Lecture 36: Angular Momentum

M m v1 2 initial D F D/4 v2

Recap Angular Momentum

Define the rotational analogue of momentum p to be the angular momentum L = r p Consider the rate of change of L

dL dp =r dt dt
dL = r FEXT = EXT dt

LZ = pd
y d r

final

Recall that

FEXT =

dp dt

No external torque, EXT=0, angular momentum is conserved x p=mv v For a system of particles L=I Kinetic energy = I2 = L2/ I
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I2 L

Spaceship
A space ship is rotating about its longitudinal axis at 6 rev/min. To stop this rotation, there are small jets mounted tangentially, at a distance of 3 m from the axis. The jets can each eject 10 g/s of gas with a velocity of 800 m/s. The moment of inertia around its axis is 4000 kg m2 For how long must the jets fire to stop the rotation? Use

Spaceship
Initial angular momentum

Li = I = 4000 kg m 2 6 rpm

2 rad 1 kg m 2 = 2500 60 s rpm s

Applied torque/second (force=change of momentum of gas)

= 2 FR = 2

dL dt

dp R= dt kg m kg m 2 = 2 0.01 800 3m = 48 s s s2
Final angular momentum=0

kg m 2 L s t = = = 52 s kg m 2 48 s2 2500

L/t=

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ICQ: Angular momentum

Two different spinning disks have the same angular momentum, but disk 1 has more kinetic energy than disk 2 (K1>K2). Which one has the biggest moment of inertia? (a) disk 1 (b) disk 2 z K1 (c) same (d) not enough info z K2

ICQ: Angular momentum

Two different spinning disks have the same angular momentum, but disk 1 has more kinetic energy than disk 2 (K1>K2). Which one has the biggest moment of inertia? (a) disk 1 (b) disk 2 z K1 (c) same (d) not enough info z K2

L
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L
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L
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L
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ICQ: Angular momentum Solution

1 2 1 1 2 2 L K = I2 = I = 2I 2 2I
(using L = I ) If they have the same L, the one with the bigger I will have the smaller K. K1>K2 Disk 2 has the bigger Moment of Inertia (b)

Rotating stool
A person sits on a rotating stool with his arms extended and a weight in each hand. The total moment of inertia is Ii , and he is rotating with angular speed i. He then pulls his hands in toward his body so that the moment of inertia reduces to If . What is his final angular speed f ?

L = I 1 1
1 I1 < disk 1 I2

L= I2 2
2

Ii

If

disk 2
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Rotating stool
There are no external torques acting on the person-stool system, so angular momentum will be conserved. Initially: Li = Iii Finally: Lf = If f

ICQ: Angular Momentum

A person sits on a freely turning stool and rotates with constant angular velocity 1. He pulls his arms in, and due to angular momentum conservation his angular velocity increases to 2. In doing this his kinetic energy: (a) increases (b) decreases (c) stays the same

f I = i If i
f

Ii Li Lf

If L

I1 L

I2

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ICQ: Angular Momentum Solution ICQ: Angular Momentum

A person sits on a freely turning stool and rotates with constant angular velocity 1. He pulls his arms in, and due to angular momentum conservation his angular velocity increases to 2. In doing this his kinetic energy: (a) increases (b) decreases (c) stays the same

1 L2 K = I 2 = 2 2I
L is conserved: I2 < I1 1

(using L = I)

K2 > K1

K increases! 2

I1 L L

I2 L

I1 L

I2

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ICQ: Angular Momentum Solution

Since the person has to force his arms to move toward his body, he must be doing positive work! This work will increase the kinetic energy of the system.

Angular Momentum of a Freely Moving Particle

We have defined the angular momentum of a particle about the origin as L = r p This does not demand that the particle is moving in a circle!

We will show that this particle has a constant angular momentum! y x v

I1 L L

I2

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Angular Momentum of a Freely Moving Particle

Consider a particle of mass m moving with speed v along the line y = -d. What is its angular momentum as measured from the origin (0,0)?

Angular Momentum of a Freely Moving Particle...

We need to figure out L = r p The magnitude of the angular momentum is:

L = r p = rp sin = p [ r sin ] = pd = p x ( distance of closest approach)

Since r and p are both in the x-y plane, L will be in the z direction (right hand rule): L = pd Z y

y x

m d v
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x p=mv v

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Angular Momentum of a Freely Moving Particle

So we see that the direction of L is along the z axis, and its magnitude is given by LZ = pd = mvd.

ICQ: Rotations
A girl is riding on the outside edge of a merry-go-round turning with constant . She holds a ball at rest in her hand and releases it. Viewed from above, which of the paths shown below will the ball follow after she lets it go? (a) (b) (c)

L is clearly conserved since d is constant (the distance of closest approach of the particle to the origin) and p is constant (momentum conservation).

y x (d)

d p

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ICQ: Rotations
A girl is riding on the outside edge of a merry-go-round turning with constant . She holds a ball at rest in her hand and releases it. Viewed from above, which of the paths shown below will the ball follow after she lets it go? (a) (b) (c)

ICQ: Rotations: Solution

Just before release, the velocity of the ball is tangent to the circle it is moving in.

(d)

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ICQ: Rotations: Solution

After release it keeps going in the same direction since there are no forces acting on it to change this direction. Result of Newtons laws. Also conservation of angular momentum for freely moving particle!

Example: Throwing ball from stool

A student sits on a stool which is free to rotate. The moment of inertia of the student plus the stool is I. She throws a heavy ball of mass M with speed v such that its velocity vector passes a distance d from the axis of rotation.

Lbefore=I=mr2=mvr (rotation) Lafter =pr=mvr (motion in a straight line)

What is the angular speed F of the student-stool system after she throws the ball?

M r

v F I I
final
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top view: initial

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Example: Throwing ball from stool...

Conserve angular momentum (since there are no external torques acting on the student-stool system):

ICQ: Angular Momentum

A student is riding on the outside edge of a merry-goround rotating about a frictionless pivot. She holds a heavy ball at rest in her hand. If she releases the ball, the angular velocity of the merry-go-round will: (a) increase (b) decrease (c) stay the same

Li = 0 Lf = 0 = IF - Mvd

F =
M

Mvd I
v F d I
final
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I
top view: initial

1
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ICQ: Angular Momentum

A student is riding on the outside edge of a merry-goround rotating about a frictionless pivot. She holds a heavy ball at rest in her hand. If she releases the ball, the angular velocity of the merry-go-round will: (a) increase (b) decrease (c) stay the same

ICQ: Angular Momentum Solution

Since LBALL is the same before & after, must stay the same to keep the rest of LNET unchanged. Since dropping the ball does not cause any forces to act on the merry-go-round, there is no way that this can change the angular velocity. Just as dropping a weight from a moving car does not change the speed of the car.

1
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ICQ: Angular Momentum Solution

The angular momentum is due to the girl, the merry-goround and the ball. LTOTAL = LMGR + LGIRL + LBALL Initial: Final:

Example: Bullet hitting stick

A uniform stick of mass M and length D is pivoted at the center. A bullet of mass m is shot through the stick at a point halfway between the pivot and the end. The initial speed of the bullet is v1, and the final speed is v2. What is the angular speed F of the stick after the collision? (Ignore gravity)

v LBALL = I = mR2 = mvR R LBALL = mvR same

M v m v m m v1 initial
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F
D/4 v2 final
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Example: Bullet hitting stick...

Conserve angular momentum around the pivot (z) axis! The total angular momentum before the collision is due only to the bullet (since the stick is not rotating yet).

Example: Bullet hitting stick...

Conserve angular momentum around the pivot (z) axis! The total angular momentum after the collision has contributions from both the bullet and the stick.

Li = p ( distance of closest approach ) = mv1

M m v1 initial D D/4

D 4

L f = mv2

D + I F 4

where I is the moment of inertia of the stick about the pivot.

1 I = MD2 12
F
D/4 v2 final

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Example: Bullet hitting stick...

Li = Lf

Homework
Read Chapter 11, sections 1-3, Statics

D D 1 mv1 = mv2 + MD2F 4 4 12

3m F = (v v ) MD 1 2

Do homework problems Chapter 9 # 55 and Chapter 10 # 11,18,23,33,37,55

M m v1 initial final
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F
D/4 v2

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