ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Assessor Name Programme Higher National Diploma Date Issued

Student Name

Module Title Fluid Mechanics Assignment No

Date Due

Date Received

Initial

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA LO1 Be able to determine the behavioural characteristics and parameters of static fluid systems 1.1 determine the hydrostatic pressure and thrust on immersed surfaces 1.2 determine the centre of pressure on immersed surfaces 1.3 determine the parameters of devices in which a fluid is used to transmit force LO2 Understand the effects of viscosity in fluids 2.1 explain the characteristics of and parameters of viscosity in fluids 2.2 describe viscosity measurement techniques 2.3 describe the effects of shear force on Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVES Outcome (No Letter etc)

1 Be able to determine the behavioural characteristics and parameters of static fluid systems

Brief outline description (pass criteria)

Immersed surfaces: rectangular and circular surfaces eg retaining walls, tank sides, sluice gates, inspection covers, valve flanges Centre of pressure: use of parallel axis theorem for immersed rectangular and circular immersed surfaces Devices: hydraulic presses; hydraulic jacks; hydraulic accumulators; braking systems; determine outputs for given inputs

2 Understand the effects of viscosity in fluids

Viscosity: shear stress; shear rate; dynamic viscosity; kinematic viscosity Viscosity measurement: operating principles and limitations of viscosity measuring devices eg falling sphere, capillary tube, rotational and orifice viscometers Real fluids: Newtonian fluids; non-Newtonian fluids including pseudoplastic, Bingham plastic, Casson plastic and dilatent fluids

Mark awarded

Grading guidance This assignment represents 60% of the total mark. All questions are identified as pass, merit or distinction Pass A Pass grade is achieved by obtaining between 40 and 59% of the maximum mark Merit A Merit grade is achieved by obtaining between 60 and 69% of the maximum mark Distinction A Distinction grade is achieved by obtaining 70% or more of the maximum mark

ASSESSOR FEEDBACK

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Do you think the tasks prepared you for the exercises in this assignment? Did you find the exercises too easy, too hard or about right?

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Exercises 1) The centre of a square inspection hatch is situated at a depth of 8.5m below the surface of a sea water lake (density 1035 kg/m3). If the length of a side is 1.2m, determine the thrust on the hatch. What would the thrust be on circular hatch of 2.4m diameter in the same position?
(5 marks).

SQUARE CIRCULAR

What would be the minimum thrust on a equilateral triangular hatch of height 1.2m centred at the same depth?(10 marks) TRIANGULAR The minimum thrust will be with the triangle pointing downwards as this will put the centroid at the highest point.

8.5 m ( )

8.3 m ()

1.2 m ( 0.6 m

2) Determine the depth of the centre of pressure in all three cases above cases in question 1. (15 marks) Centre of pressure =

SHAPE

3) The diagram below shows a vertical hatch which opens when the water reaches a critical height. Show that this happens according to the formula:

( (

) )

( {

) } {

( }

) { }

If D = 1m, determine the position of the hinge so that opens when the height of the water reaches 3m. (20 marks) ( ( ) )

4) A double acting hydraulic cylinder with a single rod must produce a thrust of 800kN. The operating pressure is 100 bar gauge. Calculate the bore diameter required. (10 marks)

5) Explain the characteristics of and parameters of viscosity in fluids (10

marks)

Viscosity can be described as the resistance of a fluid to change shape or flow. The greater the attraction between the molecules of a fluid, the greater the resistance to shear. The viscosity of fluids increases with temperature and they flow more easily. When a fluid flows over a surface the layer closest to the surface does not move while the layer furthest from the surface moves the fastest. This sideways deformation produces shear stress between each layer of the fluid with a corresponding shear strain. Shear rate is then the shear strain divided by the time taken. Dynamic viscosity, measure of viscosity in is calculated by dividing the shear stress by the rate of shear. Kinematic viscosity, measured in is calculated by dividing the dynamic viscosity by the density.

6) Describe techniques for measuring viscosity (10 marks) The viscosity of a fluid can be determined in many ways. The capillary viscometer measures the time taken for a volume of fluid to flow by gravity through a calibrated tube. An orifice viscometer measures the time taken for a fluid to flow by gravity through an accurately sized orifice into a measuring flask. The falling sphere viscometer measures the time taken for a sphere to fall through the fluid at a constant velocity between two marks. All methods have specific and general limitations. The most important of all is temperature control. Slight variations in temperature can have large effects on a fluids viscosity. Cleanliness is also important, instruments should be free from dust, residues, and totally dry. Human error from manual measurements and hand-eye coordination can be a significant factor if small volumes and/or low viscosities are to be measured. Timing devices should be highly accurate and calibration of all equipment is essential. Automated viscometers can eliminate some of the limitations associated with human error and accurate measurements can be achieved with smaller sample sizes than those needed for manual measurement. Rotational viscometers measure the torsion of a shaft connected to a disc or cylinder which spins in the fluid. The measurements are processed into a direct digital readout of viscosity. This eliminates errors in manual calculations of formulas.

7) Describe the effects of shear force on Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (10 marks)

The above graphs show various types of fluids and their relationship between shear stress and rate of shear at a given temperature. The gradient of a graph is the fluids viscosity at that point. A is a theoretical fluid with no viscosity. B is a Newtonian fluid such as water and oil. The rate of shear increases with shear stress and the gradient is constant. E is a Bingham plastic such as butter and chocolate. Act like Newtonian fluids except only after reaching a yield stress. C is a Dilatent fluid such as corn flour solution. The rate of shear increases with shear stress in a nonlinear manner. The gradient increases with shear as does the viscosity. F is a Plastic fluid and acts like Dilatent fluids except only after reaching a yield stress. D is a Pseudoplastic such as ketchup and paint. The rate of shear increases with shear stress in a nonlinear manner. The gradient decreases with shear as does the viscosity. G is a Casson plastic and acts like a Pseudoplastic except only after reaching a yield stress. Plastic fluids (E,F, & G) do not start to flow when sheared until a critical shear stress, or yield stress, is exceeded. When the shear stress is lower the fluid behaves like a solid and may deform elastically.

(90 marks available in total)