lab one:- Flow Measuring Apparatus

*Objective:1- Review the typical methods of measuring the discharge of an essentially incompressible fluid (using in addition to the weight-tank, Venturi Meter, Orifice Plate Meter, and Rotameter ). 2- Determining and comparing the head losses associated with each mater, and determining the head losses arising in a rapid enlargement and 90-degree elbow. *Experimental Procedure:The Flow-Measuring Apparatus is connected to the hydraulic bench water supply and the control value is adjusted until the rotameter is about at the mid-position in its calibrated tapered tube. Air is removed from manometric tubing by flexing it. The pressure within the manometer reservoir is now varied and the flow rate decreased until with no flow and then:1- Opening the outlet valve to full the position to permit highest flow rate. 2- Reading and recording the manometer high in all tubes ( static head at points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I ). 3- Reading and recording the Rotameter scale reading. 4- Measuring the flow rate by timing the collection of a known quantity of water in the bench weighing tank. 5- The diameter of the sections A, B, C, D, and the Orifice is shown in the figure.

6- Reducing the flow rate by partially closing the outlet valve to produce approximately five tests in the ranger of the maximum flow rate to the minimum flow rates and then repeating the measuring process.

The diagram of Rotameter

The diagram of flow measuring apparatus

*Apparatus:1) Water pumping table with weighting device to find the mass rate of flow . 2) Venturi tube with known area variation and manometer taps for finding the pressure distribution . Venturi pressure and flow is controlled by supply and out let valves. Backpressure for the manometers is controlled by an air bleed valve on the manifold . *Direct Measurement:By controlling water in a weighting device for a given length of time , the volume flow rate can be determined from : Q exp = m / t [m /s] Where : t = time in sec . m = mass in kg . = density of water in kg / m . *Theoretical Prediction:Bernoullis equation a long center streamline:[ P1+gh1+0.5V1 = Pn +gh n +0.5Vn ] 1< n<9

Incompressible continuity equation:A1V1 = AnVn = Q ideal Q exp = Cd Q ideal *DATA:Mass = 6 Kg .

Table # : 1
Manometric High # of Time Rotameter the R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 (sec) high ( cm ) trial (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1 14.2 20 269 65 240 252 262 85 120 70 2 17.7 16 191 59 172 180 186 70 92 60 3 22.3 12 133 50 120 124 130 58 71 50 4 30.7 8 87 41 79 80 83 45 52 41 5 46 4 53 34 49 50 52 35 37 33 -: To find the pressure at point we usedP = g(dh)

Table # : 2
# of the trial 1 2 3 4 5 PA
(Pskl) 2638.9 1873.7 1304.7 853.5 519.9

PB
(Pskl) 637.7 578.8 490.5 402.2 333.5

Absolute pressure ( Ptotal - Patm) PC PD PE PF

(Pskl) (Pskl) (Pskl) 2354.4 2472.1 2570.2 1687.3 1765.8 1824.7 1177.2 1216.4 1275.3 775.0 784.8 814.2 480.7 490.5 510.1 (Pskl) 833.9 686.7 569.0 441.5 343.4

PG
(Pskl) 1177.2 902.5 696.5 510.1 363.0

PH
(Pskl) 686.7 588.6 490.5 402.2 323.7

Table # : 3

-To find the discharge for the Venturi meter we use :Q = AB*VB Q = AB[(2g/(1-(AB/AA)2))*((PA/g)-(PB/g))]0.5 Table # : 4 PB
(Pskl) 637.7 578.8 490.5 402.2 333.5

Q= AB*VB (m3/sec) 4.32*10-4 3.48*10-4 2.76*10-4 2.05*10-4 1.32*10-4 -To find the discharge for the Orifice meter we use :Q = AF*VF Q = kAF[(2g/(1-(AF/AE)2))*((PE/g)-(PF/g))]0.5 k = 0.601 Table # : 5 Q= AB*VB (m3/sec) 3.56*10-4 2.88*10-4 2.27*10-4 1.65*10-4 1.10*10-4

PF
(Pskl) 833.9 686.7 569.0 441.5 343.4

- The graph of mass flow rate of Venturi meter and Orifice meter:-

*Sources of errors:1) Human error in measuring . 2) Errors due to calculations . 3) The exact weight of water is not same in every time . 4) There was a small pulp in the tubes . 5) We depend on our own eyes to determine the level of the water inside the tubes . 6) Machine errors since we use an old machine and we must note that there is a lot of dust inside it .

*Conclusion:1) The distribution of pressure is different along the venturi diffusser & the orifice depends

on the position at which we take the data . 2) Different venturi meter gives the same value of ( C ) which means that the coefficient (C ) does not have any variation between any experiment (different times) . 3) From the continuity equation we can say that the volume flow rate is constant at any point along the venturi tube , or in other words when the cross section area decreases the velocity of flow increases and the pressure decreases (according to Bernoullis equation)in the same ratio at any section .