Spray Chapter1

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 1 OF 48
SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010
PIPENET VISION SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.
Introduction
The Spray/Sprinkler Module of PIPENET VISION was specifically developed for the type of fire protection systems that are used in process plants and similar plants, such as refineries, petrochemical plants, offshore plants, and terminals. Such systems are characterised by complex firewater ringmains, deluge systems, sprinkler systems, foam injection systems, etc. For these systems, it is usually necessary to perform calculations under several scenarios, such as different fire scenarios and different pump scenarios. With PIPENET VISION, it is simple and fast to perform these calculations. The objective is to ensure that pipes, pumps, hydrants, nozzles and other items perform satisfactorily. Where necessary, PIPENET VISION can be used to size orifice plates in order to balance or reduce the flow rates. The Spray/Sprinkler Module is a steady-state modelling program for designing systems, with the objective being to ensure that the sizes of pumps, pipes, nozzles, etc. are adequate. The Spray/Sprinkler Module complies with the NFPA rules, which are the universal rules governing the design of fire protection systems in the process plant industry, as far as hydraulic calculations are concerned. One of the differences between the Spray/Sprinkler Module and the other modules of PIPENET VISION is that, with the Spray/Sprinkler Module, it is not possible to enter a network until either (a) a Sunrise Data File (*.SDF) has been entered and saved or (b) an existing Sunrise Data File is opened. In the suite of training manuals for the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, Chapters 2 and 3 are the core of the training course, whereas Chapters 1 and 4 provide useful reading material. Most of the concepts and capabilities introduced in Chapter 1 User Interface of PIPENET VISION are relevant to this module and should be read prior to reading the training manuals for this module. In this document, the main concepts and features that are specific to the Spray/Sprinkler Module are described.
2. 2.1
Concepts Pressure Drop Model
The pressure loss, P, in a pipe is described as
P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat

where Pfric is the pressure loss due to friction and fittings, Pelev is the pressure loss due to elevation change, Pplat is the pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted. Full details of the equations that are used to calculate these pressure losses are described below.
2.1.1 Friction Pressure Losses Darcy

Pfric is determined using the Bernoulli Equation, which is a theoretical equation that gives the pressure in pipes, ignoring frictional effects. The pressure drop due to friction effects can be found by comparing the theoretical results from the Bernoulli Equation with results obtained in experiments. Based on the work of the French engineer Henri Darcy (180358) the following equation is obtained.
Pfric
where
2 f ( L + Le ) u 2 = D
D is the internal diameter of the pipe, L is the pipe length, Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, f is the Fanning friction factor, u is the fluid velocity, is the fluid density. The Fanning friction factor depends on the relative roughness of the pipe (i.e., pipe roughness divided by pipe diameter) and the Reynolds Number, Re, which is defined as
Re =
uD
where is the fluid viscosity. The standard values for f can be obtained from a graphical representation known as the Moody Diagram. The friction factor is represented in PIPENET VISION by the following empirical formulae (in which r is the surface roughness of the pipe). Laminar flow (Re < 2000):
f =
16 Re
Transitional flow (2000 < Re< 3000): The value of f is obtained by interpolating between the laminar value for Re = 2000 and the turbulent value at Re = 3000. Turbulent flow (Re > 3000):
0.27 r 1.252 1 = 1.768 ln + D f Re f
2.1.2 Friction Pressure Losses - Hazen-Williams Method

With this method, the pipe C-factor is used in the calculations, and so the C-factor must be supplied. It should be noted that, for maximum flexibility, the user is allowed to override the roughness or C-factor value of the pipe type when entering the individual pipe data. However, by default, the roughness or C-factor of each pipe will be determined by the pipe type of a particular pipe. The Hazen-Williams Equation is an empirical formula that gives an explicit expression for the frictional pressure loss. SI Units The frictional losses are given by
Pfric
where
6.05 105 ( L + Le )Q1.85 = C 1.85 D 4.87
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 4 OF 48 L is the pipe length in metres, Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings in metres, Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in l/min, D is the pipe diameter in mm, C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor) for the pipe. Imperial Units The frictional losses are given by
Pfric
where
4.52 ( L + Le )Q1.85 = C 1.85 D 4.87
L is the pipe length in feet, Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, in feet, Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in UK gallons per minute, D is the pipe diameter in inches, C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor) for the pipe.
2.1.3 Pressure Loss due to Elevation Change

The pressure drop caused by the difference in elevation of the two ends of the pipe is given by
Pelev = g Z
in which g is the acceleration due to gravity, Z is the change in elevation.
2.2
Pumps
In the simple pump model, the pump performance curve is used. The user inputs the flow rate against head data at 100% rpm. PIPENET VISION can then calculate the performance curve at other speeds, using the homologous relationships for pumps. This curve is normally intended only for use only in the positive quadrant; in other words, when the flow and the head are positive. Three options are available for defining pump curves: Quadratic function,
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 5 OF 48 Cubic function, Cubic spline functions.
These functions are applicable to values of Q that lie between the specified minimum and maximum values (namely, Qmin and Qmax respectively).
2.2.1 Data Required for Entering a Pump Into the Library

The standard method for entering pump data is to use points from the performance curve. These points are then used by PIPENET VISION to calculate the coefficients that define the appropriate curve (i.e., quadratic, cubic, or cubic spline). An alternative method, which is seldom used, is for the user to enter the coefficients A, B, and C that define the pump-performance curve. In this case, the minimum and maximum values for the flow rate must also be given.
2.2.2 Some Useful Tips

If the user knows the performance coefficients for a pump, but does not wish to use a pump library, the user can define the pump as a non-library pump, by supplying the values of A, B, C, Qmin, and Qmax. In order for the calculator to function correctly, it is necessary to ensure that there is only one flow rate that corresponds to each pressure gain, and so the following restrictions apply: For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, the slope of the performance curve must be negative or zero. For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, there must not be a flow rate that gives no pressure change (that is, all flow rates must correspond to a non-zero pressure change, and so the performance curve must not cross the horizontal axis).
If a flow rate lies outside the range Qmin to Qmax, PIPENET VISION issues an appropriate warning message, and then extrapolates the performance curve using the tangent to the curve at either the minimum or maximum flow rate (whichever is appropriate). PIPENET VISION calculates the power required by a pump based on an efficiency value. If this efficiency value is not supplied, the pump is assumed to be 100% efficient for the purpose of this calculation.
2.2.3 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

In the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, data for pumps and fans can be created in a library. In this case, PIPENET VISION performs a curve fit, and uses the curve coefficients in the calculations. The input data must be in the form of data pairs, taken from the performance curves.
Typically, the units for the pump curves are not the same as the units in which pressure-drop calculations are to be made. For example, it is usual to specify the pump curve in head of fluid, rather than psi. For this reason, the pump/fan module accepts data in its own units. The dialog box for inputting a pump curve can be obtained by choosing Pumps Coeffs. unknown from the Libraries Menu (which is denoted by Libraries | Pumps Coeffs unknown in the PIPENET VISION training manuals). The resulting dialog box is shown below.
PIPENET VISION takes into account the fact that the head generated by a pump is independent of the density of the fluid, and so PIPENET VISION makes an appropriate density correction in converting the head into a pressure. Similarly, the pressure generated by a pump depends on the fluid, and when the pump curve is defined in terms of pressure, an appropriate density correction is applied. This is the reason why, when the pumpperformance curve is defined in terms of pressure, the performance curve is interpreted to be that of water.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 7 OF 48 Creating a New Pump 1. Select the New Button, and provide a name and description.
2. Select the desired flow-rate and pressure units from the drop-down menus. 3. Provide minimum and maximum values of the flow rate. 4. Provide at least three points for the curve. 5. Select the type of curve to be fitted (from, quadratic, cubic and cubic spline). 6. Click on the Apply Button to add the pump to the library. 7. The coefficients are then calculated and displayed, along with the pump curve. Note that the definition of the pump curve is accepted only if at least three points are supplied, and that the slope of the calculated curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and maximum values.
Type of curve fitted
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 8 OF 48 Editing an Existing Pump 1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list. 2. Make the required changes to the pump parameters. 3. Click on the Apply Button to commit the changes. Deleting a Pump 1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list. 2. Click on the Delete Button.
2.2.4 Pumps - Coefficients Known

This capability is hardly ever used. In this case, the pump coefficients that define the performance curve can be obtained from the manufacturer. These coefficients are then entered into PIPENET VISION using Libraries | Pumps Coeff. Known, and a pump-performance curve is produced.
2.3
Non-Return Valves
Non-return valves allow unrestricted flow of fluid in a positive direction, and prevent all flow in the reverse direction. Positive flow is taken to be in the direction from the valve's input node to its output node, in which case there is no pressure drop across the component. Caution should be exercised to avoid positioning a non-return valve such that it would isolate a portion of the network. If this were to happen, the calculator could report the error message network cannot be solved". Note that, even if the solution to the problem involves the valve being open, PIPENET VISION can still generate this error message. Occasionally, a non-zero "leakage flow" may be reported through a closed valve. This flow, which arises from rounding errors that are smaller than the requested convergence accuracy, is usually negligible. Modelling Equations Open valve:
P = P2 1
Fully closed valve:
Q1 = 0
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 9 OF 48 Continuity Equation:
Q1 = Q2
The following variables are used in the above equations. P1 is the inlet pressure, P2 is the outlet pressure, Q1 is the inlet flow rate, Q2 is the outlet flow rate.
2.4
Filters
Strainers are usually modelled as equipment items. However, if the user wishes to model them more accurately and the required data is available, the filter model can be used. Filters are used in most of the networks to collect residue and dirt particles from the flow medium. The filters can also be generated in PIPENET VISION by supplying the values of the coefficients, A and B, in the modelling equations. Modelling Equation The modelling equation is
P = AQ Q + BQ
where P is the pressure increase from the inlet to the outlet, Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the filter, A is a coefficient (which is less than or equal to zero), B is a coefficient (which is less than zero). This equation is valid for values of Q whose modulus is less than a given maximum flow, Qmax. Note that filters are reversible (i.e., Q may be negative), in which case, since
A 0 and B < 0
the pressure drops in the direction of the flow.
2.5
Nozzles
Nozzle models in PIPENET VISION represent both the spray and sprinkler nozzles. The modelling equation for the nozzle is
Q=K P
where Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the nozzle, P is the drop in pressure across the nozzle, K is a constant for the nozzle. This equation holds for values of P between specified minimum and maximum values (Pmin and Pmax respectively). The range from Pmin to Pmax is known as the working pressure range of the nozzle. Note that the value of K depends on the units used for P and Q. When the K value of a nozzle is referred to, the standard units for P and Q are bar and litres per minute respectively. Data Required In the library, the following data is required. 1. A nozzle descriptor to identify the type of nozzle (usually the manufacturers nozzle name is used). 2. The nozzle K-factor. 3. The values of Pmin and Pmax.
The data for the input is as follows. 1. The nozzle status (i.e., on or off). Note that, if a nozzle is off, there is a small solid circle inside the nozzle symbol (in the schematic diagram), as indicated below. 2. 3. 4. 5. Notes 1. Nozzles do not have to be stored in a library. Instead, they can be defined by specifying the values of K, Pmin and Pmax. However, when there are several nozzles of the same type in the same network, it is easier to define the type in a library, as described above. The nozzle label. The input node. The name of the nozzle in the library. The flow rate required through the nozzle.
2. The flow rate required through a nozzle is used in the Design Facility of PIPENET VISION.
2.6
Deluge Valves
Typically, users prefer to model a deluge valve as an equipment item, since an equipment item requires only an equivalent length. This length value can be either calculated or obtained from the vendor of the deluge valve. For the sake of completeness, this section contains an introduction to the deluge valve model. Before a deluge valve can be added to a network, the valve must first be defined in the private data file (via Libraries | Deluge valves). The dialog box for this option contains a list of defined valve types. A descriptor, manufacturer supplied K-factor and X-factor, and bore must be supplied.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 13 OF 48 Modelling Equation
P = QX / K
where P is the pressure drop across the valve, Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve, K is a constant for the valve, X is a constant for the valve (with typical values being 1 and 2). Typical Performance Curves
2.7
Overboard Dump Valves
Overboard dump valves (or pressure safety valves) operate with a trigger pressure, PS. When the pressure upstream of the valve is below the trigger pressure, PS, the valve remains shut; on the other hand, when the pressure rises above PS, the valve opens. Once the valve is open, the upstream pressure stabilises at the trigger pressure, PS. In PIPENET VISION, an overboard dump valve is modelled as a special kind of outlet, and there is no need to model the network downstream of the point at which the trigger pressure is measured.
3.
Rules Governing Specifications
The rules that govern specifications in the Spray/Sprinkler Module are important. The following notes will help the user to understand them. These rules are mainly concerned with applying specifications to firewater ringmains. Before a simulation can be performed, the user must provide PIPENET VISION with information about pressures and/or flow rates at a number of nodes in the network. These specifications must obey the rules described in this section. PIPENET VISION runs the simulation in two phases; namely, the Design Phase and the Calculation Phase. The aim of the Design Phase is to find suitable diameters for one or more pipes in the network, so that the fluid velocity in each pipe and the pressure drop per unit length of pipe remain within the design criteria. Even if all of the diameters are known, PIPENET VISION still performs this phase. In the Calculation Phase, PIPENET VISION performs the final analysis calculations. For both phases, the user must specify the pressure and/or flow rate in various parts of the network. The user must also specify the input and output nodes in the network. There are two sets of specifications for each simulation: the design-phase specifications and the calculation-phase specifications. So that the problem is mathematically solvable, these two sets of specifications must obey certain rules. It should be noted that, in some simulations, the user may not be interested in the results of one of the phases; however, both phases are still run in PIPENET VISION, and so two sets of specifications need to be supplied. The specifications have to adhere to the following rules. 1. There must always be at least one pressure specification. (If there is at least one nozzle in the system, PIPENET VISION will automatically set its outlet pressure to 0 bar G, in which case a pressure need not be set by the user.) 2. The actual number of specifications must obey the rules in the following table.
Phase Design Analysis
Np 1 (set by PIPENET VISION) Np
Nf Nio 1 Nio - Np
The following parameters are used n the above table. Nio is the sum of the number of inputs and the number of outputs (ignoring nozzles), Np is the number of pressure specifications, Nf is the number of flow specifications.
3.1
The Design Phase
When a network is being designed, it is a general requirement that the velocity of the fluid in each pipe does not exceed a given value (known as the design velocity of the pipe). The velocity of the fluid in a pipe depends on: The flow rate through the pipe, The diameter of the pipe.
It is, therefore, important that all of the pipes are correctly sized, so that the fluid velocity does not exceed the design velocity. This problem is addressed in the design phase of the simulation. Given the required flow rates in and out of the network, PIPENET VISION will find optimal diameters for each pipe in the network, so that the velocity of the fluid does not exceed the design velocity. The user must supply the required flow rate for (a) all nozzles and (b) all but one of the input and output nodes in the network. PIPENET VISION can then determine the flow rates required throughout the network, and thus calculate optimal sizes for the pipes. The total number of Design Phase flow-rate specifications must be one less than the number of input/output nodes. This point is especially important for firewater ringmains, as they typically have more than one input/output node. The following points must be noted. By virtue of mass balance, the flow rates through all of the input/output nodes can be calculated if the flow rate at one input/output node is left unspecified. Moreover, the pipe diameters must be sized adequately to handle the required flow rates, which is the reason why all the specifications during the design phase are flow rates.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 16 OF 48 The following points should also be noted:
If desired, the user can set the diameter of some (or all) pipes in the network. PIPENET VISION will then size only those pipes whose diameter has not been set. If the user wants certain pipes in the network to be given the same diameter, then the Pipe Groupings facility should be used. When a pipe (or group of pipes) is being sized, PIPENET VISION will choose the smallest pipe size that ensures that the design velocity is not exceeded by the fluid. In the design phase, it is assumed that all nozzles discharge at the minimum required rate. In most systems, there will be some nozzles that actually discharge at a rate greater than the minimum requirement, and so flow rates and velocities in the system will rise. Consequently, the velocity of the fluid may rise above the design velocity in some pipes in the system. These pipes will be identified during the calculation phase, and a warning will be issued. The user can resolve this problem by setting the diameters of these pipes to be slightly larger than the design diameters.
In order to size all the pipes in a network, it may be necessary to perform more than one simulation.
3.2
The Calculation Phase
In the calculation phase, all the diameters of the pipes are known, as they are either (a) set by the user or (b) determined by PIPENET VISION during the design phase. PIPENET VISION simulates the behaviour of the network under the pressure and flow-rate conditions set by the user. All nozzles in the network are assumed to discharge to atmospheric pressure. The user must supply flow rates and/or pressures at various parts of the network by making Calculation Phase Specifications (which are described in the next section). PIPENET VISION will then calculate the pressures and flow rates throughout the network. The total number of Calculation Phase flow-rate and pressure specifications must be equal to the number of input/output nodes. This point is especially important for firewater ringmains, as they typically have more than one input/output node. Usually, the pressures at pump inlets are known and the flow rates at outlets are known. However, this is not a strict rule. For example, if a pump-selection case is to be run, the pressure and flow rate will typically be specified at the most remote output, and the input node would be left simply as an input (but with no pressure or flow rate specified). Typically, the calculation phase is used for one or more of the following purposes: Determine what pressures are needed to produce the required flow rates. Select suitable pumps for the network. Check that all demands made on the network can be satisfied. (A warning is issued for any nozzle supplying at less than its required rate.)
Check that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed the design velocity of the pipe. (A warning will be issued for any pipe for which the fluid velocity exceeds the design velocity.)
4.
The User Interface and the Design and Calculation Phases
When a calculation is run, a pipe-sizing operation is performed if (a) there are unset pipe sizes and (b) the user has requested that the Design Phase be run. However, the user will generally perform a pipe sizing-operation, possibly make some changes to the network, and then perform another pipe-sizing operation, repeating these steps as required. Only when the user is satisfied will he/she perform a calculation. The controls relating to the Design and Calculation Phases are located on the Calculation Toolbar:
The sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows: 1. The two buttons D and C correspond to the Design and Calculation Phases respectively. If a Design Phase is required then the D Button is selected by default and the pipe-sizing button (i.e., the third button) is enabled. 2. The user enters the network and, if he/she requires PIPENET VISION to perform a Design Phase, then pipes may be entered with undefined bores. 3. When the user has entered the network he/she will select the Pipe Sizing Button to size the undefined pipes. The calculated pipe sizes are returned to the user, where they are displayed along with other pipe attributes. Note that, if another pipe-sizing operation is performed, the sizes may change if changes are made to the network. 4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required. 5. When the user is satisfied with the network, he/she should select the C Button (in which case, the Pipe Sizing Button is disabled) to fix the designed pipe sizes, and then perform a calculation (by pressing the fourth button on the Calculation Toolbar). 6. The user can revert to the Design Phase by selecting the D Button; however, the bores of pipes that were fixed in Step 5 do not become unset.
4.1
Assumptions
1. The input and output nodes of a network are those points where fluid enters or leaves the network. 2. Internal nodes are those nodes that are neither input nodes nor output nodes.
3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and/or blocks. 4. If a node is at one end of a break then it is considered to have an attached pressure specification. 5. If a node is at one end of a block then it is considered to have an attached flow specification. 6. In the Design Phase, an arbitrary pressure of 50 bar is associated with one of the nodes. Therefore, a user-supplied pressure specification is not used in this phase.
4.2
Design Phase
1. There must be one (and only one) pressure specification, which may be applied at an input node, an output node, or an internal node. This specification is automatically set in PIPENET VISION, and so the user does not need to input it. 2. In a network, all but one of the input and output nodes must have a flow specification.
4.3
Calculation Phase
1. There must be at least one pressure specification. 2. Pressure specifications may be applied to input nodes, output nodes, or internal nodes. 3. The total number of pressure and flow specifications must be equal to the total number of input and output nodes (but note Points 4 and 5). 4. If there is at least one nozzle present, a user-supplied pressure specification is not required in the Analysis Phase. The rule that the total number of specifications must equal the total number of input and output nodes still holds. 5. If the Most Remote Nozzle Option is selected, one flow specification is added to the Analysis Phase. Therefore, the user must only provide n - 1 pressure or flow specifications, where n is the number of input and output nodes.
4.4
Simple Example
For a system with two inlets (pumps) and one outlet (deluge system), the specifications would be as follows.
4.4.1 Specifications for the Two Inlets (Pumps)

Suppose that both pumps have Design Phase flow rates of 0 and Analysis Phase pressures of 0 barg.
4.4.2 Specification for the One Output (Deluge System)

For the output node, there are no Design Phase specifications and one Analysis Phase flowrate specification.
5.
General Concepts of Fire Protection System
Fire protection piping systems convey a fire-extinguishing substance from the source of supply to devices and equipment for applying it in fire fighting and fire protection. Water (owing to its effectiveness, availability, and low cost) is used most extensively as a fireextinguishing material. Other substances that are piped for fire fighting special types of fire are foam, carbon dioxide (or other inert gases), vaporizing liquid, or dry chemicals in an inert gas carrier. The detailed procedures followed by fire-protection specialists in determining anticipated water flows, in establishing pipe sizes, and in planning pipe locations and arrangement for particular private installations are too highly specialised and too limited in application to be allocated space for more than a brief mention here. Detailed information is available in the publications included in the references that appear later in this section.
5.1
Standard, Rules and Regulations
Some of the rules followed in fire protection systems are as follows. 1. National Fire protection association rules (NFPA) - most universally used. 2. Tariff Advisory Committee rules (TAC) - mostly followed in India. 3. Oil Industry Safety Directorate rules (OISD) - for oil and gas industries in India.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 21 OF 48 4. GB Standard - mostly followed in China.
The generally recognized standards that cover fire-protection piping are those developed by the National Fire Protection Association and by insurance organizations such as the American Insurance Association, the Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation and the Factory Insurance Association. The general recognised standards that relate to fire protection piping are listed below. Note that the fire protection hand books in References 1 and 2 contain much of the information in the individual standards, and may provide all the information that is required. 1. NFPA Handbook of Fire Protection, National Fire Protection Association, 60 Battery March St., Boston, Mass. 02110. The following standards are all available in the National Fire Protection Association. 2. Handbook of Industrial Loss Prevention, Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation. 3. Standard for the installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA No. 13. 4. Standard for the installation of Stand Pipe and Hose Systems, NFPA No.14. 5. Standard for the installation of Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, NFPA No. 22. 6. Standard for the installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps, NFPA No. 20. 7. Standard for Carbon-dioxide Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 12. 8. Standard for Foam Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 11. 9. Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 17. 10. Standard for Outside Protection, NFPA No. 24. The following general references relate to certain aspects of the problems that are involved in the design and specification of the fire protection system. 11. Automatic Sprinkler Hydraulic Data, by Clyde M. Wood. Automatic Sprinkler Corporation of America. 12. Hand Book of Cast Iron Pipes, Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Chicago. 13. Approved Equipment and Materials for Industrial Fire Safety, Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation. 14. Fire Protection Equipment List, Underwriter Laboratories Inc, Chicago. 15. List of Inspected Appliance and Equipment and Materials, Underwriter Laboratories of Canada.
5.2
Tariff Advisory Committee
The Tariff Advisory Committee has compiled rules to provide minimum requirements for fixed water spray systems, based on good engineering practices. While formulating the rules, due consideration has been shown to the International Standards.
According to the TAC Manual, full details on the Common Requirements to High Velocity Water Spray and Medium Velocity Water Spray Systems are explained in the TAC manual, and they are: 1. Water supplies. 2. Pumps - general requirements for electric driven, compression ignition engine driven pumps, pump room, etc. 3. Detection system. 4. General requirements. 5. Piping. 6. Fittings. 7. Deluge valves. 8. Drainage. Similarly, high-velocity water-spray systems and medium-velocity water-spray systems are also explained in TAC Manual.
5.3
Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD)
For Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries & Oil/Gas processing plants, the Oil Industry Safety Directorate staffed from within the industry for formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardizing and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safer operations. OISD constituted a number of committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards and guidelines on various areas of concern. This standard covers the design criteria and the details of the various fire protection facilities to be provided in petroleum refineries and oil/gas processing plants.
5.4
Classification of Petroleum Products
5.4.1 General Classification of Petroleum Products

Petroleum products are classified according to their closed-cup flash points, as follows: Class 'A' Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point below 23 degrees C. Class 'B' Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point of 23 degrees C or above, but below 65 degrees C. Class 'C' Petroleum: Liquids that have flash point of 65 degrees C or above, but below 93 degrees C. Excluded Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point of 93 degrees C or above. Liquefied gases, including LPG, do not fall under this classification but form a separate category.
5.4.2 Classification for Heated Products

At locations where the handling temperatures are higher than the flash point of the product in circumstances where the product handled is artificially heated to above its flash point, a class 'C' product shall be considered as a Class 'B' product and a Class 'B' product shall be considered as a Class 'A' product.
5.5
Classification Of Fires
Class 'A' Fires: Fires involving combustible materials of organic nature, such as wood, paper, rubber and any plastics, etc., where the cooling effect of water is essential for extinction of such fires. Class 'B' Fires: Fires involving flammable liquids, petroleum products, or the like, where a blanketing effect is essential. Class 'C' Fires: Fires involving flammable gases under pressure, including liquefied gases, where it is necessary to inhibit the burning gas at a fast rate with an inert gas, powder or vaporizing liquid for extinguishment. Class 'D' Fires: Fires involving combustible materials such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, sodium, potassium, when the burning metals are reactive to water and water-containing agents, and in certain cases carbon dioxide, halogenated hydrocarbons and ordinary dry powders. Special media and techniques are required to extinguish these fires.
5.6
Fire Protection Philosophy
The Fire Protection Philosophy is based on Loss Prevention and Control. The importance of adequate fire protection facilities for hydrocarbon processing plants need not be emphasised, as none of the plant is absolutely safe (because of the inherent hazard it carries). A fire in one part/section of the plant can endanger other sections of the plant as well. If a fire breaks out, it must be controlled/extinguished as quickly as possible, to minimize the loss to life and property and to prevent further spread of fire.
5.6.1 Design Criteria

The following shall be the basic design criteria for a fire protection system. 1. Facilities should be designed on the basis that city firewater supply is not available close to the installation. 2. Fire protection facilities shall be designed to fight two major fires simultaneously, anywhere in the installation. Fire-water requirements will be decided as per guidelines given in the Annexure of OISD.
5.6.2 Fire Water System

Water is an essential medium for fire protection, and is the most important medium available for this purpose. Water is used for fire extinguishment, fire control, cooling of equipment and protection of equipment and personnel from heat radiation. For these purposes, water is used in various forms, such as straight jet, water fog, water curtain, water spray, deluge/sprinkler, for foam making, etc. The main components of the fire water system are fire water storage, fire-water pumps, and distribution piping network, along with hydrants and monitors.
5.6.3 Design Basis

The fire water system in an installation shall be designed to meet the fire water flow requirement for fighting two fires simultaneously, requiring largest water demand.
5.6.4 Fire Water Demand

Various areas that can be under fire shall be considered, and fire water demand for each area shall be calculated on the design basis. Consider different cases (for example, the fire water rate of five different cases), and calculate the flow rate for each case. Then, the total design fire water rate is the sum of water rates for the two major fires.
6. 6.1
Additional Information on the User Interface Spray Options
The dialog box obtained from Options | Module options allows the user to control a number of modelling and calculation options for the Spray/Sprinkler Module.
6.1.1 Pressure Model

The two main options for the pressure model are the Darcy Equation and the Hazen-Williams Equation. The Hazen-Williams Equation must be used for water and foam solution systems, and the Darcy Equation must be used for foam concentrate systems.
6.1.2 Design Rules

The fire protection systems follow norms including: NFPA NFPA 96 FOC OLDFOC
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 26 OF 48 These norms are in-built into the Spray/Sprinkler Module.
6.1.3 Spray or Sprinkler Mode

There are two modes provided in this module. In the spray mode, all the nozzles input is open by default; and in the sprinkler mode, all the nozzles input are closed by default.
6.2
Pipe Types
In the Spray Module, all pipes in a network must be of a specified type. A pipe type is associated with a pipe schedule, and this schedule must already exist before the pipe type can be created. There is an optional lining definition, which may be provided by specifying the material and the lining thickness. Please note that, if no pipe type is defined, the Pipe Drawing Tool on the toolbar is disabled, and the message No Pipe Type appears in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This message will disappear when a pipe type is defined, in which case, the Pipe Button will be enabled.
6.2.1 Creating a New Pipe Type

Use the following procedure to create a new pipe type. 1. Click on the New Button. 2. Select the associated schedule from the drop-down list provided. Note that a name and a description are supplied automatically. 3. Provide a C-factor for the pipe schedule. The C-factor value will be taken into consideration when the Hazen-Williams Formula is selected for performing the calculation. 4. Supply velocities for all bores that are to be provided by the schedule. Bores can be marked as available or unavailable by selecting the bore in the bottom right-hand corner of the window and clicking on the Use in design Button or Avoid in design Button as appropriate (and the default is for all valid bores to be marked as available).
5. Linings can also be provided using the drop-down menu (in which case, the thickness of the lining must be given). 6. Click on the Apply Button to complete the creation of the pipe type.
6.2.2 Editing an Existing Pipe Type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand corner of the window. 2. Make the required changes to the pipe-type parameters. 3. Click on the Apply Button to commit the changes.
6.2.3 Deleting a Pipe Type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand corner of the window. 2. Click on the Delete Button. Note that a pipe type cannot be deleted if it is in use.
6.3
Libraries
Libraries are used for storing items that are to be used either (a) several times in the same network or (b) in different networks. The library is associated with the data file, and is opened when the data file is open. For the Spray/Sprinkler Module, a library can contain the following items. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pipe schedules, Nozzles, Pumps (Coefficients Known and Coefficients Unknown), Linings, Deluge valves.
There is only one local user library, which has the file extension .SLF, and replaces all of the separate library files from previous modules. While a data file is open, entries can be added, deleted or edited using the Library Editor Dialog. PIPENET VISION automatically saves the library file when the Sunrise Data File or .SDF file is stored. The name of the library file is derived from the name of the Sunrise Data File.
6.4
Pipe Schedules
Pipe schedules can be viewed using Libraries | Schedules. There are about eight built-in pipe schedules in PIPENET VISION. The user is also able to define other pipe schedules.
On the left-hand side of the window is a list of available schedules, both built-in and userdefined. If you select any item in this list, the properties of the schedule are displayed on the right-hand side of the window. At the top right-hand corner, there are three fields common to all library editors:
1. The name of the schedule as it appears in pop-up menus (the length of this name being limited to 20 characters). 2. An optional longer description. 3. The source of the schedule, which may be one of the following: Built-in schedule provided with the Spray/Sprinkler Module - built-in schedules cannot be edited. Local user library - these items may be edited whilst a network is open. System library - these items can only be edited using the External System Library Editor. Below these three fields is a field that contains the roughness; and, below that field, is a grid showing the standard nominal sizes and the corresponding internal diameters. If the nominal diameter is "unset" then the corresponding nominal diameter is not included in the schedule. Nominal diameters are greyed-out, indicating that their value is fixed; however, if you scroll down to the end of the grid, you can see 10 user-defined sizes (for which both the nominal and internal bores can be edited). The roughness value and the diameters are displayed in the user-specified units.
6.4.1 Adding a New Schedule

To add a new schedule, select the New Button in the bottom left-hand corner of the dialog box, enter the desired values (if the Description Field is left empty, the description will become the same as the schedule name). Next, enter the roughness and the diameters, and then select either (a) the Apply Button, to accept the new schedule, or (b) the Cancel button, to abort.
6.4.2 Editing an Existing Schedule

From the left-hand side of the window, select the schedule that is to be edited, enter the desired changes, and then select the Apply Button to accept the changes.
6.4.3 Deleting an Existing Schedule

Select the schedule to be deleted (on the left-hand side of the window), and then click on the Delete Button.
6.5
Nozzles
The nozzles in PIPENET VISION correspond to the spray or sprinkler nozzles, which are open to the atmosphere. To set the nozzle attributes, the user can either enter the values directly in the schematic or obtain them from the library.
The nozzle library dialog box can be accessed through Libraries | Nozzles.
To view a library nozzle, select the required nozzle from the left-hand side of the window, and see its properties on the right-hand side. To delete a nozzle, select the nozzle (in the left-hand side of the window) and then click on the Delete Button. To add a new nozzle: 1. Click on the New Button. 2. Provide a unique name for the nozzle and an optional description. 3. Enter the values for the K-factor, minimum pressure, and maximum pressure. 4. Click on the Apply Button to add the nozzle to the library.
6.6
Linings
Linings for the pipes are provided to protect the inner surface of the pipe from corrosion, which is caused by the fluid medium. In most fire systems, fluid remains stagnant, resulting in a higher rate of corrosion. The linings can be concrete, epoxy, thermo setting plastic, asbestos, etc.
To view a library lining, select the required lining from the left-hand side of the window (and its properties are displayed on the right-hand side). To delete a lining, select the lining, and then click on the Delete Button. To add a new lining: 1. Click on the New Button. 2. Provide a unique name for the lining and an optional description.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 33 OF 48 3. Enter a value for the roughness. 4. Click on the Apply Button to add the lining to the library.
6.7
Deluge Valves
Typically, deluge valves are modelled as equipment items. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, deluge valves still available in PIPENET VISION for historical reasons. Without this model, it might not be possible to open some older data files. For the sake of completeness, the method of inputting deluge valves is described below.
To view a library deluge valve, select the required deluge valve from the left-hand side of the window, and see its properties on the right-hand side. To delete a deluge valve, select the deluge valve, and then click on the Delete Button.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 34 OF 48 To add a new deluge valve: 1. Click on the New Button.
2. Provide a unique name for the deluge valve and an optional description. 3. Enter the values for the K-factor, X-factor and bore. 4. Click on the Apply Button to add the deluge valve to the library.
7.
Other Useful Features of PIPENET VISION
Any description of PIPENET VISION would be incomplete without the following features being covered.
7.1
Global and Local Edit
This functionality is applicable to the Data Window. It is best illustrated by an example. (Although the example itself is taken from the Standard Module, exactly the same principle applies in the case of the Spray/Sprinkler Module.) Change the roughness of all pipes from 0.06 mm to 0.08 mm.
A local edit can be performed in a similar manner. In this case, the user must select the pipes to which the copied value is to be pasted.
7.2
Sorting in Columns in the Data Window
This invaluable feature can be used, for example, to determine the pipe with the maximum velocity or the maximum pressure. This sorting can be performed in the data window.
Select the Results Tab
Click on the heading to sort the column
7.3
Copy/Paste to a Spreadsheet
Click here to select the results
Copy the data using Edit/Copy as shown below.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 39 OF 48 Open the Spreadsheet program and paste in the results.
7.4
NFPA Style of Output
Some fire engineers prefer to use the style of presentation shown in the NFPA rules. This style is available in PIPENET VISION, and is obtained (after a calculation) by using Calculation | Browse, and then selecting the NFPA Submittal Option.
Extracts from such an output are shown below.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 41 OF 48 SUMMARY VALUES

Title
Calculation date
29-Sep-2010 14:09
Calculator
PIPENET VISION Spray calculator, version 4.4
Friction loss formula
Hazen-Williams
Design standard
NFPA
Total number of sprinkler heads
Number of sprinkler heads on
Total sprinkler discharge (l/min)
455.255
Total non-sprinkler output flow (l/min)
0.000
Total input flow (l/min)
455.255
Highest fluid velocity (m/sec)
2.667
Pressure at input nodes
See NODE ANALYSIS table
NODE ANALYSIS
Node tag Elevation (m) Node Type Pressure (Bar G) Discharge (l/min) Notes
0.00
Input
1.704
0.000
0.00
1.701
0.000
0.00
4.709
0.000
5.00
4.151
0.000
4.50
Sprinkler
4.190
153.527
Nozzle label: 201
5.00
4.053
0.000
4.50
Sprinkler
4.093
151.728
Nozzle label: 202
5.00
3.960
0.000
4.50
Sprinkler
4.000
150.000
Nozzle label: 203
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 42 OF 48 PIPE INFORMATION

Node 1 Elev 1 (m) K factor Flow added (q) (l/min) Nominal ID (milli.m.) Fittings quantity, type, and equivalent length (m) L (m) C factor
Pt (Bar G)
Notes
F (m) Pf per m (Bar)
Pe (Bar)
Node 2
Elev 2 (m)
Pipe label Nozzle label
Total flow (Q) (l/min)
Actual ID (mm)
T (m)
Pf (Bar)
0.00
455.255
80
0.500
120.0
1.701
Vel = 1.765 m/sec
0.000 2 0.00 1 455.255 73.990 0.500 0.006
0.000
0.003
0.00
80
1xE=2.13
10.000
120.0
4.151
Vel = 1.765 m/sec
2.134 4 5.00 2 455.255 73.990 12.134 0.006
-0.489
0.068
5.00
50
5.000
120.0
4.053
Vel = 2.667 m/sec
0.000 6 5.00 3 301.728 48.997 5.000 0.020
0.000
0.098
5.00
75.00
40
0.500
120.0
4.190
Vel = 2.259 m/sec
0.000 5 4.50 4 201 153.527 37.973 0.500 0.019
0.049
0.010
5.00
40
5.000
120.0
3.960
Vel = 2.207 m/sec
0.000 8 5.00 5 150.000 37.973 5.000 0.019
0.000
0.093
5.00
75.00
40
0.500
120.0
4.093
Vel = 2.233 m/sec
0.000 7 4.50 6 202 151.728 37.973 0.500 0.019
0.049
0.009
5.00
75.00
40
0.500
120.0
4.000
Vel = 2.207 m/sec
0.000 9 4.50 7 203 150.000 37.973 0.500 0.019
0.049
0.009
PIPE FITTINGS CODES

HE Standard 45 Elbow E Standard 90 Elbow LE Long radius 90 Elbow
Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90 )
Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve
NR
Non-return Valve
BV
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve
7.5
Elevation Error Correction
Elevation mismatch errors in firewater ringmains are some of the most difficult problems to resolve. However, PIPENET VISION has tools to assist the user in resolving such problems. Let us consider the highlighted pipe in the following simple network.
The attributes of this pipe are as shown in the Properties Window below.
Let us suppose that the user has made an error, and has input an elevation of 1 metre (instead of 0 metres). We now change the elevation value to 1 metre, and then illustrate the tools in PIPENET VISION that can be used to resolve this elevation error.
If we click on the Check Network Button, a diagnostic appears. However, in some cases, there is little information on the exact location of the error.
We now double click on an error message (shown in red), which indicates an elevation error. All of the components in the loop in which the elevation error occurs now appear in red. Note that the user must ensure that suitable colouration-display rules are selected; for example, if None is selected, it is possible to see the red loop; otherwise, the loop may not be coloured red.
We now click on the Graphs Tab in a Data Window. The elevation profile along the loop is then shown in the Data Window, starting and ending at Node 1. Note that the node numbers can be displayed on the profile.
Alternatively, we can click on the Common Height Errors Button on the Diagnostic Window. In this case, only the pipes common to more than one problem loop are shown.
Common Height Errors Button
In some cases, this approach leads to fewer pipes for which the elevations need to be checked.
SPRAY: CHAPTER 2 REVISION 2.1, OCT 2010
PIPENET SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS DESIGN - DELUGE SYSTEMS
1.
Introduction
This document relates to the design methodologies of the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module. We describe in detail how to set up and run a model for a deluge system, and consider several different scenarios for the model. Also, we look at the modelling of two real examples, which are not intended to be input by the user.
2.
Design Tips and Techniques
One of the most important aspects of successful hydraulic calculations for the design of firewater systems is to perform the calculations for deluge systems and firewater ringmains separately. The reason is because the objectives of the calculations for the two requirements are somewhat different. Therefore, we recommend separating the system into a deluge system and firewater ringmain before the calculations are performed.
2.1
Objectives for Deluge System Calculations

Check the velocities and keep them below the specified limits. Firewater systems generally do not suffer from erosion problems, as they do not operate for 24 hours a day. However, it is still important to keep the velocities below a reasonable limit, in order to minimise the frictional losses in the pipes. Normally, high velocities arise because the pipe diameter is small. For a given flow rate, the frictional loss per unit length is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the diameter. Therefore, one must be careful with reducing the pipe sizes with the view of reducing costs. Achieve a good flow balance between the nozzles. Generally, a well-designed system has a low flow imbalance between two nozzles. A high imbalance generally means that the total flow demanded by the system is higher than necessary. In an extreme case, this imbalance might even lead to the requirement of a bigger fire pump. Optimise the inlet pressure and flowrate. It is better to optimise, rather than minimise. Naturally, the minimal frictional pressure loss (and hence the minimum inlet pressure) could be obtained by maximising the pipe sizes. However, both the cost of the system and its weight would increase, and so it is important to work close to the maximum velocity, but not exceed it.
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2.2
Objectives for Firewater Ringmain Calculations

The adequacy of the pump performance: The results of deluge-system calculations indicate the system requirements in terms of pressure and flowrate. We need to ensure that the fire pump arrangement meets the requirements under a variety of conditions and a variety of demands. The skill is to design the firewater ringmain system to make sure that it works adequately under a wide variety of circumstances. The ability to generate sufficient pressure at the inlet to the deluge systems and other users: It is not just the sizing of the fire pumps that is important. The pipes have to be sized adequately too. Pipes must be small enough to reduce the weight and cost, but large enough to offer acceptable pressure drops. The longest piping route by blocking pipes: Firewater ringmains have isolation valves for maintenance, strainers and so on. It is often necessary to ensure that the system would work adequately even if an isolation valve is left closed or a strainer is blocked. The integrity of the system if a pipe is broken: This point is important if a firewater ringmain system is being analysed. For example, if the pipework near the helideck system is broken in a platform with several levels, it is possible that the deluge systems at the low levels might still work properly, albeit at a reduced efficiency. Under these circumstances, the elevation difference might produce enough static head. Different fire scenarios: One of the interesting aspects of the design of a firewater ringmain system is the fact that the same piping system must work under a wide variety of conditions. Clearly, calculations must be performed for a wide variety of fire scenarios. Different fire pump scenarios: Usually the system is designed in such a way that one or more pumps would be required to meet the demand. It is necessary to ensure that this is possible.
It is clear that the objectives of the calculations for deluge systems are somewhat different from those for firewater ringmains. Therefore, the best designs are obtained by separating the deluge-system calculations from the ringmain calculations. In this chapter of the training manual, we shall consider the range of calculations that are typically performed with deluge systems.
3.
How to Model Deluge Systems
Some of the objectives of modelling deluge systems are the following: To keep the velocities below the specified limits. To minimise flow imbalance.
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To select appropriate pipe sizes. If necessary, size the restriction orifice plate that is needed to achieve the required pressure drop. To assess the impact of low pressure at the inlet of the deluge system. To assess the impact of high pressure at the inlet of the deluge system.
3.1
The First Calculation in Analysing Deluge Systems
The first calculation almost always relates to the most remote nozzle. When the most remote nozzle option is chosen, PIPENET VISION will set the flow rate through the hydraulically most remote nozzle to be the minimum required flow rate. This calculation is usually the first calculation that is performed for a deluge system, because it corresponds to the optimal operating condition. This is the optimal condition because, if the inlet pressure is less than what is required by this criterion, the flow rate in at least one nozzle will be less than its required value. If the inlet pressure is higher then too much water will flow through the system. In an extreme case, it could lead to the need for a larger fire pump. In this exercise, we shall use the most remote nozzle option as the first calculation.
3.2
Subsequent Calculations in Analysing Deluge Systems
Typically, the following calculations will also be performed in this exercise. In the real design environment, the supply side may not be exactly what is required. The inlet pressure is fixed at a low value: This may be necessary if the pressure available from the firewater ringmain is less than what is required by the most remote nozzle option. The inlet pressure fixed at a high value: This may be necessary if the pressure available from the firewater ringmain is higher than what is required by the most remote nozzle option. Inlet pressure fixed at a high value with an orifice plate: This may be necessary if the pressure available from the firewater ringmain is higher than what is required by the most remote nozzle option, but an orifice plate is used to restrict the pressure to the required value.
3.3
The Network Schematic
The network that we shall be working with is shown below. This network schematic was developed in the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, and is shown here for illustration purposes only. Please do not input the network at this stage.
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The steps involved in inputting the data are shown below.
4.
How to Set Up the Desktop
Open PIPENET VISION, and set up the desktop using the steps that are shown below.
4.1
Desktop Arrangement
Firstly, make sure that all four windows are open. Then, arrange the screen to look as shown below, by using the View Menu and moving the windows on the desktop.
-4-
You may also need to follow the steps described in Options | Display options (shown below). Please note that, throughout the PIPENET VISION training manuals, notation like Options | Display options denotes the action of choosing Display options from the Options Menu.
4.2
Display Options
Select Options | Display options, and choose the display options that are shown in the following dialog box.
-5-
4.3
Menu Bar Format
The menu style that has been illustrated in this document so far is the Windows Menu Style (which is used in the diagram below). If you are an experienced user of PIPENET VISION, you might prefer to use a menu bar that is similar to that of PIPENET Classic. This menu bar may be selected as shown in the following diagram.
-6-
The menu bar arrangement under the PIPENET VISION Menu Style is shown below.
The main differences between the two menu styles are (a) the menus appear in a different order and (b) there is an Options Menu with the Windows Menu Style, whereas there is an Init Menu with the PIPENET VISION Menu Style. For the remainder of this document, the Windows Menu Style will be used.
5.
Initialisation and Libraries Stage
In PIPENET VISION, initialisation and libraries go hand in hand with each other. For example, the units need to be selected before nozzle data and pipe schedule data can be entered into the libraries. Equally, a user-defined pipe schedule must be entered into the library before it can be selected (in the initialisation stage) as the pipe schedule to be used. For this reason, both initialisation and libraries are covered in this section. For initialisation, please use the Options Menu and select Module options (i.e., Options | Module options).
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5.1
Initialisation Phase
5.1.1 Title
It is recommended that the title should relate to the calculation that is performed, especially for models that are to be kept. Therefore, choosing an appropriate title could potentially save a lot of time later when you wish to study the results.
-8-
5.1.2 Spray Options
The above dialog box shows a typical set up, which has been used for the calculations in this chapter of the training manual. The fluid properties depend on whether water or seawater is being used as the fire protection medium. NFPA 1996/2001 refers to the 1996 and 2001 editions of the NPFA rules. The option NFPA refers to earlier editions of the NFPA rules. The difference lies in the way that equivalent lengths for fittings are used. In earlier editions, it was assumed that Schedule 40 pipes were being used in calculating the values of the equivalent lengths of fittings. In the later editions of the NFPA rules, there is a correction for the actual inner diameters for pipes other than Schedule 40. The NFPA option is still retained for historical reasons; it is used to ensure that older data files produce the same results as before. For restriction orifices, which may be used in firewater systems, the Crane Option is generally used. BS 1042 is a flow-metering standard, and the Heriot Watt Option is proprietary Sunrise Systems correlation.
-9-
With the Spray Option, all of the nozzles are kept open; with the Sprinkler Option, all of the nozzles are closed. The sprinkler heads may be opened individually afterwards, if required.
5.1.3 Units
A comprehensive range of units is available in PIPENET VISION. In this example, we shall use metric units, but with lit/min for the flow rate. Therefore, select Metric, and then select User defined. Next, double-click on Flow type, doubleclick on Volumetric flow, an then select lit./min.
Please note the Save as defaults Button. If you click on this button, the default units on the specific computer will be set to the units currently shown on the screen. In this case, PIPENET VISION will then default to this unit selection every time a new model is created. The next step is to select the pipe schedule that is to be used. Before performing this step, we shall take a diversion into the Libraries Menu, and return to options later.
- 10 -
5.2
Libraries (Diversion from Initialisation)
At this point, we take a diversion and set up our library. The Libraries Menu is used to store items that are likely to be used several times. Typical examples are user-defined pipe schedules, nozzle data and pump curves. We are considering the modelling of deluge systems in this section. As these systems do not contain pumps, we shall not input pump curves into the library. However, we shall input a pipe schedule and three nozzle types. In order to access the Libraries Menu, simply click on Libraries in the Menu Bar.
5.2.1 Pipe Schedules

As an example, enter the data below for the following pipe schedule (called SEA Schedule). Nominal Size (mm) 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 Inner Diameter (mm) 26 41 52 78 102 154 203 255 303
Choose Libraries | Schedules, and click on New Button. Then enter the data from the above table, as illustrated below.
- 11 -
Click on the Apply Button, and then the OK Button.
5.2.2 Nozzle Data

While we are in the Libraries Menu, we shall enter the following data for nozzles. Nozzle Type HV-45 MV-50 WA-38 K-factor (lit/min, bar) 52 48 42 Minimum Pressure (barg) 2 2 2.5 Maximum Pressure (barg) 8 7 9
Please note that the minimum and maximum pressures in the above table specify the pressure range in which the nozzle spray will form correctly. Note that these maximum and minimum values are not used in the calculation. It is preferable that the expected operating pressure lies strictly within this range, rather than being equal to the minimum pressure. Enter this data by choosing Libraries | Nozzles, clicking on the New Button, and then typing in the data from the above table, as indicated below.
- 12 -
Click on the Apply Button and then the OK Button. Enter the data for the other nozzles in the same way. After you have entered all of the data for the nozzles, the dialog box should look as shown below.
- 13 -
5.3
Initialisation (Returning from Libraries)
We now return to the initialisation phase. The next step is to select the pipe type. However, it is worth considering a few discussion points beforehand. The difference between a pipe schedule and a pipe type is as follows. A pipe schedule is standard pipe data that is entered into a library. A pipe type, on the other hand, is a pipe schedule (from the library) that is to be used in the current network. It, also, has associated maximum velocities (or maximum pressure drops per unit length), C-factor and pipe lining, if applicable. For our network model, we use the following. C-factor = Maximum velocity = Lining = 140, 6 m/sec, none.
To enter this data, choose Options | Pipe types, click on the New Button, and then type in the values. A short cut for entering the maximum velocity is (a) enter 6 m/sec in one cell, (b) click on another cell, and (c) click and hold the left button on the cell that has the 6 m/sec already entered, and drag the cursor down over the other cells in the maximum velocity column.
- 14 -
Of course the maximum velocity could also be entered individually in each cell.
We shall return to the Calculation Tab again later, but, for the time being, the initialisation and library phases are complete. We can now return the input phase for the network.
6. 6.1
Network Input Stage 1: Input of Schematic Drawing
From the Tools Bar, choose the Pipe Tool as shown below.
Pipe Tool
For the data-input stage, it might be preferable to display the grid (by ticking the Display grid box from Options | Display options).
- 15 -
In your schematic diagram, try to use the pipe and node labels that are shown in the diagrams in this section, as it will then be easier to input the attributes later. It may be easier if the nodes and links are displayed (from either the Display Tools or Options | Display options).
Display node labels
Display link labels
In the drawing area, click on a grid point, preferably near the lower left-hand part of the drawing area.
Drag the tool in the Northeast direction, until you reach the point at which you wish to change the direction of the pipe, and then press and hold down the Shift Key (on the keyboard). Click on the left-hand mouse button every time you want to change direction. (In the network schematic that we are drawing, there are two changes of direction.) When you want to create the end node, release the Shift Key and click on the left-hand mouse button.
- 16 -
Then draw the other pipes as shown below, ending with Pipe 8 (which is highlighted in red).
From the Tools Bar, choose the Nozzle Tool, as shown below.
Nozzle Tool
Place the nozzles as shown in the diagram below.
- 17 -
This completes the input of the schematic.
6.2
Stage 2: Input of Attributes
At this point, we can turn off the grid, node labels, and link labels (using Options | Display options or the Display Toolbar).
It is generally more efficient to input the attributes using the Data Window. However, it is also possible to input data using the Properties Window.
- 18 -
6.2.1 Pipe Data

The pipe data that is to be used in the network is shown in the table below. For the sake of convenience of input, the same diameter has been used for all of the pipes. The use of the same data enables us to (a) see how we could fine-tune the systems later and (b) use the copy/paste facilities in the Data Window. Pipe Label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diameter (mm) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Length (m) 10 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 Elevation (m) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
For the sake of simplicity, we have ignored the fittings. The elevation is the difference in height between the input and output nodes of the pipe. The elevation is positive if the output node is higher than the input node, and negative if the output node is lower than the input node.
6.2.2 Pipe Diameters

Follow the steps below to set all pipe diameters to 25 mm. Begin by selecting the diameter of Pipe 1 from the pull-down menu.
Next, right click on any cell in the Diameter Column, and then select Paste in column from the context-sensitive menu. The diameters of all of the pipes then become 25 mm.
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6.2.3 Pipe Lengths

Input the lengths of Pipes 1 and 6 as 10 m individually, and then input the length of Pipe 2 as 5 m.
- 20 -
Click on a cell that has an unset length. Next, click on the cell for the length of Pipe 2 again, right click on the cell, and then choose Copy.
Then hold the control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, select the cells to which this value is to be pasted, and then right click and select Paste.
- 21 -
6.2.4 Pipe Elevations

The elevation is zero for all pipes except Pipe 1. Input 2 metres for the elevation of Pipe 1.
This completes the input of the piping data.
6.2.5 Types of the Nozzles

Usually, all nozzles have the same data, and they lend themselves to copy/paste well. We shall assume that all of the nozzles are of type HV-45, with a required flow rate of 100 lit/min. The first step is to select Nozzle in the combo box in the Data Window, under Browse.
In the cell headed Nozzle type for Nozzle 1, select the HV-45 nozzle type from the pulldown menu, and then click on another cell. Then, click on the Nozzle type cell for Nozzle 1 again (which now contains HV-45), right click, and then select Paste in column. All of the nozzles should then be of type HV-45.
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In the cell named Required flow rate for Nozzle 1, enter 100 lit/min. Next, click on another cell, click on the required flowrate cell again (it now contains 100), right click, and then select Paste in column.
At this stage, all of the network attributes have been entered.
6.3
Stage 3: Specifications and Calculation Options
The final stage of input consists of setting up specifications and calculation options. Both of these aspects depend on the scenario that is being considered. Specifications have two purposes: They define where the input and output nodes are. They define the operating conditions.
The specifications that the user needs to input depend on the type of calculation that is to be performed. For example, if the most remote nozzle option is selected then no specification will need to be given, because PIPENET will calculate the inlet pressure and flowrate. On the other hand, if the User defined specification option is chosen then it is necessary to specify the inlet pressure or flow rate.
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So, the first step is to select the calculation options. Firstly, choose Calculation | Spec for calculation.., as shown below.
The most commonly used options are shown below. As described beforehand, the very first calculation for deluge systems involves the most remote nozzle option. This option will force the hydraulically most remote nozzle to flow its minimum required flow rate. Most deluge systems have only one input, and PIPENET VISION will calculate the required pressure and flowrate at this inlet when the most remote nozzle option is chosen. User-defined specifications are used for most other types of calculation. balance option is rarely used. The mass-
As specifications are so intimately connected with the scenarios, we shall consider specifications separately for each scenario in the next section.
7. 7.1
Scenarios Scenario 1: Most Remote Nozzle Option
As mentioned earlier, one purpose of specifications is to inform PIPENET VISION where the input and outputs are located. With the most remote nozzle, we cannot define a pressure or flow rate. Instead, PIPENET VISION will determine the hydraulically mostremote nozzle, and set the flow rate there to the minimum required flowrate. Although we
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cannot define a pressure or a flowrate with the most remote nozzle option, we must still supply a specification to inform PIPENET VISION where the inlet is. This process is carried out as follows. Click on the input node (Node 1) in the Schematic Window, and select Input from the pull-down menu under Input/Output node in the Properties Window.
Under Calculation | Spec for calculation.., choose Remote nozzle specifications, as shown below.
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In order to perform the calculation, either (a) click on the Calculate Button or (b) choose Calculation | Calculate.
Calculate Button
After the calculation is completed, click on the OK Button.
In PIPENET VISION, there are many ways of looking at the results. One of the first sets of calculated results that we shall look at is the pipe velocity. Select the display of pipe velocities in the Schematic Window (with colours) as follows.
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Display the legend for colour code by clicking on the Display Button for Link Classes.
Display Button for Link Classes
The results with colour coding are shown below.
The required inlet conditions are shown below.
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The system requirement is 636.6 lit/min at 18.42 barg, and the inlet pressure is clearly too high. As a consequence of the high velocities, the frictional pressure losses are too great.
In order to gain experience of viewing results in PIPENET VISION, display several link and node results, and familiarise yourself with the display of results in the Schematic Window. We can also look at the results in a Data Window.
The results in the Data Window can also be sorted. For example, the nozzles can be shown with increasing value of the deviation (by clicking on % Deviation).
Click to reorder
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7.2
Scenario 2: Diameters
Most Remote Nozzle Option after Changing Some
It is possible to open more than one Data Window (by using View | Data window repeatedly), and we shall use this feature in this scenario. In the diagram below, the selected pipes are highlighted in red in the Schematic Window, the initial diameters are shown in one Data Window, and the calculated results are shown on the other Data Window.
We now increase the diameters of the highlighted pipes (i.e., Pipes 1, 2, 4, and 6) to 50 mm nominal size.
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After recalculation, the diagram in the Schematic Window indicates that the velocities in all of the pipes are less than 6 m/sec.
In this scenario, the pipe velocities are more acceptable, with the maximum being 4.76 m/sec. The system requirement at the inlet is 606.9 lit/min at 4.555 barg. The recalculated value is much better, and is more acceptable.
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7.3
Scenario 3: Matching the Deluge System with the Firewater Ringmain Case 1
Normally, deluge systems are supplied with water by a firewater ringmain system, which does not normally supply water at exactly the required pressure. In other words, there is usually a mismatch between what the firewater ringmain supplies and what the deluge systems requires. The most remote nozzle option is the usual first calculation for a deluge system. However, in order to perform a complete analysis, it is often necessary to perform further calculations to study the effect of the inlet pressure. In this scenario, we consider what would happen if the inlet pressure available to the deluge were 4.25 barg, instead of the required 4.555 barg. In order to perform this calculation we need to make two changes. The first change is to select User-defined specifications under Calculation | Spec for calculation...
The second change is to set the inlet pressure to 4.25 barg. To facilitate this change, we introduce an analysis specification for Node 1, as per the screenshot below.
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Now perform the calculation. We make a few observations from the results shown in the screen shot below (which is obtained by selecting Nozzle deviation for the Link Classes). The worst nozzles in the system deliver around 3.6% below the required flowrate. This scenario, therefore, does not satisfy the most remote nozzle criterion, and so is not acceptable.
The velocity in Pipe 1 is approximately 4.59 m/sec, and the pressure loss in this pipe is about 0.57 bar (= 4.25 3.68 bar), of which 0.375 bar is due to pipe friction. It is clear that we can reduce the frictional pressure loss by increasing the pipe size. We do not know whether the system will work properly if the nominal size of the diameter of Pipe 1 is increased to 80 mm. This change will be considered in Scenario 4.
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7.4
As we saw in Scenario 3, the system does not meet the design criterion if the inlet pressure is decreased to 4.25 barg. One possible solution is to increase the diameter of Pipe 1 to 80 mm (which constitutes Scenario 4), as shown below.
After the calculation is performed, it can be seen from the results in the Data Window that the system is well behaved in terms of the most remote nozzle option.
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7.5
In this scenario, we assume that the pressure made available by the firewater ringmain system is 4.955 bar, which is 0.4 bar more than the required inlet pressure for generating exactly the required flowrate at the most remote nozzle. We wish to know the extra flow rate that the pump needs to supply as a result of the higher input pressure. This is a variant on Scenario 3, and so the nominal size of Pipe 1 is reset to 50 mm, as shown below.
After we have changed the pressure at Node 1 and performed a recalculation, we obtain the nozzle flow rates that are shown below.
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As expected, the results show a significant increase in the flowrates through the nozzles, which are now delivering significantly more than the required flowrates. For two reasons, this situation is not desirable. Firstly, the velocities in the deluge system increase as a consequence of the higher flow rates. Furthermore, the increased flow rate might cause the pump to operate beyond its recommended operating flowrate. For this reason, it is generally a good idea to reduce the flowrates to their required values, even though the inlet pressure is higher than the minimum required pressure. The solution that is often implemented is to place a restriction orifice plate (which is considered in the next scenario). The nozzle deviations are displayed in the following diagram.
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The calculated flow rate at the inlet to the deluge system is shown below.
Our objective is to reduce the flowrate by bringing the inlet pressure back to 4.555 barg, by installing an orifice plate with a pressure drop of 0.4 bar. This will be Scenario 6.
7.6
We now add an orifice plate to Pipe 1. Firstly, we click on the Orifice Plate Tool in the Tools Toolbar.
Orifice Plate Tool
We place an orifice plate on Pipe 1 by clicking on Pipe 1 in the Schematic Window. Note that the symbol for the orifice place is located at the point where we clicked.
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Orifice plate
Set a required pressure drop of 0.4 bar on the orifice plate.
The calculated nozzle results are shown below. The flow rates through the system are identical to those of the most remote nozzle option, even though the input pressure has increased to 4.955 barg.
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8.
Tank Deluge System (Not for Setting Up)
The tank-protection deluge system in this section is an example of a real deluge system, and is formed by three semi-circular rings with a riser pipe. There are, of course, two deluge systems of this type per tank, one on either side. The tank itself is relatively small, being approximately 9 m high and 50 m in circumference. The tank is protected using 72 wall-drench nozzles, each of which is required to deliver a minimum flow rate of around 65 lit/min. It is not necessary to set up the system using curved range pipes. Typically, the pipes will simply follow the isometric grids.
8.1
Most Remote Nozzle and Pipe Sizing
The pipe sizing was carried out on the basis of 4 m/sec. Please note that an experienced engineer is generally better than PIPENET VISION at determining pipes sizes. The pipe sizing from PIPENET VISION should be regarded as an initial guess. Information about the system prior to the calculation is shown below.
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Some of the pipe sizes are shown in the following diagram.
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8.2
Results
The performance of the most remote nozzle (A/13) is as follows.
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The calculated system requirement is shown in the Properties Window for the input node after the calculation.
System Demand
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 42 OF 45 The results for some of the pipes are as follows.
Please note that a negative velocity indicates that the flow is in the opposite direction to that in which the pipe was drawn. The pressures at the nodes (with colour coding) are displayed on the following schematic diagram.
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9.
Offshore Firewater System (Not for Setting Up)
The system below is a real system from an offshore platform complex. Although it is pretty complicated, it is not the most complex system that has been modelled using PIPENET VISION (which has been used to model systems of around 3 times as large).
9.1
The Network
A schematic diagram of the system is shown below.
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9.2
Results
Some of the pipe volumetric flow rates, near the top left-hand corner of the model (with colour coding) are shown below.
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SPRAY: CHAPTER 3 REVISION 2.1 SEP 2010
PIPENET SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS DESIGN - FIREWATER RINGMAIN SYSTEMS
1 Introduction
In this chapter, we build on the material covered in Chapter 1, and extend the principles to cover firewater ringmain systems. In order to model firewater ringmain systems well, we need to understand some of the capabilities of PIPENET VISION that were not covered in Chapter 2. This chapter is intended to cover both the design methodologies and the techniques for using PIPENET VISION itself. Chapter 2 of this document contains design tips and techniques, and Chapter 3 covers additional principles in more detail. Chapter 4 contains a discussion on how to model firewater ringmain systems, and Chapter 5 contains information on how to set up the desktop. The different phases of input (namely, initialisation and libraries) are discussed in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, we describe in detail how to input the network. Systems based on clack shut type deluge valves are discussed in Chapter 8, and systems based on elastomeric type deluge valves are discussed in Chapter 9. In Chapter 10, we describe techniques for selecting pumps. We give some hints and tips for refining the design in Chapter 11, and conclude with an example of a real firewater ringmain in Chapter 12. The material in this document is partly for discussion and partly for actual input.
2 Design Tips and Techniques

In the previous chapter, we looked in detail at how deluge systems are modelled. We also saw why it is better to model deluge systems separately from firewater ringmains. In this chapter, we shall see how to model firewater ringmain systems in detail. The basic principles of setting up a network are the same as for deluge systems (and is covered in Chapter 1 of the Spray/Sprinkler Training Manual). However, in order to be able to fully utilise the capabilities of PIPENET VISION for modelling firewater ringmain systems, we have to learn the following new aspects. Inputting pump curves: Firewater systems often have pump curves, and it is necessary to learn how to input vendor-provided pump-performance curves. How to deal with systems using clack shut valves and elastomeric valves as deluge valves: The best technique for modelling systems using conventional clack shut valves is quite different from that for modelling elastomeric valves.
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How to deal with multiple inputs and outputs: Firewater ringmain systems often have multiple inputs (for example, multiple pumps) and/or multiple outputs (for example hydrants, hose reels, etc.). We need to understand how to apply specifications to systems with multiple inputs/outputs. Dealing with monitors, hydrants and hose reels: Firewater ringmain systems contain all the above types of item. understand how to model these items.
We need to
Usually, there is not one unique way of modelling a firewater ringmain system. This chapter is intended mainly to cover the basic principles. Each individual engineer and each company may wish to develop its own method of applying these principles.
3 Additional Principles in More Detail

Let us discuss the above items one at a time. Please note that the dialog boxes shown in this section are for information only. Please do not input data at this stage. The paragraphs below simply contain a more-detailed discussion of the above matters.
3.1 Inputting Pump Curves

It is assumed that appropriate units have already been chosen. Pump curves can be input using Libraries | Pumps Coeffs. unknown (which, in PIPENET VISION, is used to denote choosing Pumps Coeffs. unknown from the Libraries Menu). As an example, let us use the data in the table below. Flow Rate (lit/min) 10000 20000 30000 Pressure (Bar G) 14.5 12.5 10
In addition, we use the following range for the flow rate. Minimum flow rate = 10000 lit/min, Maximum flow rate = 30000 lit/min. The dialog box for entering this data is shown below.
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Sometimes the error message Gradient must be negative over the whole range... is issued, in which case, the fitted curve (and not necessarily the input data) has a peak between the minimum and maximum flow rates. Effectively, this error means that, for some values of pressure, there could be two corresponding flow rates. Under these circumstances, there may not be a unique solution, as two flow rates could give rise to the same pressure. This problem generally arises when the steep part of the pump curve is input together with the shallow part. There are perhaps three ways of dealing with this problem: Reduce the range between the minimum flow rate and the maximum flow rate (either by increasing the minimum value, decreasing the maximum value, or doing both). Input either the steep part of the pump curve or the shallow part, but not both parts together. Slightly modify the data points so that the peak does not occur.
One other important point that should be borne in mind, especially in offshore firewater systems, is the following. Often the pump curve refers to the flow rate and pressure at the discharge flange of the pump assembly. In other words, the static head loss and frictional
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loss in the riser pipe have already been taken into account. If this were the case, the caisson riser pipe must not be input again.
3.2 How to Deal with Systems using Clack Shut Valves and Elastomeric Valves as Deluge Valves
Usually, the type of a deluge valve is either clack shut or elastomeric. Clack shut deluge valves are characterised by the fact that the flow rate depends on the inlet pressure. For this reason, if more than one system is in operation, the deluge systems will interact with each other. It is common to model a clack shut deluge valve using an equivalent nozzle. For example, if the system including the deluge valve requires a flowrate of 5697 lit/min at a pressure of 9 barg, an equivalent nozzle would have a K-factor of 5697/9 = 1899 (lit/min, bar). As each deluge system in the ringmain would have a different K-factor, the nozzles are not normally set up in the nozzle library. Instead, they are input as user-defined nozzles. The minimum and maximum pressures can be set to any reasonable values.
User defined
Equivalent nozzle
Elastomeric deluge valves, on the other hand, control the downstream pressure. Consequently, they control the flow rate entering the deluge system. As the flow rate is fixed during commissioning, this node is treated as an output with a known flow rate.
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Output node
Design phase flowrate
Calculation phase flowrate
Please see the section below for a clarification of the meaning of design-phase and calculation-phase specifications.
3.3 How to Deal with Multiple Inputs and Outputs

Dealing with multiple inputs and outputs is mainly a matter of learning how to assign appropriate specifications. The basic mathematical rules are: Number of inputs + Number of outputs Number of pressure specifications = Number of pressure specifications + Number of flow-rate specifications 1
Please note that nozzles are ignored in the above rules, as all of the specifications for nozzles are automatically assigned in PIPENET VISION. Please note the following point about applying the above rules. PIPENET VISION always performs the calculation twice, once in the Design Phase and once in the Calculation Phase. In PIPENET VISION, the terms Calculation Phase and Analysis Phase mean the same (and so are interchangeable). The way in which the above rules are applied is different between the Design Phase and Calculation Phase. The Design Phase The purpose of the Design Phase is to determine the sizes for pipes whose sizes have been left unset by the user. However, even if all of the pipe sizes have been specified (by the user), PIPENET VISION still performs the Design Phase. During the Design Phase, flow-rate specifications should be given to all input/output nodes except one. PIPENET VISION automatically assigns a pressure specification to one of the input/output nodes, thereby satisfying the basic rules shown above.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 6 OF 66 The Calculation (or Analysis) Phase
The purpose of the Calculation Phase is to determine the flow rates and pressures throughout the system. During this phase, the specifications for pressure and flow rate can be given in any combination, provided that the above rules are satisfied. Typically, the pressures at the inlet nodes and the flow rates at the outlet nodes would be known. However, this may not always be the case; for example, if PIPENET VISION is to be used for pump selection. It is essential to understand the manner in which specifications are given for firewater ringmains. For this reason, let us illustrate the basic principles by considering a few examples of simplified systems.
3.3.1 A System With Two Fire Pumps and Four Monitors
Input/output nodes are terminal points in the system, and so monitors that are modelled as nozzles do not count as input/output nodes. Therefore, there are two input nodes in the system. For the Design Phase, we need to provide a flow-rate specification for all but one input/output node. Therefore, we have to give one flow-rate specification, which can be applied to either of the input nodes, and can have any reasonable value.
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In practice, we would know the inlet pressures of the pumps. So, for the Analysis Phase, we can give, say, a pressure of 0 barg to both input nodes.
3.3.2 A System With Two Fire Pumps and Four Outlets
The total number of input/output nodes in this system is six. In the Design Phase, we need to give a flow-rate specification at all but one input/output node. So, we have to supply five flow-rate specifications, which can be given to any five of the input/output nodes (and can have any reasonable values). We now consider the Calculation Phase. Again, we would know the inlet pressures of the pumps. So, we can give, say, a pressure of 0 barg to both input nodes. For the outlets that are working, we give appropriate flow rates; for the outlets that are not working, we give a flow rate of zero.
3.4 Dealing with Monitors, Hydrants and Hose Reels

These items have known required flow rates and pressures. There are two methods for dealing with them: Either (a) treat each item as an output, and apply the appropriate flowrate specification or (b) convert each item into an equivalent nozzle, using the formula
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K=
q P
in which q is the flow rate and P is the pressure. We can then ensure that the pressure available at the output node is more than the required pressure. It is important to be aware of the weaknesses of the output-node approach, which just shows that the available pressure is more than the required minimum pressure. This approach, which would result in the flow rate becoming more than the minimum required, does not lend itself to studying the interaction between two items.
4 How to Model Firewater Ringmain Systems 4.1 The Objectives

Some of the objectives of modelling firewater ringmain systems are as follows. Adequacy of pump performance: The deluge-system calculations would indicate the system requirements by way of pressure and flow rate. We need to make sure that the fire pump arrangement can meet these requirements under a variety of conditions and a variety of demands. The skill in designing the firewater ringmain system well lies in making sure that it would work adequately under a wide variety of circumstances. Ability to generate sufficient pressure at the inlet to the deluge systems and other users: It is not just the sizing of the fire pumps that is important. The pipes have to be sized adequately too. They must be small enough to reduce the weight and cost, but large enough to offer acceptable pressure drops. Longest piping route by blocking pipes: Firewater ringmains have isolation valves for maintenance, strainers and so on. It is often necessary to ensure that the system would work adequately even if an isolation valve is left closed or a strainer is blocked. Integrity of the system if a pipe is broken: A broken pipe may be important if a firewater ringmain system is being analysed. For example, if the pipework near the helideck system is broken in a platform with several levels, it is possible that the deluge systems at the low levels might still work properly, albeit at a reduced efficiency. The reason is because the elevation difference might produce enough static head. Different fire scenarios: One of the interesting aspects in the design of a firewater ringmain system is the fact that the same piping system must work under a wide variety of conditions. Clearly, it is necessary to perform calculations for a wide variety of fire scenarios.
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Different fire pump scenarios: Usually, the system is designed in such a way that one or more pumps would be required to meet the demand. It is important to ensure that this situation is possible.
4.2 The First Calculation in Analysing Firewater Ringmain Systems

The first calculation is almost always the worst-case scenario. In other words, it is the case that the system has been designed to cope with. This system could include one or more deluge systems, monitors, hydrants and so on. It could also include one or more fire pumps, depending on the operating philosophy. The objective of this calculation is to ensure that adequate levels of pressure are generated at the different points in the system. The system might include an overhead tank or may not contain deluge systems, but the principles of the calculation are the same. If the inlet pressure is higher than what is required, too much water may flow through the system. In an extreme case, this flow could lead to the need for a larger fire pump. Therefore, it may be necessary to restrict the flow rate into a deluge system.
4.3 Subsequent Calculations in Analysing Deluge Systems

Typically, the following calculations will also be performed as part of this exercise. The reason being that, in the real design environment, the supply side may not be exactly what is required, or the demand-side requirement may be less or even more than in the worstcase scenario.
More users than the worst-case scenario working, Fewer users than the worst-case scenario working, A fire pump (that is supposed to work) is stopped, The effect of a blocked pipe.
5 Training Example 5.1 The Network Schematic

The network that we shall be working with is shown below. This network schematic was developed in PIPENET VISION. It is being shown here for illustration purposes only. Please do not input the network at this stage.
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In the above schematic, there is no indication of how the terminal nodes of the system are going to be treated. The reason is that the treatment of these nodes depends on whether clack shut deluge valves or elastomeric deluge valves are used. The steps involved in inputting the data are shown below.
5.2 How to Set Up the Desktop

Please note that much of this section has already been covered in Chapter 2 of the Spray/Sprinkler Training Manual, entitled Fire Protection Systems Design Deluge Systems. However, it is worthwhile to work through the steps again. Open PIPENET VISION, and set up the desktop using the steps that are shown below. The first step is to use the View Menu to make sure that all four windows are open.
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Select all windows
Then, move the windows on the desktop so that the screen is similar to that in the diagram below. Note that you may also need to follow the steps described in the section entitled Display Options below.
Display Options From Options | Display options, choose the display options that are shown in the following dialog box.
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The menu style that has been illustrated in this document so far is the Windows Menu Style (which is used in the diagram below). Those of you who are experienced users of PIPENET VISION might prefer to use the menu style that is similar to that of PIPENET Classic. This style may be selected as follows.
The Windows Menu Style will be used in the remainder of this document.
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5.3 Initialisation and Libraries Stage 5.3.1 Initialisation Stage

For initialisation, please use the Options Menu and select Module options (i.e., Options | Module options, as denoted in the PIPENET VISION Training Manuals). Title
It is recommended that the title should relate to the calculation that is performed, especially for models that are to be kept. Therefore, choosing an appropriate title could potentially save a lot of time later when you wish to study the results.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 14 OF 66 Spray Options
The above dialog box shows a typical set up, which has been used for the calculations in this chapter of the training manual. The fluid properties depend on whether water or seawater is being used as the fire protection medium. NFPA 1996/2001 refers to the 1996 and 2001 editions of the NPFA rules. The option NFPA refers to earlier editions of the NFPA rules. The difference lies in the way that equivalent lengths for fittings are used. In earlier editions, it was assumed that Schedule 40 pipes were being used in calculating the values of the equivalent lengths of fittings. In the later editions of the NFPA rules, there is a correction for the actual inner diameters for pipes other than Schedule 40. The NFPA option is still retained for historical reasons; it is used to ensure that older data files produce the same results as before. For restriction orifices, which may be used in firewater systems, the Crane Option is generally used. BS 1042 is a flow-metering standard, and the Heriot-Watt Option is proprietary Sunrise Systems correlation.
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With the Spray Option, all of the nozzles are kept open; with the Sprinkler Option, all of the nozzles are closed. The sprinkler heads may be opened individually afterwards, if required. Units A comprehensive range of units is available in PIPENET VISION. In this example, we shall use metric units, but with lit/min for the flow rate.
Please note the Save as defaults Button. If you click on this button, the default units on the specific computer will be set to the units currently shown on the screen. Then, PIPENET VISION will default to this unit selection every time a new model is created. The next step is to select the pipe schedule that is to be used. Before performing this step, we shall take a diversion into the Libraries Menu, and return to options later.
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5.3.2 Libraries (Diversion from Initialisation)

At this point, we take a diversion and set up our library. The Libraries Menu is used to store items that are likely to be used several times. Typical examples are user-defined pipe schedules, nozzle data and pump curves. We are considering the modelling of firewater ringmain systems in this section. As these systems do not contain nozzles (other than user-defined nozzles), we shall not input nozzle data into the library. However, we shall input a pipe schedule and a pump performance curve. In order to access the Libraries Menu, simply click on Libraries in the Menu Bar.
Pipe Schedules As an example, enter the data below for the following pipe schedule (called NEW Schedule). Nominal Size (mm) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Inner Diameter (mm) 102 154 203 255 303 350 400
Use the following value for the pipe roughness. Pipe roughness = 0.0457 mm.
The pipe roughness must be input even if it is not used. It is not used with the HazenWilliams Option, but it is used with the Darcy Option. Choose Libraries | Schedules, and click on New Button. Then enter the data from the above table, as illustrated below.
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Click on the Apply Button, and then the OK Button. Pump Data While we are in the Libraries Menu, we shall enter the following data for the fire pumps. Fire pump name = Weir type 120/45, Minimum flow rate = 10000 lit/min, Maximum flow rate = 30000 lit/min. Flow Rate (lit/min) 10000 20000 30000 Pressure (Bar G) 14.5 12.5 10
Enter this data by choosing Libraries | Pumps Coeffs. unknown, clicking on the New Button, and then typing in the data, as indicated below.
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Click on the Apply Button and then the OK Button. When the Apply Button is clicked, the dialog box will display the pump curve, as shown below.
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5.3.3 Initialisation (Returning from Libraries)

We now return to the initialisation phase. The next step is to select the pipe type. However, it is worth considering some discussion points beforehand. The difference between a pipe schedule and a pipe type is as follows. A pipe schedule is standard pipe data that is entered into a library. A pipe type, on the other hand, is a pipe schedule (from the library) that is to be used in the current network. It, also, has associated maximum velocities (or maximum pressure drops per unit length), C-factor and pipe lining, if applicable. For our network model, we use the following data. C-factor = Maximum velocity = Lining = 140, 6 m/sec, none.
To enter this data, choose Options | Pipe types, click on the New Button, and type in the values. A short cut for entering the maximum velocity is (a) enter 6 m/sec in one cell, (b) click on another cell, and (c) click and hold the left button on the cell that has the 6 m/sec already
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entered, and drag the cursor down over the other cells in the maximum velocity column. Of course the maximum velocity could also be entered individually in each cell.
We have already completed the Display Tab. We shall return to the Calculation Tab again later, but, for the time being, the initialisation and library phases are complete. We can now return the input phase for the network.
5.4 Network Input 5.4.1 Input of Schematic Drawing

From the Tools Bar, choose the Pipe Tool, which is indicated below.
Pipe Tool
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For the data-input stage, it might be preferable to display the grid (by either (a) using the Grid On/Off Button on the Display Toolbar or (b) ticking the Display grid box from Options | Display options). In your schematic diagram, try to use the pipe and node labels that are shown in the diagrams in this section, as it will then be easier to input the attributes later. It may be easier if the nodes and links are displayed (using either the Display Tools or Options | Display options).
Display node labels
Display link labels
In the drawing area, click on a grid point, preferably near the lower left-hand part of the drawing area.
Drag the tool in the Northeast direction, until you reach the point at which you wish to change the direction of the pipe, and then press and hold down the Shift Key (on the keyboard). Click on the left-hand mouse button every time you want to change direction. (In the network schematic that we are drawing, there are two changes of direction.) When you want to create the end node, release the Shift Key and click on the left-hand mouse button.
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Then, to complete the pipe network, draw the other pipes as shown below.
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5.4.2 Input of Pipe Data

The attribute data for the network is shown below. Pipe Label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Diameter (mm) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Length (m) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Elevation (m) 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 Fittings 2 x 90 2 x 90 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee, 1 x 90 1 x Tee 1 x Tee, 1 x 90 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee 1 x Tee
As this example is created for training purposes, the data for pipes and fittings is not realistic. It is geared towards practising fast data entry using capabilities such as global edit, copy/paste, etc. This data can, of course, be entered using either the Properties Window or a Data Window. We shall now revise how to enter the diameters quickly. Firstly, under the Data Tab of a Data Window, choose 200 from the pull-down menu in the Diameter Column for Pipe 1, as shown below.
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Next, click on any other cell in the Data Window, and then click on the cell with the diameter of 200 mm again. Right click on that cell, and choose Paste in column from the context-sensitive menu. The Data Window will now appear as shown below.
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According to the pipe data in the table above, Pipes 10 to 17 inclusive have diameters of 100 mm (and not 200 mm, as we have set). Use the following steps to obtain the 200mm diameters quickly. Firstly, choose a diameter of 100 mm for Pipe 10. Next, click on any other cell, and then click on the diameter cell for Pipe 10 again. Next, use the right-hand mouse button and select Copy.
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Then, highlight the pipes to which this diameter is to be pasted, right-click, and select Paste.
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The Data Window should then look as follows.
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Enter the other data for the pipes in the same way. The Data Window should then look as shown below.
5.4.3 Input of Fittings

We gain access to the fittings by clicking on the Fittings Tab of the Properties Window.
Fittings Tab
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To add the two 90-degree-elbow fittings to Pipe 1, begin by clicking on Pipe 1 in the Schematic Window. Next, in the Fittings Window, select 90 deg elbow and then click on the Add Button twice.
In a similar manner, we can input the pipe fittings (which are shown in the table of pipe data above).
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5.4.4 Input of Pumps

The next step is to input the pumps. Select the Pump Tool from the Tools Toolbar and draw the two pumps.
Then, select each pump in turn, and choose Fire Pump 1 from the pull-down menu in the Properties Window, as illustrated below.
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Choose the fire pump
The initial stage of inputting the network is now complete. From this point, the clack-shut valve-based system and elastomeric-valve-based system become different. In Section 5.5 below, we consider aspects that are specific to clack-shut-valve-based systems, and, in Section 5.6, we consider elastomeric-valve-based systems.
5.5 Systems Based on Clack Shut Type Deluge Valves

The requirements for the clack-shut valve-based system are described in this section.
5.5.1 Monitors
Monitors are attached to Nodes 12 and 13, and the data for these monitors is as follows. K factor Required flow rate Minimum pressure Maximum pressure = = = = 2500 (lit/min, bar), 5000 lit/min, 1 barg, 20 barg.
5.5.2 Deluge Systems

Nodes 14, 15 and 16 are attached to deluge systems, for which the following data is applicable.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 32 OF 66 Node Number Flow Rate (lit/min) 14 10000 15 12000 16 8000 Pressure (bar) 7 6.5 7.3
The above requirements at nodes 14, 15 and 16 can be converted into equivalent nozzles by using the formula in Section 3.4 (namely, that the equivalent K-factor is equal to the flow rate divided by the square root of the pressure). Node Number 14 15 16 Equivalent K-factor (lit/min, bar) 3779.6 4706.8 2960.9
As the nozzles in the system are not real nozzles, the minimum and maximum pressure for the equivalent nozzles can be arbitrarily set to 1 bar and 20 bar respectively. All of above data for these five items should be input as user-defined nozzle data. We add nozzles to the nodes, and assign user-defined attributes to these nozzles as shown below.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 33 OF 66 The Properties Window for Nozzle 1 is as follows.
After all of the equivalent nozzles have been input, the Data Window for the nozzles is as shown below.
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5.5.3 Assignment of Specifications

In this system, there are two input/output nodes, both of which are inputs. As both nodes are inputs to the pumps, a pressure specification of 0 barg is applied at each node. We now consider the specifications for the Design Phase. As we saw earlier, we must assign a flow rate to all but one input/output node. So, we need to give one design-phase flow rate. The actual value is not important, as long as it is reasonable. The total required output flow rate from the system is 40,000 lit/min. Therefore, we can assign 20,000 lit/min to one input (as there are two inputs). This value is also consistent with the pump curve data being halfway between the minimum flow rate and maximum flow rate. The dialog boxes for the two input nodes are shown below.
Note that Node 17 has only an analysis specification, whereas Node 18 has a design specification and an analysis specification.
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Finally, we must make sure that the type of calculation to be performed has been set to user-defined (since specifications for the inlet pressures have been given). Typically, the option for firewater ringmains is user-defined specifications.
The other two options (namely, the most remote nozzle and mass balance options) are typically used with deluge systems. The only exception is the pump selection case with firewater ringmain systems, in which case, the most remote nozzle option would typically be used.
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5.5.4 The Simulations

Scenario 1: All Three Deluge Systems, the Two Monitors and the Two Pumps are Working The network has now been completely specified, and all the systems are working. Therefore, the data that we have already input is sufficient, and so the calculation can be carried out.
If we look at the results for this calculation, we can see that the monitors are discharging too much water, and the deluge systems are under-performing. We need to investigate this behaviour by looking at the velocities in the pipes.
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It is clear that the velocities in most of the pipes are too high. We can, therefore, consider increasing (a) the diameters of the 200 mm pipes to 300 mm and (b) the diameters of the 100 mm pipes to 200mm. We can easily carry out this change by copying and pasting in the Data Window.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 38 OF 66 The new results are shown below.
The results are now satisfactory, and so we shall use the increased diameters for all subsequent calculations.
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Scenario 2: All Three Deluge Systems and the Two Pumps are Working We turn off the two monitors simply by switching off the nozzles. This change can be made using either a Data Window or the Properties Window.
Nozzle is turned off
The flow rates in the nozzles are shown below.
Scenario 3: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running The data for this scenario is the same as that for Scenario 2, except that the pressure specification (of zero barg) at the inlet of one of the pumps is changed to a flow-rate specification of zero litres per minute.
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In particular, the analysis specification on Node 18 is changed from 0 barg to 0 lit/min.
The volumetric flow rates throughout the system are shown below.
The nozzle deviations are shown below.
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Scenario 4: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running, and Pipe 8 is Blocked We use the Properties Window to change the status of Pipe 8, as illustrated below.
Blocked pipe
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 42 OF 66 Pipe 8 now appears as a dashed line in the Schematic Window.
Blocked pipe
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 43 OF 66 The pipe volumetric flow rates are as follows.
The nozzle deviations and node pressures are shown in the diagram below.
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5.6 Systems Based on Elastomeric Type Deluge Valves

The system demands are the same as above. However, the manner in which the deluge systems are handled is quite different.
5.6.1 Monitors
Nodes 12 and 13 have monitors attached to them, and the data is as follows. K-factor Required flow rate Minimum pressure Maximum pressure = = = = 2500 (lit/min, bar), 5000 lit/min, 1 barg, 20 barg.
The monitors do not normally have elastomeric valves, and so they are modelled in the same way as before (namely, as nozzles).
5.6.2 Deluge Systems

Nodes 14, 15 and 16 are attached to deluge systems, with the following data. Node Number Flow Rate (lit/min) 14 10000 15 12000 16 8000 Pressure (bar) 7 6.5 7.3
As the deluge valves are of the elastomeric type, the flow rates are fixed, and so we cannot model them as nozzles. What we need to do is the following. We can set the flow rates at the deluge systems. The pressure generated by the pumps at the outputs should be at least equal to the system-demand pressure plus the minimum pressure drop in the elastomeric valve. As long as the pressure generated by the pump is higher than this threshold pressure, the deluge system can be expected to work satisfactorily.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 45 OF 66 The schematic is shown below.
5.6.3 Assignment of Specifications

In this system, there are two input/output nodes, both of which are inputs. As before, these nodes operate at 0 barg (as they are the inputs to the pumps). In the Design Phase, we must assign flow rates to all but one of the input/output nodes. In this case, as there are five input/output nodes, we need to specify four flow rates for the Design Phase. As usual, the actual value is not important, as long as it is reasonable. The total required output flow rate from the system is 40,000 lit/min. So, we can assign 20,000 lit/min to one input (because there are two inputs). The three outputs can simply be assigned their required flow rates.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 46 OF 66 The dialog boxes for the two input nodes are shown below.
Note that, as before, Node 17 has only an analysis specification, and Node 18 has both design and analysis specifications. The following specifications apply to the three output nodes.
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5.6.4 The Simulations

Scenario 5: All Three Deluge Systems, the Two Monitors and the Two Pumps are Working The specifications that are described above are sufficient for running the calculation, and the results are as follows.
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Scenario 6: All Three Deluge Systems and the Two Pumps are Working We turn off the two monitors by simply switching off the nozzles (which is carried out using either a Data Window or the Properties Window). The results are as shown below.
Scenario 7: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running The data is the same as that for Scenario 2, except that the pressure specification (of zero bar G) at the inlet to one of the pumps is changed to a zero flow-rate specification. In particular, the analysis specification on Node 18 is changed from 0 barg to 0 lit/min, as illustrated below.
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The results for this scenario are shown below.
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Scenario 8: All Three Deluge Systems are Working, but Only One Pump is Running, and Pipe 8 is Blocked The following results are obtained for this scenario.
6 Pump Selection Techniques 6.1 Clack Shut Deluge Valve Systems (Scenario 9)
Naturally, this system will have no pumps. For a system with one pump, we use the most remote nozzle option. The inlet node will have no operating condition associated with it. The logic of using the most remote nozzle option is that the smallest pump would be the one that meets the requirement of the most remote nozzle exactly.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 52 OF 66 The resulting nozzle deviations are as follows.
We note that the smallest pump that would meet the demand exactly would have the following operating point. Flow rate = 45120.9 lit/min, Pressure = 19.513 bar. This information can be used to choose the pump. We note, in passing, that one nozzle has a deviation of exactly 0%, thereby confirming that this is the smallest pump that would satisfy the requirement.
6.2 Elastomeric Deluge Valve Systems (Scenario 10)

We have to guess which output node is the one where it is most difficult to meet the requirement, and set both the pressure and flow rate at that node. At the other output nodes, we simply set the flow rate. As before, the inlet node will have no operating condition associated with it. Node Number Flow Rate (lit/min) 14 10000 15 12000 16 8000 Pressure (bar) 7 6.5 7.3
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We guess that Node 16, with required flowrate of 8000 lit/min and pressure of 7.3 barg, is probably the most difficult to satisfy.
First of all, we confirm that our guess of the worst output node is correct. As can be seen from the following schematic, the pressures at all of the output nodes are more than is required.
We then note that the required inlet conditions are as follows.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 54 OF 66 Flow rate = 43071.7 lit/min, Pressure = 9.09 barg. These conditions enable us to determine the required pump size.
7 Some Hints and Tips for Refining the Design

Good design is not a matter of ensuring that the system works. Good design is about making sure that the system works in the best possible way. For example, if a fire pump is larger than required, it is not necessarily true that the pump is good. The firewater ringmain system may be supplied from a water tank, in which case the tank may drain more quickly than necessary, thereby requiring a bigger thank. Even if the firewater pump is not supplied from a tank, if it generates a pressure that is higher than necessary, a deluge system may discharge at a greater flow rate than is necessary, leading to greater power consumption. In an extreme case, this might lead to the need for a bigger pump. For these reasons, it is better to perform a small number of additional calculations to ensure that the system works in the optimal manner. In this section, we look at some techniques for refining the system. For the sake of convenience, we add pipes to the inlet of the pumps. The system now looks as shown below.
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Please note that the use of equivalent nozzles for modelling clack valves is useful as a simulation tool for studying the interaction between systems. However, for design and design refinement, it is often better to treat the connections to the deluge systems as outlets. In the section, we shall adopt the method of using outlets. At all of the outlets, the flow rates are set to their minimum required values. From the results of the initial calculation (with no additional restriction), which are shown below, we see the following levels of over pressurisation.
We note that the following are the requirements for the pressures at the output nodes. Node Number 12 13 14 15 16 Minimum Pressure (barg) 4 {= (5000/2500)2} 4 {= (5000/2500)2} 7 6.5 7.3 Actual Pressure (barg) 10.772 10.772 11.097 10.804 11.160 Deviation (bar) 6.772 6.772 4.097 4.304 3.860
Note that the minimum pressures for Nodes 12 and 13 are obtained using the formula in Section 3.4, with a flow rate of 5000 lit/min and a K-factor of 2500 (lit/min, bar).
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7.1 Use of Overboard Dump Valves (Scenario 11)

In PIPENET VISION, this term could represent any device that fixes the pressure by bypassing water flowing out of the fire pump. It could also be used for an overboard dump valve on an offshore platform or an FPSO, or it could be used for a PCV, and so on. One of the most important questions is How do we select the overboard dump valve, and what should its set point be? We note from the above table that the critical node from a pressure point of view is Node 16, and it has an excess pressure of 3.86 bar. So, the maximum reduction that we can have in the pressure of the system is 3.86 bar. In other words, if we dropped the pressure in the system by more than 3.86 bar, Node 16 would not receive its required pressure. On the supply side, we note that the fire pumps have an average discharge pressure of approximately 12.286 barg. So, this pressure must be reduced by 3.86 bar to 8.426 barg. We can achieve this reduction by placing overboard dump valves on Nodes 1 and 3, and setting their pressures to 8.426 barg.
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The results of the calculation can be seen below. Please note that Node 16 satisfies its required pressure of 7.3 barg, but the pressures at all of the other output nodes are above their required values.
The pipe volumetric flow rates are illustrated below.
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The following procedure could be adopted for selecting the overboard dump valves. The fire pump inlet and outlet pipes have flow rates of around 33582 lit/min and 20000 lit/min respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the overboard dump valve should dump about 13682 lit/min at a pressure of 8.426 barg. It can be seen that the overboard dump valve can be used for the dual role of ensuring that the pressure in the system does not exceed the design pressure, as well as restricting excess flow rates.
7.2 Use of Orifice Plates (Scenario 12)

It is clear that using overboard dump valves does not restrict the flow to individual demand points. Orifice plates can be used for this purpose. Node Number 12 13 14 15 16 Minimum Pressure (barg) 4 {= (5000/2500)2} 4 {= (5000/2500)2} 7 6.5 7.3 Actual Pressure (barg) 10.772 10.772 11.097 10.804 11.160 Deviation (bar) 6.772 6.772 4.097 4.304 3.860
The orifice plates, therefore, should produce the following restrictive pressure drops.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 59 OF 66 Pipe Label 13 14 15 16 17 Required Pressure Drop (bar) 6.772 6.772 4.093 4.304 3.860
To achieve these pressure drops, place orifice plates on all the relevant pipes, and specify the required pressure drops.
This scenario results in virtually the exact required performance from the system. The orifice plate details are shown below.
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7.3 Use of Bypass Valves (Scenario 13)

The basic objective might be to ensure that a pump (which might be bigger than the minimum requirement) does not cause a water tank to drain too quickly. Attach two bypass lines to the model, as shown in the diagram below.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 61 OF 66 Use the following data for Pipes 20 and 21.
Use the Equipment Item Tool to place a restriction on the bypass line.
Equipment item
Set the equivalent length of both equipment items to be 20 m.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 62 OF 66 The pressures at the nodes are as follows.
The calculated results for the bypass line are shown below. The network can now be fine tuned as required.
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8 Example of a Real Firewater Ringmain

In this section, we look at an example of a real system, which is included only as a matter of interest (and is not a training example that is to be input by the user). Please note that the screenshots in this section were not obtained using the most recent version of the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module.
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PIPENET VISION SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF FIREWATER SYSTEMS
1.
Introduction
This document sets out some guidelines for designing firewater systems using the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module. It considers a firewater system on a process plant. Typically, such systems contain deluge systems, monitors, hydrants, hosereels and other items. Although there is more than one approach for designing firewater systems, one approach that is often followed by experienced fire engineers is to separate the design of deluge systems from the design of firewater ringmains. There are essentially two reasons for this approach. The objectives of the calculations for the two requirements are somewhat different. The main objectives are summarised in Sections 1.1 and 1.2 of this document. In view of these differences, in order to optimise the design, it is a good idea to divide the system into a deluge system and a firewater ringmain before the calculations are performed. Furthermore, it is sometimes the case that one company designs the deluge systems and a different company designs the firewater ringmain.
In this chapter of the training manual, we consider two real firewater systems and show how our tips and guidelines of Chapters 1 and 2 may be implemented in practice. The systems used in this document are real applications for which the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module has been used. The networks are relatively complex. For this reason, the reader is encouraged to obtain the data files from Sunrise Systems or an authorised representative.
1.1
Objectives of Deluge System Calculations
Check the velocities and keep them below the specified limits: As firewater systems do not operate for 24 hours a day, they do not generally suffer from erosion problems. However, in order to minimise the frictional losses in the pipes, it is still important to keep the velocities below a reasonable limit. Normally, high velocities arise because pipe diameters are too small. For a given flow rate, the frictional loss per unit length is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the diameter. So, one must not merely reduce pipe sizes solely for the purpose of cutting costs.
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Achieve a good flow balance between the nozzles: Generally, a well-designed system will have a low flow imbalance between two nozzles. A high imbalance would generally mean that the total flow demanded by the system is higher than necessary. In an extreme case, this might even lead to a bigger fire pump being required. Optimise the inlet pressure and flow rate: It is better to optimise rather than minimise. Naturally, the minimum frictional pressure loss (and, hence, the minimum inlet pressure) could be obtained by maximising the pipe sizes. This approach, however, could lead to an increase in the cost of the system and its weight. It is, therefore, important to work close to the maximum velocity, but not to exceed it.
1.2
Objectives of Firewater Ringmain Calculation
Adequacy of pump performance: The results of deluge-system calculations indicate the system requirements regarding the pressure and flow rate. We need to make sure that the fire pump arrangement can meet the requirements under a variety of conditions and a variety of demands. The skill in designing a firewater ringmain system well lies in ensuring that it would work adequately under a wide variety of circumstances. Ability to generate sufficient pressure at the inlet to deluge systems: It is not just the sizing of the fire pumps that is important. The pipes have to be sized adequately too. They must be small enough to reduce the weight and cost, but large enough to offer acceptable pressure drops. Longest piping route by blocking pipes: Firewater ringmains have isolation valves for maintenance, strainers and so on. It is often necessary to ensure that the system would work adequately even if an isolation valve is left closed or a strainer is blocked. Integrity of the system if a pipe is broken: This point may be important if a firewater ringmain system is being analysed. For example, if the pipework near the helideck system is broken in a platform with several levels, it is possible that the deluge systems at the low levels might still work properly, albeit at a reduced efficiency. In such a scenario, the elevation difference might produce enough static head. Different fire scenarios: One of the interesting aspects of the design of a firewater ringmain system is that the same piping system must work under a wide variety of conditions. Clearly, calculations should be performed for a wide variety of fire scenarios. Different fire pump scenarios: Usually, a system is designed in such a way that one or more pumps would be required to meet the demand. It is necessary to ensure that this is possible. It is clear that the objectives of the calculations for deluge systems and those for firewater ringmains are somewhat different. The best designs are, therefore, obtained by separating the deluge system calculations from the ringmain calculations.
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1.3
Principles of the Design Procedure
The following phases of hydraulic design are considered in this document. It is important to emphasise that it would not be necessary to carry out all of these phases for every design. In particular, it is quite common for the design engineer to set the pipe sizes (diameters) and skip that phase. It should also be pointed out that, in this document, we do not allow for safety margins in the design. For example, where the firewater ringmain and the deluge system meet, we assume (in this document) that the match between them is exact. In the real design case, it may be wise to allow a slight excess pressure on the firewater ringmain side (because, for example, (a) the fire pumps may not perform as expected or (b) during fabrication it may become necessary to re-route the pipes).
2.
Deluge System Design
Basically, we shall follow the procedure outlined in Chapter 1 of the Spray/Sprinkler Training Manual. We select the optimal pipe sizes, and then perform analysis calculations afterwards.
2.1
The Deluge System Network and Associated Data
The network for the deluge system is shown below. Although it does not have to be drawn in this manner, it is done so for illustration purposes only.
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2.2
Library Data
2.2.1 Pipe Schedules

Nominal Size (mm) 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 Actual Internal Diameter (mm) 24 32 38 54 66 82 95 108 not used 161 211
2.2.2 Nozzle data

Nozzle type K-factor Wall Drench-4 45 (lit/min,barg)
Minimum pressure 1.5 barg Maximum pressure 3.5 barg
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2.2.3 Pipe Network Data

Label Input Node A/1 A/1 A/2 A/2 A/3 A/3 A/4 A/4 A/5 A/5 A/6 A/6 A/7 A/7 A/8 A/8 A/9 A/9 A/10 A/10 A/11 A/11 A/12 A/12 B/1 B/1 B/2 B/2 B/3 B/3 B/4 B/4 B/5 B/5 B/6 B/6 B/7 B/7 B/8 B/8 B/9 B/9 B/10 B/10 B/11 B/11 B/12 B/12 C/1 C/1 C/2 C/2 C/3 C/3 C/4 C/4 C/5 C/5 C/6 C/6 C/7 C/7 C/8 C/8 C/9 C/9 C/10 C/10 C/11 C/11 C/12 C/12 V/1 V/1 V/2 C/7 V/3 B/7 Output Node A/2 A/3 A/4 A/5 A/6 A/7 A/8 A/9 A/10 A/11 A/12 A/13 B/2 B/3 B/4 B/5 B/6 B/7 B/8 B/9 B/10 B/11 B/12 B/13 C/2 C/3 C/4 C/5 C/6 C/7 C/8 C/9 C/10 C/11 C/12 C/13 C/7 B/7 A/7 Length (m) 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 1.034 1.034 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 1.034 1.034 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 1.034 1.034 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 2.068 0.5 3.28 3.28 Elevation Change (m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.28 3.28 C-factor 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Status Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Pipe Type SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
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2.2.4 Nozzle Configuration

Label Input Node A/1 A/1 A/2 A/2 A/3 A/3 A/4 A/4 A/5 A/5 A/6 A/6 A/8 A/8 A/9 A/9 A/10 A/10 A/11 A/11 A/12 A/12 A/13 A/13 B/1 B/1 B/2 B/2 B/3 B/3 B/4 B/4 B/5 B/5 B/6 B/6 B/8 B/8 B/9 B/9 B/10 B/10 B/11 B/11 B/12 B/12 B/13 B/13 C/1 C/1 C/2 C/2 C/3 C/3 C/4 C/4 C/5 C/5 C/6 C/6 C/8 C/8 C/9 C/9 C/10 C/10 C/11 C/11 C/12 C/12 C/13 C/13 Nozzle Status YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Nozzle Type Required Flow Rate (lit/min) Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4 Wall Drench-4 65.4
2.3
Pipe Sizing for Deluge System
It should be emphasised here that the pipe sizes determined by PIPENET VISION are not always ideal, as PIPENET VISION does not have the experience and intuition of an engineer. The pipe sizes determined by PIPENET VISION should be regarded as initial guesses. In most cases, the design engineer will simply set the pipe sizes based on past experience.
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For pipe sizing, the D Button must be selected on the Calculation Toolbar, as shown below.
Pipe Sizing Button
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The pipe data can be displayed in a Data Window, as shown below.
Note the creation of groups
Note that the pipe sizes have been left unset
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2.4
Optimisation Trial 1: Maximum Velocity = 4 m/sec
The results below were obtained after the pipe-sizing phase was performed. The yellow background indicates that these sizes have not been fixed. In this context, the term fixed means the following. Once the sizes are fixed they can only be changed manually; PIPENET VISION will not automatically change them, depending on the specifications. During the Design Phase, the yellow background to the pipe sizes means that the pipe sizes can change, depending on the operating conditions.
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We note from the above figure that the maximum velocity is well below the specified maximum of 4 m/sec. This point can also be seen in a Data Window, in which the pipes are re-ordered on the basis of velocities, as shown below.
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The inlet conditions are shown below.
Depending on the design rules, there is scope for increasing the maximum velocity for pipe sizing. Our next step is to increase this maximum velocity to 6 m/sec.
2.5
Optimisation Trial 2: Maximum Velocity = 6 m/sec
Please refer to the data below.
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We note that the velocities in some of the pipes are more than the maximum of 6 m/sec. Therefore, we have to increase the pipe sizes for some of these pipes, and this change is carried out in Section 4 below. Please note the highlighted velocities in the screen shots below.
The required inlet conditions are shown below.
As expected, the required inlet pressure is higher. However, the inlet flow rate is also slightly higher. Please offer an explanation for this.
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2.6
Analysis Phase Calculations
Clearly, the pipe sizes with a maximum velocity of 6 m/sec are considerably smaller than those with a maximum velocity of 4 m/sec. We note from the output, however, that the velocities in Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6, C/7 and V/1 exceed the maximum of 6 m/sec. This indicates that optimal pipe sizes for the other pipes could be fixed at their current values, provided the sizes of Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6, C/7 and V/1 are increased (in order to bring the velocity below 6 m/sec). The next step, therefore, is to fix the sizes of the diameters, and then increase the sizes of Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6, C/7 and V/1. Firstly, click on the Analysis (or Calculation) Button.
Analysis Phase Button
The diameters will now be fixed at their current values. This ensures that the diameters do not change automatically between different calculations; for example, because the specifications have changed. At some point in the Design Phase calculations, the pipe diameters become fixed, and can only be changed manually. After fixing the diameters, we can turn our attention to Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6, C/7 and V/1. The nominal sizes of Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6, and C/7 are to be increased from 40 mm to 50 mm, and that of V/1 is to be increased to 100 mm (as shown in the highlighted rows in the screenshot below).
- 16 -
Please note that the yellow background to the diameters has been changed to white, and the diameters have been set manually. The diameters of Pipes B/6, B/7, C/6 and C/7 are now set to 50 mm, and the diameter of Pipe V/1 is set to 100 mm. These changes are indicated in the above Data Window. Also, please note that the group data has now been set to unset, as only one diameter is allowed in a given group.
- 17 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 18 OF 62 Some results are shown in the following two screen shots.
- 18 -
Most remote nozzle
Most favourable nozzle
The required inlet conditions are as follows.
- 19 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 20 OF 62 The nozzle deviations, in decreasing order, are shown below.
2.7
Optimising Pipe Sizes by Fine Tuning
In the above scenario, it is clear that the nozzles at the lower levels are discharging too much water (which can be seen by looking at the nozzle percentage deviation shown in the above screen shot). This is to be expected. We can try to reduce some of the pipe sizes and check the implications.
- 20 -
It can be seen from the Data Window below, in which the nozzles have been re-ordered on the basis of the nozzle deviation, that there is better balance.
We can also see this improvement in the inlet conditions (in the schematic below), as there is better balance between the nozzles.
- 21 -
It is, of course, not good news all they way round. There is a price to pay. The velocity in some of the pipes now exceeds the maximum value. It is a matter of engineering judgement as to whether or not this system is acceptable. The pipe velocities, re-ordered in decreasing value, are shown in the following screen shot. Please note that the velocities below are positive. Since the system is symmetric, there will be corresponding negative velocities in other pipes. However, these negative values do not appear in the table below, as only the top ten values are present. Negative velocities indicate that the flow is in the opposite direction of the pipe; i.e., directed from the output node of the pipe to the input node.
Nozzle percentage deviations are shown in the schematic below.
- 22 -
At this stage, it is the decision of the design engineer as to the extent to which the deluge is to be optimised and fine-tuned. For the purpose of this document, we shall assume that the design of the deluge system is frozen at this point. The equivalent K-factor for the deluge system is recorded in the output file, an extract of which is shown below.
FLOW AT INLETS -------------Inlet Node Pressure Flowrate Equivalent K-factor (bar G ) (lit/min ) (lit/min , bar G ) -----------------------------------------------------------V/1 3.635 2519. 1321.2 Note: A * after a value indicates that this is a specification
We note that the value of the equivalent K-factor is 1321.2 (lit/min, bar). This value can be readily used if this deluge system is to be modelled as a nozzle. As we saw in Chapter 3 of the Spray/Sprinkler Training Manual (entitled Fire Protection Systems Design Firewater Ringmain Systems), this value is typical for deluge systems that are to be modelled by equivalent nozzles where clack shut deluge valves are used.
- 23 -
3.
Firewater Ringmain System Design
As mentioned in the introduction, firewater ringmain system calculations are typically carried out after the deluge system calculations. In this section, we show the typical calculations associated with firewater ringmain systems design.
3.1
Pipe Sizing for Firewater Ringmain Systems
By this stage, all of the deluge systems have been designed, and all of the monitors, hydrants and hosereels have been chosen. Their equivalent nozzles and, hence, their equivalent K-factors have all been determined. It is entirely possible that these designs and selections are preliminary, and so could be modified. However, in order to perform design calculations for firewater ringmain systems, we should at least know the results from preliminary designs and selections. If they are not known, typical values or estimated values must be assumed. One of the earliest tasks in the hydraulic design of the firewater ringmain system is to determine the pipe sizes. Clearly, the difficulty in this step is due to the fact that the firewater ringmain system has to work under a wide variety of conditions. For example, the system should be able to deal with a number of potential fire scenarios and pump scenarios (in other words pumps working in different combinations). Experienced fire engineers know through their own experience as to which diameters to use. Their experience is often a better guide to the optimal design, and so it is typical for all the pipe sizes to be set by the fire engineer. Typically, the diameters are input by the user, rather than being calculated using PIPENET VISION. However, for the sake of completeness of the design procedure, the pipe sizing procedure is described here.
- 24 -
- 25 -
Working
Working
- 26 -
3.1.1 Pipe Sizing Case 1

Use the file named pipe sizing for area 301.sdf.
- 27 -



- 28 -

Use the file named pipe sizing for area 305-1.sdf.

Use the file named pipe sizing for Condensate Unit.sdf. All users (nozzles) are off. However, the user on Node Equip/3 requires a flow of 648 m3/hr at a pressure of 8 barg.
Node Equip/3 is defined as an output node, and does not have a nozzle attached.
- 29 -
Node Equip/3

Use the file named pipe sizing for Fire Fighting station.sdf.
- 30 -
3.2
Worst-case Scenario with Fixed Diameters
We can compare the diameters calculated by PIPENET VISION for all the above cases, and then decide which diameters are the best to use. The fixed diameters are shown in the table in Appendix 4, at the end of this chapter. The requirements for the worst-case scenario and, hence, the nozzle data and status are as shown below.
In the first instance, no orifice plates are inserted, as we wish to establish whether the pipe sizes determined in this section produce a well-balanced flow in the system. The calculated results for the above users are shown below. It is clear that there is significant imbalance in the supply to the users. In the next section, we shall see how to correct this imbalance using orifice plates.
- 31 -
The inlet flow-rate and pressure requirements are shown on the screenshot of the input node results:
It is clear that the inlet conditions can be made less demanding by balancing the flow through the deluge systems (which can be easily achieved by placing orifice plates in the inlets to the deluge systems).
3.3
Orifice Plate Sizing
The sizes for orifice plates can be determined using the following steps. Firstly, remove the nozzles. Next, define the required flow rate at the outlets, as required. At the inlet of the worst nozzle from the previous calculation, define the required pressure as well. Perform a calculation. This calculation will result in the pressures at the outlet nodes. These pressures are the available pressures. Subtract the required pressures from the available pressures, to yield the required pressure drops in the orifice plates. Input the orifice plates, and assign the required pressure drops. Now, perform a calculation to obtain the orifice plate diameters. These diameters can now be fixed, the outlets can be removed, and the nozzles can be placed back again.
Before working through the above steps, we first need to specify the flow rates and pressures required for the systems that are working.
- 32 -
Nozzle Label FH/56 TANK/13 FH/86 FH/85 TANK/10 FH/84 FM/13
Input Node 279 168 309 308 169 307 170
Required Flow Rate (m3/hr) 36 421.2 36 36 1278 36 144
K-factor 20.78 317.6 20.78 20.78 404.14 20.78 54.43
Required Pressure (bar) 3.00 1.76 3.00 3.00 10.00 3.00 7.00
The dialog boxes for defining the outlet conditions are as follows.
The dialog boxes for the output nodes created by removing the nozzles are all assigned the specifications that are shown above.
- 33 -
At the critical outlet node, both the pressure and the flow rate are given.
All the calculation specifications that have been input are shown in the screen shot below.
Please note that Node 209 is the inlet and, at this stage, we are not interested in making a specification at this node.
- 34 -
We can now draw up a table that shows the required pressures against the actual available pressures. The difference between these pressures is the amount by which the pressures need to be dropped in the orifice plates. Input Node 279 168 309 308 169 307 170 Required Pressure (bar) 3.00 1.76 3.00 3.00 10.00 3.00 7.00 Available Pressure (bar) 10.054 10.028 10.059 10.048 9.997 10.059 10.022 Pressure Difference (bar) 7.054 8.268 7.059 7.048 0 7.059 3.022
The orifice plates are now input, and the pressure losses are assigned to them. Please ensure that the Crane Option is chosen for orifice plates. The calculated orifice diameters are shown in the screen shot below.
- 35 -
The calculated flow rate and pressure results at the output nodes are shown below. It can be seen from the table that the pressures and flow rates at the output nodes are exactly as required. The relevant nodes are highlighted.
3.4
Pump Selection Procedure
This system is to be driven by two 50% duty pumps. The inlet node, therefore, must be separated into two nodes as required. In practice, this is essential because the pumps
- 36 -
may be located in different places, or they could be at different elevations. So it may not be possible to combine them into a single node. In principle, several pump combinations can meet the required duty. In order to ensure that the pumps must be of equal size, we need to define the flow rate through one of the pumps to be 50% of the total required flow rate. By adding up the required flow rates through all the outputs, we can calculate that the flow rate though the two pumps should be a total of 2552.4 m3/hr. So, each pump must deliver 1276.2 m3/hr, which must be given as the flow rate for one of the input nodes, for both the design specification and the calculation specification. The other input node must be left completely free, and simply be defined as an input node. The specifications for Input Nodes 209 and 183 are defined below.
Input Node 209
Input Node 183
- 37 -
The calculated results for the two input nodes can be easily determined by sorting the Data Window for the nodes. It can be seen that each pump must deliver 1276.2 m3/hr at 10.514 barg.
- 38 -
Appendix 1:
Label Input Node 1 1 2 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 12 7 13 2 15 10 16 11 17 12 18 13 19 10 20 14 21 15 22 16 23 135 26 19 27 20 28 21 29 22 31 23 32 24 33 205 34 25 35 26 36 27 37 28 38 29 39 30 40 31 41 32 42 33 43 34 44 35 45 36 47 31 48 33 49 35 50 30 51 32
Pipe Data
Output Node 86 91 97 105 112 119 133 140 3 64 57 54 44 210 213 215 11 17 28 9 17 144 80 90 24 20 25 26 27 19 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Length (m) 20.67 29.72 17.97 7 9.14 9.1 25 19 17 8.44 16.22 11.25 24.2 44.73 46.8 13.41 16.48 9.84 15 24 14 26.2 5.12 36.51 20.67 49.2 27.7 29.9 29.9 20.4 8.8 17.4 12.3 11.73 9.33 10.7 27.5 22.7 22.7 22.7 1 1 Elevation (m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pipe Roughness Fitting Eqivalent (mm) Length (m) 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0 4.57E-02 0
- 39 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 40 OF 62 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 34 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 51 57 58 59 60 61 62 54 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 72 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 83 85 86 24 87 89 90 43 46 9 47 48 45 55 49 50 51 62 53 13 56 58 59 60 61 331 52 63 65 66 222 68 69 16 10 70 71 72 74 76 77 78 2 82 75 83 84 79 85 87 88 3 89 1 28.32 6.5 27.52 28.18 29.42 29.8 28.34 16.8 16.45 30.34 10.1 28.45 1 28 28 28 28 28 30 15.3 25 23 20.72 22 25 7 21.57 55 29.53 25.48 34.7 8.03 50.11 46.23 8.7 7.2 41 22.7 22 20.43 60 23.49 50 35.1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SPRAY: CHAPTER 4 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 40 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 41 OF 62 101 102 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 124 125 126 127 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 92 93 95 96 97 98 98 95 101 101 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 108 116 117 118 120 118 117 124 125 126 127 128 127 128 123 125 134 136 137 138 139 9 140 141 142 93 4 96 5 98 94 99 100 103 102 104 6 106 107 101 109 110 111 7 113 108 115 328 120 327 8 121 122 127 128 125 123 124 129 130 131 132 21 135 136 137 138 139 141 142 22 50 30.83 26.31 25.03 30 29.96 1 1 30 1 30 29.26 28 28 28 28.93 30 30 26.6 30 28.84 1 11.23 27 13.45 20.2 1 1 16.5 28.28 21 13 12.74 4.77 4.77 25.2 1 15.5 25 25 25 30 18.5 19 20.7 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 41 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 42 OF 62 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 141 144 145 146 147 148 149 145 148 146 149 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 156 157 158 161 162 163 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 174 176 177 181 179 180 190 191 143 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 156 157 218 159 160 161 162 163 164 12 165 166 167 168 169 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 184 185 186 187 188 189 195 190 1 20.67 15.85 9.5 12.12 18 18 6 6 1 1 22.95 5.74 10.45 18.9 30 6.2 5.74 21.15 23.9 18.4 19.95 4.45 1 19.95 4.45 1 15.25 11.86 17.9 6.4 28 21.74 7.65 7.07 22.93 11.7 12.2 18.64 1 18.64 18.64 14.7 1 29.71 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 42 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 43 OF 62 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 217 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 227 FM/2 FM/3 228 92 90 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 192 193 194 195 196 197 190 195 191 193 196 204 207 206 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 218 219 19 222 81 83 222 205 204 78 77 76 80 81 82 85 86 91 92 93 97 94 96 105 191 192 193 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 23 205 204 206 219 212 14 214 15 216 217 158 220 221 67 23 81 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 15.2 18.88 11.13 21.6 8.3 23.96 1 1 1 11.9 11.9 20.43 30.69 22.41 6.82 14.3 53.53 7.98 56.73 37.1 53.45 48.5 22 18.1 26.9 9.3 39.9 17.32 15.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 43 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 44 OF 62 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 106 107 103 104 112 113 114 109 110 111 119 116 120 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 36 37 29 28 27 26 25 20 45 48 47 46 44 55 49 50 52 62 53 61 60 59 58 57 69 68 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 44 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 45 OF 62 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 FH/1 FH/2 333 334 335 336 67 66 65 64 70 71 73 89 90 87 88 198 197 192 194 182 178 175 173 171 164 160 159 218 155 150 147 144 142 140 124 126 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 327 328 328 327 331 331 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 116 117 329 330 12 332 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 16.55 18.77 5.2 5.2 24.1 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 45 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 46 OF 62 FH/3 218 9 8 216 14 191 103 207 122 30 46 226 128 142 25 24 132 159 11 100 219 209 4 88 207 3 182 94 198 113 21 37 217 119 133 18 17 22 150 6 91 211 207 194 1 206 73 11 95 10 114 126 18 16 118 134 29 30 123 13 155 92 34.12 6.82 31.95 13.6 6.92 28.6 18.2 27.66 18.1 30 28.2 11.6 44.66 15.7 30 29.3 28 25.2 18 23.7 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SPRAY: CHAPTER 4 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 4.57E-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Appendix 2:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fittings on Pipes
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 16.29 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 16.29 54.31 54.31 54.31 16.29 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31
Pipe Label, Number of Fittings, Types of Fitting, Equivalent Length (m)
1 x 1 x
5 4
5.408 54.31
1 x
54.31
1 x
5.408
1 x
54.31
- 47 -

62 63 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 102 104 105 106 107 110 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 16.29 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31
1 x
54.31
1 x
5.408
1 x
5.408
- 48 -

123 125 126 127 129 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 153 160 161 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 178 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 192 193 196 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 16.29 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31
1 x
54.31
1 x
5.408
- 49 -

197 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 211 212 213 214 215 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 227 FM/3 228 92 90 229 FH/1 FH/2 333 334 335 FH/3 9 8 216 14 191 103 207 122 30 46 226 128 142 25 11 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 5.408 5.408 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 54.31 10.67 54.31 5.408 54.31 54.31 5.408
1 x
5.408
1 x 1 x
5 5
5.408 5.408
1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5.408 5.408 5.408 5.408 5.408 5.408 1.219 5.408 5.408 5.408
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
- 50 -
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 51 OF 62 The fitting types are as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 45 Deg Elbow, 90 Deg Standard Elbow, 90 Deg Long Radius Elbow, Tee or Cross (Flow Turned Thro 90 Deg), Gate Valve, Swing Check Valve, Non-Return Valve, Ball Valve, Butterfly Valve.
- 51 -
Appendix 3:
Fire Protection System Demands - Fire Monitors, Deluge Systems and Fire-hydrant Equivalent-nozzle Data
The equivalent-nozzle data is as follows.

Label FM/1 FM/2 FM/3 FM/4 FM/5 FM/6 FM/7 FM/8 FM/9 FM/10 FM/11 FM/12 FM/13 FM/14 FM/15 FM/16 FM/17 FM/18 FM/19 FM/20 FM/21 FM/22 FM/23 FM/24 FM/25 FH/1 FH/2 FH/3 FH/4 FH/5 FH/6 FH/7 FH/8 FH/9 FH/10 FH/11 FH/12 FH/13 FH/14 FH/15 FH/16 Input Node 200 199 201 99 100 184 186 187 189 185 102 167 170 56 115 154 153 143 121 122 131 132 41 42 43 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Nozzle Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 K-factor (lit/min, bar) 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 54.4269 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 Required Flow Rate (lit/min) 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Minimum Pressure Maximum Pressure (barg) (barg) 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01
- 52 -

FH/17 FH/18 FH/19 FH/20 FH/21 FH/22 FH/23 FH/24 FH/25 FH/26 FH/27 FH/28 FH/29 FH/30 FH/31 FH/32 FH/33 FH/34 FH/35 FH/36 FH/37 FH/38 FH/39 FH/40 FH/41 FH/42 FH/43 FH/44 FH/45 FH/46 FH/47 FH/48 FH/49 FH/50 FH/51 FH/52 FH/53 FH/54 FH/55 FH/56 FH/57 FH/58 FH/59 FH/60 FH/61 FH/62 FH/63 FH/64 FH/65 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01
- 53 -

FH/66 289 FH/67 290 FH/68 291 FH/69 292 FH/70 293 FH/71 294 FH/72 295 FH/73 296 FH/74 297 FH/75 298 FH/76 299 FH/77 300 FH/78 301 FH/79 302 FH/80 303 FH/81 304 FH/82 305 FH/83 306 FH/84 307 FH/85 308 FH/86 309 FH/87 310 FH/88 311 FH/89 312 FH/90 313 FH/91 314 FH/92 315 FH/93 316 FH/94 317 FH/95 318 FH/96 319 FH/97 320 FH/98 321 FH/99 322 FH/100 323 FH/101 324 FH/102 325 FH/103 326 FH/104 332 TANK/1 39 TANK/2 38 TANK/3 40 TANK/4 129 TANK/5 130 TANK/6 330 TANK/7 329 TANK/8 151 TANK/9 152 TANK/10 169 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 9 6 6 7 7 5 5 4 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 20.7846 154 154 52.61 82.8 82.8 55.2 55.2 145.72 145.72 404.14 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 435.6 291 148.8 136.8 248.4 165.6 165.6 460.8 151 1278

1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01
- 54 -

TANK/11 166 TANK/12 188 TANK/13 168 TANK/14 165 TANK/15 63 4 3 3 3 10 404.14 317.62 317.62 317.62 178.73 1278 1004.4 421 1004.4 531.3

1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 2.00E+01
In the above table, the nozzle types are as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fire monitor, Fire hydrant, Nozzle for 301, Nozzle for 304, Nozzle for 303, Nozzle for 302-001-002, Nozzle for 302-003-004, Nozzle for 305-001-002, Nozzle for 305-003, User Defined.
- 55 -
Appendix 4:
Pipe Diameters Calculations
Fixed
After
PIPENET
VISION
The following table contains the diameters for each case and the final fixed diameters.
Pipe Label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Area 301 Area 302 Area 303 Area 304 Area 305-1 Condensate Unit 400 400 200 600 200 300 400 400 250 600 250 300 400 400 250 600 250 300 400 400 250 600 250 300 200 200 250 200 250 100 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 400 400 200 600 20 300 200 200 100 350 200 400 400 400 80 200 200 150 150 150 100 600 250 300 400 400 250 200 250 80 400 400 200 600 250 300 400 400 250 600 400 300 400 400 200 600 200 300 200 200 250 600 200 300 125 125 250 200 200 100 250 250 250 125 300 65 250 250 150 300 400 200 250 250 150 300 400 200 400 400 150 300 400 200 125 125 250 600 400 300 125 125 250 125 80 65 125 125 250 125 200 65 125 125 250 125 200 65 125 125 250 125 250 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 150 150 250 125 400 65 15 15 350 200 400 80 400 400 250 15 400 15 400 400 200 600 400 300 400 400 200 600 400 300 125 125 250 600 400 300 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 400 65 125 125 250 125 200 65 125 125 250 125 250 65 125 125 250 125 15 65 125 125 250 125 15 65 125 125 250 125 150 65 125 125 250 125 150 65 Fire Station 300 300 300 300 65 32 32 300 300 100 300 50 300 300 300 300 65 32 200 200 200 300 32 32 32 32 32 32 50 15 300 300 300 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 Final Fixed Diameter 600 600 600 600 400 400 400 600 400 450 600 350 600 600 600 600 400 400 250 250 250 600 400 400 400 400 400 400 350 300 600 600 600 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
- 56 -

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 400 400 400 400 400 200 250 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 400 400 400 400 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 400 400 400 400 400 200 250 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 400 400 400 400 250 250 15 15 15 15 15 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 200 200 200 125 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 600 600 600 600 600 200 250 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 15 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 15 600 600 600 400 400 400 400 400 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 65 65 15 15 15 15 15 15 65 65 65 65 65 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 300 300 300 300 300 100 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 300 300 300

32 32 15 15 15 15 15 15 32 32 32 32 32 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 15 300 300 300 300 300 65 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 300 300 300 400 400 250 250 150 150 150 150 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 150 600 600 600 600 600 400 300 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 100 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 100 600 600 600 600 600
- 57 -

98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 400 400 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 15 400 15 400 400 400 400 400 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 125 125 125 125 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 400 400 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 15 400 15 400 400 400 400 400 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 125 125 125 125 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 15 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 15 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 15 15 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 15 15 600 15 600 600 600 600 600 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 125 125 125 125 125 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 200 15 250 15 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 15 400 400 400 400 15 15 200 200 200 200 200 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 200 200 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 15 15 15 15 20 20 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 15 300 15 300 300 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 65 65 65 65 65 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 65 65 65 65 65 65 65

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 15 300 15 300 300 300 300 300 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 15 32 32 32 32 32 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 150 150 600 150 600 600 600 600 600 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 150 400 400 400 400 400 150 150 300 300 300 300 300 300 200 200 600 150 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 350 350 350
- 58 -

150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 150 150 15 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 15 15 15 15 15 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 15 15 150 15 15 400 150 200 200 200 150 150 15 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 15 15 15 15 15 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 15 15 150 15 15 400 150 200 200 200 250 250 250 15 350 350 350 350 350 350 250 150 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 15 15 15 15 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 100 100 100 200 200 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 15 15 15 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 15 15 15 250 450 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 350 350 350 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 15 15 15 15 15 250 250 250 250 200 200 200 80 80 80 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 15 15 15 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 15 15 15 15 15 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 400

50 50 50 15 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 15 15 15 15 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 15 15 15 15 15 15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 300 300 150 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 250 250 150 150 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 400 450 150 400 450 150 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 400 150 150 150 150 400 150 400 400 400 400 400
- 59 -

202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 90 400 400 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 200 400 400 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 200 200 200 200 200 200 15 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 90 400 400 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 200 400 400 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 15 15 15 15 250 250 250 65 250 250 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 200 100 200 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 350 350 350 350 350 350 15 15 15 15 15 600 600 600 50 600 600 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 200 600 600 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 200 200 200 200 20 15 15 250 200 200 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 400 400 400 15 15 15 400 15 300 300 300 80 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

300 300 300 300 300 300 250 15 15 15 400 15 300 300 300 80 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 400 400 400 150 150 150 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 600 100 200 600 600 600 400 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
- 60 -

254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
- 61 -

306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 FH/1 FH/2 FH/3 FM/2 FM/3 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 15 125 125 250 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 15 125 125 250 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 250 15 250 250 150 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 80 80 80 80 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 600 15 125 125 300 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 400 400 15 15 250 15 200 250 125 200 65 250 80 250 250 80 125 250 80 200 400 200 400 400 400 200 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 300 15 65 65 200 15 15

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 300 15 32 32 200 15 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 400 400 15 15 600 80 250
- 62 -

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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 1 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

PIPENET VISION SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES

Concepts Pressure Drop Model

The pressure loss, P, in a pipe is described as

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 2 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat

2.1.1 Friction Pressure Losses Darcy

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 3 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

0.27 r 1.252 1 = 1.768 ln + D f Re f

2.1.2 Friction Pressure Losses - Hazen-Williams Method

6.05 105 ( L + Le )Q1.85 = C 1.85 D 4.87

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

4.52 ( L + Le )Q1.85 = C 1.85 D 4.87

2.1.3 Pressure Loss due to Elevation Change

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

2.2.1 Data Required for Entering a Pump Into the Library

2.2.2 Some Useful Tips

2.2.3 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 6 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

Type of curve fitted

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

2.2.4 Pumps - Coefficients Known

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 9 OF 48 Continuity Equation:

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 10 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 11 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 12 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 13 OF 48 Modelling Equation

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

Overboard Dump Valves

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 14 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

Rules Governing Specifications

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 15 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

Phase Design Analysis

Np 1 (set by PIPENET VISION) Np

The Design Phase

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

The Calculation Phase

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 17 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

The User Interface and the Design and Calculation Phases

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 18 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

4.4.1 Specifications for the Two Inlets (Pumps)

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 19 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

4.4.2 Specification for the One Output (Deluge System)

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 20 OF 48

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010

General Concepts of Fire Protection System

Standard, Rules and Regulations

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 21 OF 48 4. GB Standard - mostly followed in China.

SPRAY: CHAPTER 1 REVISION 2.1, SEP 2010