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The Telecommunications Revolution

Mobile Value Added Services in India

Mukesh Kumar and Ram Kumar Kakani

Published by Esha Bteille Social Science Press 69 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110 003 Mukesh Kumar and Ram Kumar Kakani 01 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Social Science Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to Social Science Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Distributed by Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneshwar Chandigarh Chennai Ernakulam Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai New Delhi Noida Patna www.orientblackswan.com ISBN: 913619 Advisory Board T.N. Madan Dipankar Gupta Jonathan Parry C.J. Fuller Veena Das Bibek Debroy Kaushik Basu Abusaleh Shariff Alaka Basu Pratap Bhanu Mehta

Set in Plantin 10/1 Typeset by Eleven Arts, Delhi 110 03 Printed by .................

2
Contents

List of Tables and Exhibits Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction

SECTION I: INTRODuCTION

vii xiii xvii xix 00

1. Introduction to Indian Telecommunications Industry . unwinding of Telecom Technical Jargon 3. Mobile Economics
SECTION II: MOBILE VAS INDuSTRY IN INDIA AND OTHER MARKETS

3 34 6

4. Mobile Value Added Services (mVAS) Industry: Young Offspring of Mobile Industry . Mobile Value Added Services Industry: India in a Global Context
SECTION III: ROLE OF TECHNOLOGIES AND REGuLATIONS

9 11

6. Role of Technologies in Shaping the mVAS Industry . Role of Regulation in Shaping the mVAS Industry
SECTION IV: ANALYSIS OF INDIAN MOBILE INDuSTRY wITH FOCuS ON VAS

14 16

. Indian Mobile Industry: An Empirical Analysis

03

vi

Contents 9. The Mobile VAS Industry: Structure, Value Chain and Stakeholders
SECTION V: BuSINESS MODELS AND SCENARIO PLANNING

33

10. Business Models in the mVAS Industry 11. Future of the Mobile VAS Industry in India Appendix A: A.1: Data on Telecom Service Subscriptions in India As on 31st March 011 A.3: Data on Technology wise wireless Subscription in IndiaAs on March 011 A.3: Data on Financials of Telecom Sector in India, during 1st and nd Quarter of 01011 A.4: Data on Revenue from Access Services only (Landline, Mobile, Internet etc.) Service Area Category wiseDuring 1st & nd Quarter of 01011 Appendix B: Select List of NonMSP Players in mVAS Industry in IndiaBrief Description Appendix C:mVAS and Its Misuse Appendix D: Company wise List of Access Services Licences (As on 11010) Appendix E: List of MSPs in India in 010 Appendix F: Survey on Peoples usage Pattern of mobile VAS in India: A Report Web Resources Index

1 33

364 36 36 31

Tables and Exhibits

Tables
1.1 1. 1.3 1.4 1. 1.6 3.1 3. 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 Distribution of Exchanges and Equipped Capacity of various types of switches in Indian Telecom System at the end of March 19 Telecom Indicators of Major Countries in 199 Growth of Network and Telephone Demand (1991001) Year wise Number of Cellular Licenses Awarded during 19949 Comparison of number of MSPs between 0003 and 01011 Comparison of Mou of Postpaid and Prepaid Mobile Services Yearwise number of licences granted (Demand for Licence by Industry) Parameters for Network Performance and their Benchmark Value Generic Classification of mVAS products MSPs and Service area wise percentage change of ARPu in third quarter over second quarter of FY 009 List of MSPneutral mVAS products in the Indian mVAS market List of MSPled mVAS products in Indian mVAS market Top Three websites Accessed under Different Categories on Mobile Handsets during April September 009 9 11 13 1 3 4 64 4 101 111 10 1 19

viii 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9. 9.3 9.4 9. 9.6 9. 9.

Tables and Exhibits Various Mobile Telephony Systems up to 3rd Generation (3G) Standards Cellular Mobile Technologies worldwide Mobile Terminal Sales to End users in Quarter 1, 010 worldwide Smartphone Sales to End users by Operating System in Quarter 1, 010 MVNO Models compared with MSP, MNO and Franchisee India: Category and Telecom service area wise Population Distribution Values of APPu for different values of TOE/TOR (For a given ARPu of Rs 164 per month per customer) Change in Revenue for a Given Change in usage (given assumptions) Mobile Industrys Operating Expendituresto Revenue for FY010 Mobile Industrys Operating Expendituresto Revenue for FY009 Mobile Industrys Operating Expendituresto Revenue for FY00 Year wise FDI Inflow in the Indian Telecom Sector Structural Analysis: Assessment on Key Parameters for Category I mVAS Players (MSPs, MVNOs, etc.) Structural Analysis: Assessment on Key Parameters for Category II mVAS Players (Pure VAS Providers such as SIs and ASPs) Structural Analysis: Assessment on Key Parameters for Category III mVAS Players (Content Providers, GSPs, etc.) Structural Analysis: Assessment on Key Parameters for Category IV mVAS Players (Mobile Handset Manufacturers) List of Services Offered by OnMobile Roles and Objectives of mVAS Stakeholders TRAI Consultation on mVAS Industry: Summary of Stakeholders view in 009 10 160 16 16 1 04 1 1 6 6 36 4 4 49 0 6 6

Tables and Exhibits 10.1 10. 10.3 10.4 10. 10.6 10. 10. 10.9 10.10 10.11 11.1 mVAS Eco System: Different Roles and their Key Characteristics Key players of Mobile Music Industry and their roles and objectives Type of Business Models in Mobile Music Industry Key players of Mobile Game Industry and their roles & objectives Type of Business Models in Mobile Game Industry Advantages and disadvantages of mobile based commercial transactions Differences between eCommerce, mCommerce and uCommerce Examples of mCommerce Key players of mCommerce Industry and their roles & objectives mCommerce Payment models Type of Business Models in mCommerce Scenarios in the Indian mVAS

ix 3 90 90 99 300 306 309 311 314 316 31 339

Exhibits
4.1 4. 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Plot of customer base between 199 and 010 Mobile Growth and Effective Charge per minute Trends in SMS usage and its revenue contribution (during Mar0 to Sept10) Revenue contribution by different VAS (June 00) Growth curve of ARPu, Mou and Customer base (during Dec0 to Sept10) ARPu Growth Matrix Fixed Broadband and Mobile Data Revenues (SMS and nonSMS) Pattern during 00409 in 13 Countries Combined Proportions of Mobile Data Revenue in Total Revenue of MSPs in 1 Countries Monthly Revenue Generated out of SMS and NonSMS Data Services for 1 Countries, 004 and 009 3G Mobile Connections as Percentage of Total Number of Mobile Connection 90 91 93 101 103 10 134 136 13 139

x 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 .1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10

Tables and Exhibits Average Spend (by customer) per Connection Proportion of people using a mobile handset to access internet at home, 010 Growth in Peak Data Rates, Cell Capacity, Spectrum and Average Spectral Efficiency Simplified Block Diagram of a Typical Mobile Handset MNP rate verse time Deconstructed value chain of mobile industry in Europe Trends in number of quarterly addition of customers (GSM and CDMA), telecom servicearea wise Percentage contribution of four categories of service areas towards quarterly addition of total customers (GSM and CDMA) in India (Mar03 to Mar04) Percentage contribution of four categories of service areas towards quarterly addition of total customers (GSM and CDMA) in India (Jun0 to Jun09) Plot of Value of Degrees of Propensity Trend of All India Blended ARPu (GSM only) in India (during Dec0 to Sept10) Trends in Average Cost per Outgoing Call per minute (GSM only) Trends in Percentage Reduction (quarterly) in Average Cost per Outgoing Call per minute (GSM only) Trends in All India Blended Mou (GSM only) (during Dec0 and Sept10) Trends in Growth Rates of Mou and Customer Base (GSM only) Plot of Target Incremental Value of Average Monthly (or Daily) Mou, y x / (1 x), where y is percentage change in usage (%ui)and x is percentage change in tariff (%Ti). Pictorial view of linkages of various industries to mVAS Telecom Sectors Linkage with the rest of the Economy Interrivalry transition matrix 141 14 1 16 11 19 0 06 0 0 00 13 14 1 16

0 40 41 3

9.1 9. 9.3

Tables and Exhibits 9.4 9. 10.1 10. 10.3 10.4 10. 10.6 10. 10. 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.1 10.13 10.14 10.1 10.16 10.1 11.1 Direct Service ProvidersSupplier Chain mVAS Value Chain Elementary Value Chain of mVAS VAS Revenue Distributions among Access Modes in FY00 Business Model (TypeI) in Mobile Music Industry Business Model (TypeII) in Mobile Music Industry Business Model (TypeIII) in Mobile Music Industry Business Model (TypeIV) in Mobile Music Industry Game Boy Advance (GBA) console by Nintendo Business Model (TypeI) in Mobile Game Industry Business Model (TypeII) in Mobile Game Industry Business Model (TypeIII) in Mobile Game Industry Business Model (TypeIV) in Mobile Game Industry user Preference Map for Online Transaction Business Model (TypeI) in MCommerce Industry Business Model (TypeII) in MCommerce Industry Business Model (TypeIII) in MCommerce Industry Business Model (TypeIV) in MCommerce Industry A Complete Cycle of a mCommerce transaction. Scenario Development Process Flow

xi 61 6 9 93 9 96 99 301 30 304 30 31 31 319 31 3 39 336

Preface

he basic concept of this book has evolved from a dissertation work cum research by the first author on Scenario Planning of Indian Mobile VAS Industry at the XLRI Jamshedpur in 00. The dynamism of Mobile VAS industry provides enough impetus to the readers for studying it in detail. It is a technology intensive industry. It rides over the march of technology and in the process of technological developments, it too gets shaped. This industry is very sensitive to a change in regulatory environment as there is a regulatoryconnect at multiple stages of the value chain. In addition to regulation of mobile VAS by the telecom regulator and mbanking services by the central banker, content and copyrights are also subject to regulations. Mobile VAS has unlimited potential to create value for its stakeholders. It has the potential to influence the life of every ordinary human being irrespective of their place in the social strata and their awareness levels. Innovation and technology drive this industry. The ability to earn and manage partnerships in this industry is an essential ingredient. This industry is uniquely positioned in the sense it thrives on the mobile user base created by Mobile Service Providers (MSPs), but at the same time, it has the potential to create a market value larger than the one created by its creator i.e., the basic mobile services (voice and SMS). This has been the case since inception; hence, the mobile VAS industry need not necessarily be dominated by the mobile service providers only. Mobile VAS has proved to have even greater potential than eCommerce; in fact mCommerce is only a part of Mobile VAS offerings. Given the rising penetration and popularity of Smart phones, it appears that the time is not far away when mCommerce will outreach eCommerce, given its advantages of ease of use,

xiv

Preface

reliability and the larger number of users. At the same time, learning to use mobile phones will always be easier, affordable and be less time consuming as compared to a computer, which means the propensity of growth of Mobile VAS will be much higher as the rate of adoption of mobile services will be higher. Having said that, there still seems a strong possibility of convergence of mCommerce with eCommerce. During the dissertation work at XLRI, we came across a number of reports on Mobile VAS available on Internet; but we could not find a single book exclusively for Mobile VAS industry explaining the complex linkages and dependencies of players and industries written especially with an Indian perspective. The entire book has been divided into five sections. These sections are: Section I: Introduction Section II: Mobile VAS Industry in India and Other Markets Section III: Role of Technologies and Regulations Section IV: Analysis of Indian Mobile Industry with Focus on VAS Section V: Business Models and Scenario Planning. Section I builds the base for readers providing them with a historical perspective of the Indian telecom industry, technical terminology of telecommunications, and basic variables of the mobile industry influencing its economics. The section also introduces the reader to key events related to the telecom policies of the Indian government. This section has been especially designed keeping in mind the general readers, so that they can understand the telecom industry, as well as those who wish to know the history of the Indian telecom sector. Section I consists of three chapters, namely, Introduction to Indian Telecommunications Industry (Chapter 1), Unwinding of Telecom Technical Jargon (Chapter 2), and Mobile Economics (Chapter 3). Chapter 1 deals with the historical aspect of the Indian telecom sector right from start of the 10s. In the latter part of the chapter emphasis has been given to telecom policies in India and its history and the present state of mobile telephony in India. Chapter lists telecom related abbreviations and jargon commonly used and published by various agencies such as the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the Department of Telecommunications (DOT), telecom magazines, journals, and related media. wherever

Preface

xv

appropriate, technical terms have been defined along with relevant examples and diagrams. Chapter 3 describes, in brief, variables of the mobile industry which influence the economics of this industry. The knowledge of these variables is essential to appreciate the discussion and analysis of mVAS industry during the later parts of the book. Section II describes the Indian mVAS industry as well as trends of mVAS in other large markets. This section consists of two chapters, namely, Mobile Value Added Services (mVAS) Industry: Young Offspring of Mobile Industry (Chapter 4) and Mobile Value Added Services Industry: India in a Global Context (Chapter 5). Chapter 4 talks about the evolution of mVAS in India, economic compulsions of mobile service providers (MSPs), and broad classification of mVAS products. It also provides the reader with a flavour of the various types of mVAS in the country. Chapter goes on to discuss the broad trends in mVAS especially on the types mentioned in chapter 4. The focus of the discussion is not just limited to India therefore; we discuss the broad trends of mVAS in other countries such as the Americas and Europe, Japan and South Korea, and China. A coverage of the outside world especially the developed world may give us an inkling of how things might pan out in the near future for India as well, but more importantly, it gives us an idea of comparative trends among key nations. Though there are many factors external to mVAS industry but technologies and regulations have been found to be the two most important factors which have potential to change the structure of the industry itself and therefore discussed in detail. Section III deals with these two essential external factors with a chapter focusing on each one of them, namely, Role of Technologies in Shaping the mVAS Industry (Chapter 6) and Role of Regulation in Shaping the mVAS Industry (Chapter 7). Chapter 6 deals with technologies at two levels, technologies at the level of mobile (wireless) communications, and technologies at the level of end user handsets. Development of technologies at both levels has a direct and long lasting impact on the mVAS industry. Chapter deals with the various regulations of TRAI and DOT which have a direct and/or indirect impact on mVAS industry. Section IV analyses the mobile industry first, and thereafter, mVAS industry has been analyzed from three different perspectives.

xvi

Preface

This section consists of two chapters, namely, Indian Mobile Industry: An Empirical Analysis (Chapter 8) and The Mobile VAS Industry: Structure, Value Chain and Stakeholders (Chapter 9). Chapter analyses the pattern of various industry indicators empirically, and also establishes a mathematical relation to analyze the impact of tariff change on revenue with expected growth in the usage time. Mathematical relationships among various mobile industry parameters have been derived and interdependencies among parameters have been explained. Chapter 9 uses analytical inputs from a survey done with mobile users on the present and future of mobile VAS in India and examines the mVAS industry from three different perspectives, Structural analysis, value chain analysis, and stakeholders analysis. Section V is on Business Models and Scenario Planning in the Indian mVAS industry. Having analyzed the parent and the sibling industries in detail, we end this book by describing and discussing the possible business models in the mVAS industry. Cases of three subindustries, viz. the mobile music industry, mobile game industry and mobile commerce, have been taken up and business models of these three industries have been described. Nearly all deliberations on industry tend to end with a debate on the emerging scenarios. This work is no different. But predicting future is fraught with risk risk of failing to be spot on. we take that risk and have a discussion on scenario planning. Thus, Section V consists of two chapters, namely, Business Models in the mVAS Industry (Chapter 10) and Future of the Mobile VAS Industry in India (Chapter 11). we end the book with a list of appendices which detail main facts related to the Indian mVAS industry such as key business data on MSPs and a list of VAS players in India to act as a ready reference along with summarized findings of the survey done by us on mVAS.

Acknowledgements

he central themes of this book mentioned in the Preface, especially the focus on the role of technology and regulation in the mVAS industry were initially conceptualized in 00 during the research of the first author in XLRI Jamshedpur. The countless discussions and debates during the addas with colleagues in the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), XLRI Jamshedpur, and from the second authors student days at Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta have been a significant influence in fleshing out the ideas and the approach in this book. Much credit for this work goes to those long hours of critical, uncompromising, questioning intellectual exchanges. The debates with some of them, most of who came to know a little more on the telecom regulation, technology, and also to learn making use of mVAS (after purchasing a new mobile) did contribute in substantial measure to evolving this book. we acknowledge with gratitude their contributions to this book simply because in the process they often ended up clarifying our concepts and unlearning our mistakes. we acknowledge with gratitude their contributions to this book. Among others, we specially acknowledge the contributions of Ashok Jaju, Atanu Ghosh, Gopal Chandra Basu, Manis Das, Santosh Singh, and Sanjeev Verma, with whom many of the technical details were debated over the years leading to an improved clarity of our views. Rajan Asawa, Rakesh Kumar, Sadhna Sinha, and Marella Srinivas with their substantial practical knowledge also enhanced our understanding of the subject matter. Professor uday Bhate (nMore Consultants), Dr Santosh Sangem (XLRI), Dr Biswatosh Saha (IIM Calcutta), Dr Parthasarathi Banerjee (NISTADS Delhi), and Sh. R N Palai (BSNL) provided

xviii

Acknowledgements

comments on the first draft. Their insightful thoughts and attention to detail are greatly appreciated. Many colleagues have read the manuscript. They have also contributed ideas. Particular thanks go to Bincymol PJ, G Saradha, OVL Kiran Kumar, Jackson Fernandez, and Rumit Dugar. Our other colleagues in telecom area and also those having forays in mVAS have continuously inspired our thinking on many topics in this book. A special note of appreciation is extended to Payal Kakani and especially to Shiv Shankar Kumar for their skillful data tabulation, typing and formatting of large material in a readable form. we would like to thank Meenakshi Chawla and other team members of the Social Science Press. In particular, we thank Esha Bteille, whose skillful persuasion and editorial work helped clarify and steady our work enormously. Most importantly, many thanks to our parents, Sh Manoranjan Kumar, Smt Shakuntala Devi, Late Sh Mukand Lal Kakani, and Smt. Karuna Bai Kakani; our life partners, Richa Rachana and Vipra; and to our children, Srija, Shristhi, Adiya, Ananya, Kriti, Dhruva Govind, and Kannan for patiently providing support and understanding. we take this opportunity to dedicate this work to the Goddess in each of us she is the one who charts, makes, and drives all of us to do good things. May she be with all of us, always! Finally, we would like to express that the views expressed herein are our own and do not represent the views of the organizations we are affiliated to i.e., DoT and XLRI, or of any other name mentioned above. we own all the errors in this work and look forward to redeeming the same in the next edition.

Abbreviations

1G G 3G 3GPP 4G AC AdRBT AGR AMPS ARPu ARPM ASP AP BC BREw BS BSS BSC BTS BSNL BwA CA CAF CAGR CCCH CCR CDMA

First generation wireless communication standards Second generation wireless communication standards Third generation wireless communication standards Third Generation Partnership Project (in wireless communications) Fourth generation wireless communication standards Authentication Centre Advertisement Ring Back Tone Adjusted Gross Revenue Advanced Mobile Phone System Average Revenue Per user Average Revenue Per Minute Application Service Provider Application to Person Billing Centre Binary Runtime Environment for wireless Base Station Base Station Subsystem Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, a Government of India owned telecom enterprise Broadband wireless Access Content Aggregator Customer Acquisition Form Compound Annual Growth Rate Common Control Channel Call Completion Rate Code Division Multiple Access

xx

Abbreviations Centre for Development of Telematics Connected Limited Device Configuration Cellular Mobile Service Provider Cellular Mobile Telephone Service Content Owner Cellular Operators Association of India Calling Party Pay Caller Ring Back Tone Common Short Codes Digital Cellular System Direct Exchange Line Department of Telecommunications Direct Service Provider Earnings Before Interest and Taxes Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Extended Total Access Communication System European Telecommunications Standards Institute Enhanced VersionData Only Federal Communications Commission Frequency Modulation Foreign Direct Investment Frequency Division Multiple Access Foreign Investment Promotion Board Fixed Service Provider Game Boy Advance (Nintendo 3Bit Game Boy) Gross Domestic Product General Packet Radio Service Global System of Mobile Communications Goods and Service Provider Home Location Register High Speed Packet Access High Speed Packet Access + High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed uplink Packet Access High Speed Circuit Switched Data Internet and Mobile Association of India Information and Communication Technology Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Mobile Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity

CDOT CLDC CMSP CMTS CO COAI CPP CRBT CSC DCS DEL DOT DSP EBIT EDGE ETACS ETSI EVDO FCC FM FDI FDMA FIPB FSP GBA GDP GPRS GSM GSP HLR HSPA HSPA+ HSDPA HSuPA HSCSD IAMAI ICT IEEE IMEI IMSI

Abbreviations IMT 000 IMT Advanced IN IP ISP ISDN ISPAI ITD ITES ITu ITuR IVRS IuC JME JTACS LAN LBS LTE LTE TDD LTE FDD MIDP MIS MIMO MMS MNP MNO MNPO MOu MSC MSP MTNL MVNO NGN

xxi

International Mobile Telecommunications000 International Mobile TelecommunicationsAdvanced Intelligent Network Internet Protocol Internet Service Provider Integrated Service Digital Network Internet Service Providers Association of India Indian Telegraph Department Information Technology Enabled Services International Telecommunication union International Telecommunication unionRadio Communications Sector Interactive Voice Response System Interconnect user Charges Java Micro Edition Japanese Total Access Communication System Local Area Network Location Based Services Long Term Evolution Long Term EvolutionTime Division Duplex Long Term Evolution Frequency Division Duple Mobile Information Device Profile (Sun Java APIs) Management Information System Multiple Input Multiple Output Multimedia Messaging Service Mobile Number Portability Mobile Network Operator Mobile Number Portability Operator Minutes of usage Mobile Switching Centre Mobile Service Provider Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, a Government of Indiaowned telecom enterprise with operations restricted to only two biggest metros i.e., Mumbai and Delhi Mobile Virtual Network Operator Next Generation Network

xxii

Abbreviations Near Field Communication National Long Distance Nordic Mobile Telephony National Numbering Plan National Telecom Policy 1994 New Telecom Policy 1999 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (also known as, Office of Economic Cooperation and Development) Original Equipment Manufacturer Optical Fibre Cable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Operational Expenditure Open Mobile Alliance Operating System Public Call Office Personal Digital Cellular Personal Digital Assistant (electronic handheld information device) Point of Interconnection PlayStation Portable (Sony) Public Switching Telephone Network Post & Telegraph Department Public Telephone Operators Person to Person Quality of Service Radio Access Network Revenue Per Minute of usage Radio Frequency Identification Device Software Development Kits Subscriber Identity Module Short Messaging Service Stored Program Control Secondary Switching Area Service Testing Subscriber Trunk Dialing Traffic Channel

NFC NLD NMT NNP NTP 1994 NTP 1999 NTT OECD OEM OFC OFDMA OPEX OMA OS PCO PDC PDA POI PSP PSTN P&T PTO PP QoS RAN RPM RFID SDK SIM SMS SPC SSA ST STD TCH

Abbreviations TCP TDSAT TRAI TSP TTO TDMA TD SDMA TMSI uNDP uSO uSOF uSSD uMS uMTS VAS VLR VASP VOD VSNL VSAT wAP wCDMA wiFi wiMax wLAN wMAN wRAN wLL XML

xxiii

Transmission Control Protocol Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Telecom Service Provider Telecom Tariff Order Time Division Multiple Access Time DivisionSynchronous Code Division Multiple Access Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity united Nations Development Programme universal Service Obligation universal Service Obligation Fund unstructured Supplementary Service Data unified Messaging Service universal Mobile Telecommunications System Value Added Services Visitor Location Register Value Added Service Provider Video on Demand Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited Very Small Aperture Terminal wireless Application Protocol wideband Code Division Multiple Access wireless Fidelity worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access wireless Local Area Network wireless Metropolitan Area Network wireless Regional Area Network wireless Local Loop Extensible Markup Language