Unit two -231- Chapter five

Characteristics of liquid in motion

Fluid:

It is any matter can flow, and has no definite shape.

There are two kinds of flow:

a. Steady flow (streamline or laminar flow).

b. Turbulent flow.

Steady Flow:

It is the flow at which the liquid layers slide over each other smoothly.

Stream line:

It is the path taken by the molecule of the liquid.

The properties of streamline:

•The streamlines don't cross over each other (never crossected).

•The tangent at any point of a streamline gives the direction of the speed.

•Streamlines are crowded at the high speeds and large distance a part at low speeds.

•The number of streamlines passing through a unit area normal to the liquid motion

(streamline density) determines the velocity of the liquid at that point.

Factors required for the steady flow:

•The rate of flow is constant along the path of fluid.

•The velocity of fluid at a certain point is constant, and does not change by the

time.

•The flow is irrotational, which means no vortex flow.

•There is no fractional force between the liquid layers.

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 Unit two -232- Chapter five

Turbulent Flow:

•When the flow velocity increase

than a certain value, the flow

becomes turbulent, which

characterized by vortices.

•In gases, it is always happened

when the gas transfer from high

pressure to low pressure, or from

small value to large value.

Flow rate and the equation of continuity:

To study the equation of continuity, flow tube is used, where:

•The liquid fills the tube completely.

•The quantity of liquid (mass &

volume) that goes in the tube of flow is

equal that comes out in the same time.

•The speed at any point inside the tube

of flow is constant.

To understand what is meant by the flow rate and equation of continuity, two planes

normal to the streamlines at A and B. The cross sectional areas are A1 and A2

respectively.

The volume of the liquid flowing through area A1 per unit time is:

Q1 = A1 V1

Where: V1 is the velocity of liquid at A1.

Flow rate (the mass of flowing fluid in unit time) is

ρQ1 (Qm) = ρA1V1 (1)

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Unit two -233- Chapter five

Similarly, the flow rate through an area A2 is

ρQ (Qm) = ρA2V2 (2)

Since the flow rate is constant in steady flow. So 1 = 2

ρA1v1 = ρA2 v2

A1v1 = A2v2
v1 A
= 2
v2 A1

N.B.:

If a tube has one branch at one side and more than one branch in the other

side; therefore the A1 considered as the area of the one branch, while A2 considered as

the total areas of the branches in the other side.

A1 V1 = (Total areas) V2

If all of the branches at the other side have the same area; the equation will

be:

A1 V1 = n A2 V2

Where n is the number of branches.

N.B.:

* Q = AV

* A1V1 = A2V2

* AV = n AV

* A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3 + A4V4 + ………

V
*Q=
T
M
* (Qm) =
T

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Unit two -234- Chapter five

Enriched notes:

Bernoulli’s Effect:

The upper side of the airplane wings is curved, while the lower side is flat,

therefore the air path at the upper surface is longer than that at lower, and that

leads to decrease in pressure at the upper surface, which makes difference in

pressure to left the airplane upward without falling. That is called Bernoulli’s

effect.

Circulatory System:

•The total area of capillaries is greater than the area of the aorta, therefore the

blood speed at capillaries is much slower than that in aorta.

Hardening of the Arteries:

•The contract and relax of the arteries muscles controls the blood flow, the

precipitation of fats on the arteries walls lead to hardening of the arteries, and

sometimes it form blood clotting which may case angina.

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Unit two -235- Chapter five

Sphygmomanometer:

•It consists of air bag wounded around the arm, the pressure increase by using of

had pump to stop the blood flow at the brachial artery, by decreasing the pressure,

the blood start to flow in a turbulent flow, causing sound can be heard by

stethoscope, and the pressure can be measured by using of manometer (systolic

pressure), by decreasing the pressure in the air bag, the brachial artery completely

opened and the flow of blood becomes steady and the sound vanish, the pressure

can be measured (diastolic pressure).

•If systolic pressure increases than 150 mm Hg, it may lead to stroke.

•If diastolic pressure increases than 90 mm Hg, it causes extra effort at the hart.

Pumps:

•Pumps can be classified according to the

function into: vacuum pump and force pump.

•And it can be classified according to its design

into:

•Reciprocating pump: where; when the piston

moves inside the pump, the pressure of the fluid opens the outlet valve casing the

fluid to flow out of the pump, and when the piston moves out of the pump, it open

the intake valve and the fluid inter the pump. And the hart can be considered as

reciprocating pump.

•Circulating pump, or centrifugal pump: where the rotation of the blades casing

the fluid to be pushed, and this kind is used in vacuum cleaner.

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Unit two -236- Chapter five

Viscosity:

It is the tangent force between liquid layers, which resist the motion of the liquid

layers relative each other.

Experiment (1):

•Suspend two similar funnels to a stand.

•Pour suitable volume of alcohol in one funnel and same volume of glycerin in the

other funnel.

•We can notes that the stream velocity of alcohol is higher than that of glycerin.

Experiment (2):

•Take two beakers contain a suitable volume of honey and water.

•Stir the liquids in the two beaker, with a glass rod, we can notice that:

•The glass rod moves in water easier than honey.

•After taken out the rod, honey stop rotation faster than water.

Experiment (3):

•Take two long cylinders, one filled with water, and the other with glycerin.

•Drop metallic ball in each of the two cylinders.

•The ball in water moves faster than that in glycerin.

To explain the concept of viscosity let us

imagine a layer of a fluid confined between two parallel

plates.

The layer at the bottom will be at rest due to the fractional force with the

lower plate.

The upper layer moves with the same velocity of the upper plate

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Unit two -237- Chapter five

It leads to relative difference in velocity between liquid layers, and the flow

in this case called laminar flow or viscous flow

To keep the plate moving with constant velocity a force F is required. This

force depends on:

1. The velocity of the moving layer: F α v

2. The area of the moving layer: F α A

1
3. The normal distance between two layers: Fα
d

4. Kind of liquid
vA
Fα
d
vA
F =η
d
Fd
η=
Av

Coefficient of viscosity of liquid (η):

It is equal numerically to the tangential force when it acts on a liquid's

layer of unit area, causes a unit changes in velocity between two liquid

layers at unit normal distance.

•The unit of coefficient of viscosity (η) is: (Ns/m2) or (Kgm-1s-1)

•The dimensions of (η) is: M L-1 T-1

Applications of viscosity:

Lubrication:

It is placing high viscous liquid (oil) between the moving parts of machines

to reduce the heat generated by friction, and to protect the machine parts from

wearing.

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Unit two -238- Chapter five

Note:

Water is not used in lubrication because it has small viscosity so; it flows

between the moving parts of the machine.

Reducing the consumption of fuel in moving cars:

The resistance of air to moving cars is directly proportional to the slow

velocity (F α V) so, the car does not consume much fuel.

But, if the velocity exceeds a certain value, the resistance of air to moving
car becomes directly proportional to the square of the high velocity (f α v2) so, the car

consumes much fuel.

Sedimentation rate of blood:

When a body falls freely, it affected by three forces:

a) Its weight downward.

b) Up thrust force upward.

c) Frictional force due to viscosity of fluid.

The final velocity due to the three forces becomes directly proportional to the

radius of the body.

This phenomenon is used in medicine to measure the sedimentation rate,

where the blood poured in a cylinder, and the time of RBC for precipitate is measured:

a) The increase of velocity indicates Rheumatic Fever where the radius of

RBC increases due to the adhere of red corpuscles

b) The decrease of velocity indicates Anemia where the radius or RBC

decrease, due to the breakdown of the red blood corpuscles.

Enriched notes:

Syphon phenomenon:

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Unit two -239- Chapter five

Liquid can move upward, when it is pulled in a tube bend downward, where

the intermolecular force between molecules, held the molecules together to become

like continues membrane or continues chain.

Same occurs with metallic chain in some kinds of livers.

Also it takes place in capillarity tubes, and that is the reason where water

moves upward in trees.

Summary 2007/2008