies in the country. These can be broadly classified as: Tenant Ownership Housing Societies Tenant co-partnership housing societies House construction or house building societies
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National Housing Bank is Sub-Group on Housing Finance for the Seventh Five
Year Plan (1985-90) identified the non-availability of long-term finance to individual households on any significant scale as a major impeding progress of the housing sector and recommended the setting up of a national level institution. The National Housing Policy, 1988 envisaged the setting up of NHB as the Apex level institution for housing.
Housing
and
Urban
is
Development
Corporation
One of
Limited (HUDCO)
a government-owned
corporation in India.
the public sector undertakings, it is wholly owned by the Union Government and is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
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LICHFL
company was listed in 1994. The company mainly provides housing loans, where it provides long-term finance to individuals for purchase / construction / repair and renovation of new / existing flats / houses. In 2008-09, it disbursed loans to the tune of Rs 87.6 billion, a growth of almost 24 per cent over 2007- 08.
Can Fin Homes Limited Can Fin Homes Limited (CFHL) was promoted in 1987
by Canara Bank in association with financial institutions, including HDFC and UTI. CFHL is the first bank-sponsored housing finance company in India. The company also diversified by launching non-housing finance products like premises loan for practising professionals (venture), mortgage loans (net worth) and loan against rent receivables.
incorporated in 1989 as 'GIC Grih Vitta Limited', with the objective of providing shelter to all in view of the governments national housing policy. The primary business of GICHFL is granting housing loans to individuals and to persons/entities engaged in construction of houses/flats for residential purposes.
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Poor depend mainly on the informal sector which includes money lenders and financial agents instead of formal financing institutions like public sector commercial banks.
Poor approaches the informal sector since his sector is relatively accessible to low-income groups. It consists of non-mortgage based lending where the borrower is free to determine the purpose for which he/she wants to take a loan. The size of the loan is rather small with a relatively high rate of interest. Maturities are short- to medium-term, with flexible repayment schedules. Credit providers in the informal sector can be split into personal lenders, commercial lenders and financial self-help organisations. Personal lenders encompass friends, relatives or neighbours and these deals are based solely on trust. Moneylenders and pawnbrokers can be classified as commercial lenders since they provide money on a commercial basis. Financial selfhelp organizations include schemes like chit funds where people can pool savings and obtain loans. Semi-Formal Financial Institutions
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Public housing finance for the urban poor is accessible only with difficulty. The public sector institutions active in housing finance include the National Housing Bank (which is also the regulator), HUDCO, NABARD (the refinancing institution for Regional Rural Banks), public sector commercial banks as well as city development authorities and municipal corporations, some of which act as financial intermediaries. These bodies encourage beneficiaries to invest their own monies in their dwellings, but do not offer savings deposits. The beneficiaries are granted larger housing loans than what may be available from informal sources. To make housing loans affordable for the urban poor, direct subsidies are granted toward construction costs (e.g., theVAMBAY scheme) and/or indirect subsidies on interest rates. The latter could be in the form of the interest differential subsidy amounts being remitted directly in the HFC loan accounts of the borrowers, so as to bring down their loan liability. These loans are characterized by conventional mortgage lending, feature longer-term maturities and are repaid in equal monthly installments (EMIs). Private Formal Sector
Access to housing credit from specialist companies is difficult for low-income categories in India. The lending criteria set out by formal financial institutions are more appropriate to the lifestyles of the middle-level income group. To obtain a housing loan, a combination of conventional (i.e., assets that can be mortgaged) and non-conventional collateral such as peer
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Many policymakers believe that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community- based organizations (CBOs) can serve a large segment of the housing finance market. These are considered to be more efficient and effective since they tend to have grassroots presence among the poor. Although NGOs have access to the poor, examples of such bodies providing or facilitating home loans are still a rare phenomenon. However, some NGOs and CBOs are slowly becoming involved in this segment.The purpose of the loan is generally fixed, conventional and non-conventional collateral is required,the loan maturity is medium to long and the repayment schedule is flexible. Government Sponsored Low-Income Housing Finance Programmes
The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO) was incorporated in 1970 and came as the first government-led initiative focusing on the social aspect of housing and utility provision. However, since then, successive governments have launched a variety of programmes aimed at eradicating the housing finance gap which the poor continue to face.
Role of HUDCO
HUDCO earmarks more than 50 per cent of its housing finance portfolio for low-income groups (LIG - defined as households with incomes between INR 3,200 and 7,000 (or USD 72 to 156) and those known as the economically weaker section (EWS - defined as households with monthly incomes under INR 3,200 (or USD 72). Such schemes provide for differential interest rates (e.g., these could be 50 175 basis points lower than prevailing market rates), longer repayment schedules (up to 15 years) and higher loan components for lower cost units. The scheme features cost ceilings and loan limits for various income groups linked to the prevailing
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In 2002 the Government of India launched a scheme called the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (Valmiki Amebedkar Housing Scheme for the Slums) (VAMBAY). The rationale is to provide financial assistance towards improving the living conditions of urban slum dwellers below the poverty line. Importantly, VAMBAY beneficiaries are given a freehold land title to their property, ensuring that the recipients are granted a sense of security. Under the VAMBAY scheme, funds are available for the upgrading of existing units or for the construction of alternative dwelling units. A separate component also caters to basic amenities such as sanitation and water supply. Indira Awas Yojana
The Indira Awas Yojana (Indira Housing Scheme) (IAY) was launched in 1986. The main objective of the programme is to provide grants for the construction of houses to rural families living below the poverty line, including scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and freed bonded labourers. Since 1996, IAY benefits have also been extended to ex-servicemen, widows or nextof-kin of defence personnel and paramilitary forces killed in action, irrespective of incomes. However, this remains subject to the condition that they reside in rural areas, do not benefit from any other shelter rehabilitation scheme and are houseless, or in need of shelter or shelter upgrading.
The IAY scheme does not allow contractors to take any part in the construction of IAY houses. The spirit of the IAY scheme is that the house should be constructed or delivered not by any external agency,but by the ultimate occupier of the house. Under IAY, costs are shared between central and State governments on a 75:25 basis.
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The Two-Million Housing Programme was launched in 1999 to complement other state sector housing schemes. The goal was to provide financial assistance to low-income groups through formal financials firms. The Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation monitors the scheme. As the name suggests, the Two-Million Housing Programme aims to provide two million dwelling units every year, of which 700,000 units in urban and 1.3 million units in rural areas.
The Twenty-Point Programme (TPP) was first announced in 1975. The basic objective is to improve the quality of life of the poor and under-privileged population of the country. The programme envisages the nations commitment to various socio-economic aspects such as poverty, employment, education, housing, agriculture and land reforms, irrigation, drinking water and others. At the central government level, the progress of the TPP is monitored and reviewed by the relevant ministries and ultimately by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, which evaluates progress at a macro-level. State governments make investments for EWS housing through respective annual budgets. Organisations like HUDCO, which grants loans to the extent of 15 per cent of its resources, add to the overall resources available. Refinancing is also available from the National Housing Bank to States, co-operatives and other organisations involved in the construction of EWS housing. Bilateral and External Assistance
Various projects relating to EWS housing and slum improvement in Indias urban areas are underway with the help of overseas funds in collaboration with the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment. These projects are funded by the Overseas Development Administration,
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Private sector initiatives for EWS and LIG groups include financial intermediation by NGOs, microfinance institutions, housing finance companies and banks. For instance, SEWA Bank in ahmedabad, Gujarat, grants housing loans to such groups out of its own funds and also offers technical assistance to women through its sister organisation, the Mahila Housing Trust. In South India, the DHAN Foundation has promoted self-help group federations that access housing loans from financial firms for onward lending to members. In Kerala, several NGOs mobilize funding from private institutional sources for housing credit purposes.
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