Lecture 41: Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion is described by the differential equation 2

=
L

g L
k

MgR I

z-axis R xCM d Mg

d x = 2 x dt 2

m d mg m

y=0 F = -ky
k m

The general solution is an oscillation with x = A cos(t + ) where A = amplitude = oscillation frequency Period

T =

= phase

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 1

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 2

Vertical Springs
We already know

SHM
j
2 SHM occurs wherever an acceleration (force) is d x = 2 x proportional to minus the displacement dt 2

1 U = ky 2 2

with y measured from the equilibrium position

The force of the spring

For a mass on a spring =

F =

dU = ky dy

k m

k The frequency does not depend on the amplitude!!! y=0 m F = -ky We will see that this is true of all simple harmonic motion! The oscillation occurs around the equilibrium point where the net force is zero Remember lectures on equilibrium, small oscillations round stable equilibrium points are generally simple harmonic oscillations
Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 3

So this will be just like the horizontal case:

-ky = ma = m
With solution

d y dt 2

y = A cos(t + )
k m
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where =
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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 4

ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion

If you added the two sinusoidal waves shown in the top plot, what would the result look like?
1 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 - 0 .5 0 - 1 .0 0

ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion

If you added the two sinusoidal waves shown in the top plot, what would the result look like?
1 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .5 0 - 1 .0 0 1000 0 0 .6 0 0 .4 0

0 .6 0 0 .4 0

(a) (b) (c)

0 .2 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 - 0 .2 0 - 0 .4 0 - 0 .6 0

(a) (b) (c)

0 .2 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .2 0 - 0 .4 0 - 0 .6 0 1000 0 2 .0 0 1 .5 0 1 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .5 0 - 1 .0 0 - 1 .5 0 - 2 .0 0 1000 0 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .2 - 0 .4 - 0 .6 1000 0

2 .0 0 1 .5 0 1 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 .0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .5 0 - 1 .0 0 - 1 .5 0 - 2 .0 0 1000 0

0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - 0 .2 - 0 .4 - 0 .6 1000 0

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 5

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 6

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ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion Solution

Recall your trig identities: cos ( A ) + cos ( B ) = 2 cos So
A+ B A B cos 2 2

The Simple Pendulum

A pendulum is made by suspending a mass m at the end of a string of length L. Find the angular frequency of oscillation for small displacements. z

t + t cos ( t ) + cos ( t ) = 2 cos 2 = a cos ( t b )

t t + cos 2

w ith b =

, a = 2 cos 2

The sum of two or more sines or cosines having the same frequency is just another sine or cosine with the same frequency. The answer is (b).
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m mg

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 7

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 8

sin and cos for small

A Taylor expansion of sin and cos gives:

The Simple Pendulum

A simple pendulum is a heavy mass on a light string The torque due to gravity about the axis z
d 2 dt 2

sin =

3!

5!

...

and

cos = 1

2!

= -mgd = - mgLsin - mgL

...
But

for small

4!

= I
=
d 2 dt 2

mgL = I = mL 2

Note measured in radians

I = m L2

g d 2 = L dt 2
where

So for << 1,

sin

and

cos 1

d 2 = 2 dt 2

g L

m d mg

Differential equation for simple harmonic motion!

= 0 cos(t + )
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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 9

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 10

Pendulum Clocks
Result independent of amplitude and mass . = Actually sin

ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion

g L

Noticed by Galileo sitting in church, basis for a clock Thus, for accurate timekeeping, need to maintain constant amplitude Must provide driving energy Need escapement mechanism.

You are sitting on a swing. A friend gives you a push and you start swinging back & forth with period T1. Suppose you were standing on the swing rather than sitting. When given a small push you start swinging back & forth with period T2. Which of the following is true:

Accurate clocks were vital for the determination of longitude. The high technology of the 1800s
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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 11

(a) T1 = T2 (b) T1 > T2 (c) T1 < T2 T1

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T2
Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 12

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ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion

You are sitting on a swing. A friend gives you a push and you start swinging back & forth with period T1. Suppose you were standing on the swing rather than sitting. When given a small push you start swinging back & forth with period T2. Which of the following is true:

ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion: Solution

We have shown that for a simple pendulum

g L

Since T =

T = 2

L g

(a) T1 = T2 (b) T1 > T2 (c) T1 < T2 T1

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If we make a pendulum shorter, it oscillates faster (smaller period)

T2
Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 13 Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 14

ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion: Solution

Standing up raises the CM of the swing, making it shorter! Since L1 > L2 we see that T1 > T2 (answer b) .

The Rod Pendulum

A pendulum is made by suspending a thin rod of length L and mass m at one end. Find the angular frequency of oscillation for small displacements. z

L1

L2

xCM L mg

T1

T2
Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 15

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 16

The Rod Pendulum...

The torque about the rotation (z) axis is = -mgd = -mg(L/2)sin -mg(L/2) In this case
I= 1 mL2 3

ICQ: Period
What length do we make the simple pendulum so that it has the same period as the rod pendulum? z L/2 LS LR

for small

L 1 d 2 So = I becomes mg = mL2 2 3 dt 2

xCM L d mg
3 (a) LS = LR 2

d 2 = 2 dt 2

where

3g 2L

(b)

LS =

2 LR 3

(c) LS = LR

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 17

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Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 18

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ICQ: Period
What length do we make the simple pendulum so that it has the same period as the rod pendulum?

ICQ: Period: Solution

Simple pendulum

g LS
3g 2 LR

T = 2

LS g

Rod pendulum LS

T = 2

2 LR 3g

LR For the simple pendulum to have the same period as a rod pendulum

LS =
3 (a) LS = LR 2
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2 L 3 R

LS

LR

(b)

2 LS = LR 3

(c) LS = LR

Answer b

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 19

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 20

Physical Pendulum
Given an arbitrarily shaped solid of mass M hung on a fixed axis, the location of the CM, and the moment of inertia I about the axis. Find the oscillation frequency. The whole mass acts at the center of mass The torque about the rotation (z) axis for small is (sin ) d 2 MgR = I dt 2 = -Mgd -MgR

Physical pendulum
Special case of a rod pendulum

z-axis R xCM d Mg

L 2 I = 1 MR 3 MgR = I R = = = Mg 1 3

z-axis R

L ML

xCM

xCM d Mg

2
2

L mg

d 2 dt 2

= 2

where

MgR I

= 0 cos(t + )
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Moment of inertia of Minnesota?

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 21

3g 2L
Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 22

Rod pendulum demo

We oscillated about the two points shown

Homework
Homework, Fishbane Chapter 13 #12,23,35,45,54

=
At R=1/3L
I=

mgR I
1/3L 1/4L xCM L mg

1 1 7 ML2 + ML2 = ML2 12 9 36

(Remember parallel axis theorum) At R=1/4L

I= 1 1 7 ML2 + ML2 = ML2 12 16 48

12 R = in both cases I 7 ML

The period was the same!!

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 23

Physics 1301: Lecture 41, Pg 24

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