Lecture 29

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Physics 1301: Lecture 29, Pg 1

Lecture 29: Elastic Collisions Lecture 29: Elastic Collisions
M
p p
i
at rest
m
initial
p p
f
P P
m
M
final
Quiz Quiz
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Recap: Elastic Collisions Recap: Elastic Collisions
z In elastic collisions
Momentum is conserved
Energy is conserved
z Now two conservation equations in each coordinate
z Can solve for more unknowns
z For elastic collisions in one dimension:
the relative velocity after impact equals minus the relative
velocity before impact
or, the speed of recession equals the speed of approach.
v
2,f
- v
1,f
= - (v
2,i
- v
1,i
)
2 2- -D Elastic Collision of 2 objects D Elastic Collision of 2 objects
z Suppose we know the masses and pre-collision velocities
z We want to find out about the motion of both objects after the
collision.
We want v
1x,f
, v
1y,f
, v
2x,f
, v
2y,f
z We know that in an elastic collision, kinetic energy is
conserved as well as momentum. This leads to 3 equations:
E
f
= E
i
P
x,f
= P
x,i
(where P
x
= p
1x
+ p
2x
= m
1
v
1x
+ m
2
v
2x
etc)
P
y,f
= P
y,i
z We have 3 equations and 4 unknowns:
We need more information (scattering angle, another
momentum).
z In general, 10 unknowns, 2 masses, 8 velocity components
v v
1i
v v
2i
V V
1f
V V
2f
y
x
2 2- -D Elastic Collision: Nuclear Scattering D Elastic Collision: Nuclear Scattering
z A particle of unknown mass M is initially at rest. A
particle of known mass mis shot at it with initial
momentum p p
i
.
z After the particles collide, the new momentum of the shot
particle p p
f
is measured.
Figure out what M is in terms of p p
i
and p p
f
and m.
M
p p
i
at rest
m
initial
p p
f
P P
m
M
final
We know:
p p
i
, p p
f
, m, p
i,M
We want to find:
P P
x
, P P
y
, M
We have 3 equations:
1) Momentum conservation in the x direction
2) Momentum conservation in the y direction
3) Energy conservation
2 2- -D Elastic D Elastic Collision:Nuclear Collision:Nuclear Scattering Scattering
final
p p
f
P P
p p
i
at rest
initial
m M
y
x
So we can solve the problem!
Page 2
Reminder: Kinetic Energy and momentum Reminder: Kinetic Energy and momentum
z We know that K =
1
/
2
mv
2
Kinetic energy can also be expressed
in terms of momentum:
K =
1
/
2
mv
2
2
2
p
K
m
=
=
2
m 2
v m
2
m 2
) m (
2
=
v
z Using momentum conservation:
z So
p p
i
P P
p p
f
p
m
p
m
P
M
i f
2 2 2
2 2 2
= + P M
p
m
p
m
i f 2
2 2
2
2 2
=
|
\
|
.
|
z Using kinetic energy conservation:
= (p
i
2
-p
f
2
)
m
M
p p
f
P P
i f
P p p = +

2 2
( )
i f
p P p =

and using
2
2 2
( )
i
i
f
f
p
p
M m
p
p
(
( =
(

2 2
( )
i f
p P p =


z So we find that
z If we measure p p
i
and p p
f
and we know mwe can measure M.
We can learn about something we cant see!
z This is the basic idea behind a large body of work done in
atomic, nuclear and particle physics.
z For example, firing a particle at an unknown substance and
measuring its recoil momentum can measure the mass of the
atomic nucleii in the substance and thus what it is made of.
z Firing particles from high energy accelerators at protons can
measure the mass of the quarks that the proton contains.
p p
i
P P
p p
f
2
2 2
( )
i
i
f
f
p
p
M m
p
p
(
( =
(

ICQ: Elastic Collisions ICQ: Elastic Collisions
z Two equal masses travel in opposite directions with equal
speeds. If they collide in a perfectly elastic collision, then,
just after the collision, their velocities will be;
a) Zero
b) Equal to their original velocities
c) Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to their
original velocities
d) Less in magnitude and in the same direction as their
original velocities
e) Less in magnitude and opposite in direction to their
original velocities
?
ICQ: Elastic Collisions ICQ: Elastic Collisions
just after the collision, their velocities will be;
a) Zero
b) Equal to their original velocities
c) Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to their
original velocities
d) Less in magnitude and in the same direction as their
original velocities
e) Less in magnitude and opposite in direction to their
original velocities
?
ICQ: Elastic Collisions: Solution ICQ: Elastic Collisions: Solution
just after the collision, their velocities will be?
?
z Speed of approach (2v) = speed of recession (2v)
z The center of mass is at rest before the collision and
thus must be at rest after the collision
Their final velocities are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction to their original velocities
Page 3
Another example of 2 Another example of 2- -D elastic collisions: D elastic collisions:
Pool and Billiards Pool and Billiards
z If all we know is the initial velocity of the cue ball, we dont
have enough information to solve for the exact paths after
the collision. But we can learn some useful things...
UIUC
Billiards. Billiards.
z Consider the case where one ball is initially at rest.
p p
1i
initial
F F
The final direction of the
red ball will depend on
where the balls hit.
p p
1f
p p
2f
final
v v
cm
Billiards Billiards
z We know momentum is conserved:
z z Therefore Therefore p p
1f
p p
2f
= 0
p
1f
p
2f
cos=0
Therefore, p p
2f 2f
and p p
1f 1f
must be orthogonal!
p p
1f
p p
1i
p p
2f
We also know that kinetic energy is conserved:
= 90
0
1 1 2 i f f
p p p = +

(Remember
dot products)
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
| | | ( ) | 2
i i f f f f f f
p p p p p p p p = = + = + +

i
2 2 2
1 1 2 i f f
p p p = +
2 2
2
1 2
1
2 2 2
f f
i
p p p
m m m
= +
z The final directions are separated by 90
o
.
p p
i
initial
F F
p p
f
P P
f
final
v v
cm
z So, we can sink the red ball without sinking the white ball.
z (Careful, no spin on the balls).
z We can also scratch. All we know is that the angle between
the balls is 90
o
.
Page 4
z Tip: If you shoot a ball spotted on the dot, you will sink
both balls !
ICQ:Elastic ICQ:Elastic Collisions in 2 Collisions in 2- -D D
z A moving ball initially traveling in the direction shown hits
an identical but stationary ball. The collision is elastic.
Describe one possible direction of both balls just after
the collision.
(a) (b) (c)
UIUC
(d) None of these
ICQ:Elastic ICQ:Elastic Collisions in 2 Collisions in 2- -D D
z A moving ball initially traveling in the direction shown hits
an identical but stationary ball. The collision is elastic.
Describe one possible direction of both balls just after
the collision.
(a) (b) (c)
UIUC
(d) None of these
ICQ: Solution ICQ: Solution
z In the first solution, the angle between the balls is not 90
o
.
z In the second solution, there are no downward y components
to balance out the upward y components.
ICQ: ICQ: Solution Solution
z The third choice both balances the y components and has
90
o
between the final direction vectors of the two balls.
Correct.
Ballistic Pendulum Ballistic Pendulum
H
L
L
m
M
z A projectile of mass m moving horizontally with speed v
strikes a stationary mass M suspended by a string of
length L. Subsequently, m + M rise to a height of H.
z Given H, what is the initial speed v of the projectile?
M + m
v
V
V=0
Page 5
Ballistic Pendulum... Ballistic Pendulum...
z Two stage process:
1. m collides with M, inelastically. Both M
and m then move together with a velocity
V (before having risen significantly).
2. M and m rise a height H, conserving K+U energy E.
(no non-conservative forces acting after collision)
Ballistic Pendulum... Ballistic Pendulum...
z Stage 1: Momentum is conserved
in x-direction: mv m M V = + ( )
z Stage 2: K+U Energy is conserved
( ) E E
I F
=
1
2
2
( ) ( ) m M V m M gH + = +
V
m
M m
v |
.
|
\
| +
=
Eliminating V gives:
gH 2
m
M
1 v |
.
|
\
|
+ =
V gH
2
2 =
H
L
L
m
M
z It is easier to measure , not H:
M + m
v
UIUC
L
H
Lcos
cos L L H =
H
L
L
m
M
M + m
v
cos
0.26(1 cos 60) = 0.13m

H L L =
=
0.14
1 2 1 2
.066
3.12 2 9.8 0.13 5.0 /
M kg
v gH gH
m kg
v m s
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
= =
Mass of ball (m) =0.066kg

Mass of pendulum (M)=0.14kg
Length of pendulum (L)=0.26m
Angle =60
o
Velocity of ball =5.0m/sec
z In a circus act Marcello (mass
70kg) is shot from a cannon with
a muzzle velocity of 24.0m/s at an
angle of 30
0
above horizontal.
His partner Tina (mass 50kg)
stands on an elevated platform
located at the top of his
trajectory. He grabs her as he
flies by and the two fly off
together. They land in a net at
the same elevation as the cannon
a horizontal distance x away.
Find x
v
f
m
M
,v
M
m
T
x
Apply conservation of
momentum + kinematics
Problem: They fly though the air.
At top of trajectory M has no vertical velocity.
Horizontal velocity = v
M
cos (no horizontal acceleration)
Let v
f
be the resultant velocity of the pair (horizontal)
Conservation of momentum when he grabs her.
m
M
v
M
cos30=(m
M
+m
T
)v
f
v
f
=m
M
v
M
cos30/(m
M
+m
T
) = 12.1m/s
v
f
m
M
,v
M
m
T
x
Page 6
Now use kinematics to calculate distances
Time taken to get to top of trajectory, using v
y
=v
0y
-gt
0=v
M
sin30-gt t=v
M
sin30/g = 1.22s
There is no change in the vertical momentum or velocity,
therefore time to go up = time to come down = t
There is no horizontal acceleration, x=v
0x
t,
Horizontal distance traveled is x=d
1
+d
2
=v
M
cos30t+v
f
t = 40.1m
v
f
m
M
,v
M
m
T
x
d
2
d
1

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Physics 1301: Lecture 29, Pg 1

Physics 1301: Lecture 29, Pg 9

Mass of ball (m) =0.066kg

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