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Sufism
Introduction.
It was some 22 years ago when I first encountered Islam. It was during a trip to
Istanbul, which was part of the University of Pittsburgh Semester-At-Sea
Spring 1983 Program that I was in. I remember being in trance the whole visit
because of the calls to prayer and the hours I spent sitting inside the Sultan
Ahmet Mosque or popularly known as the Blue Mosque because of its blue-ish
interior tiles.
On the last night of the trip, we, the students of the program were invited to
watch a “performance” of whirling dervishes. I didn’t know anything about
dervishes and the Sufi tradition, but all I knew during that time was falling into a
place of deep peace as I took in the music and watched the endless swirls and
whirls of the dervishes. Since then I was curious about Sufism and fortunately,
by serendipity, had stumbled upon books by Idries Shah, G.I. Gurdjieff, and the
poetry of Hafiz and Rumi. But I didn’t go beyond reading them because I had
the impression, owing to years of mis- and dis-information on Islam that women
could not become Sufis.
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Definition
Sufi teachers explain Sufism in many ways, but a favorite is that offered by
James Fadiman and Sheikh Ragip Robert Frager Al Jerrahi, authors of
Essential Sufism. They write: “For thousands of years, Sufism has offered a
path on which one can progress toward the “great end” of Self-realization, or
God-realization. Sufism is a way of love, a way of devotion, and way of
knowledge. Sufism is often described as a path, suggesting both an origin and
destination. The aim of Sufism is the elimination of all veils between the
individual and God. Traveling this path, one can acquire knowledge of Reality.
God is the ultimate reality, not this phenomenal world of multiplicity.” (James
Fadiman and Robert Frager, Essential Sufism (Castle Books, 1997) 1.
Nurbakhsh notes that during the early development of Sufism, Sufis chiefly
trained their attention to keeping night-vigils and asceticism (zohd). The night
vigils were inspired by the Prophet’s belief that such practice was a virtue. The
practice of asceticism, which involved silence, seclusion, fasting, and
remembrance of God through repeated recitation of Allah’s various names
(dhikr), was regarded as the Sufi’s effort to “abandon the world.” (Nurbakhsh,
17.) By incessant remembrance and utterance of Allah, the Sufi merges with
Allah. (Soraya Susan Behbehani, The Messenger Within: Discovering Love
and Wholeness Through Meditation (San Francisco: Mellen Research
University Press, 1991), 205.)
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During this early stage, Sufis had devout hope for a heavenly reward following
death, but at the same time were anxious about hell. Hence, they emphasized
a life of perfect piety. But in Sufism’s second stage of development, love (eshq)
and loving-kindness (mahabbat) of God (Nurbakhsh, 18) – as inspired by
woman Sufi saint Rabi'a al-'Adawiya became part of the practice along with
asceticism. Nurbakhsh comments that an emphasis on Divine Love eventually
replaced the previous emphasis on the fear of God’s punishment.
In its third stage of development, both the ethical practice and theory of Sufism
expanded. By its fourth stage, the speculative philosophy of Sufism, which was
part and parcel of the issue of “The Unity of Being” flourished. Throughout the
centuries, the tradition saw the rise of notable masters including Jalalod-Din
Rumi, Mahmud Shabestari, Fakhrod-Din ‘Eraqi, and Shah Ne’matollah.
(Nurbakhsh, 19).
The Sufi is a person who worships God for God’s sake alone because s/he has
witnessed God and knows God. S/he worships God because s/he loves the
Divine, which is not an image, idea, or specter of the mind. S/he keeps an eye
on her/his heart, collects her/his thoughts and surrenders every care to God,
which readies the Sufi for union with God. (Behbehani, 214.)
Such conception of the relations between the Sufi and God, notes Margaret
Smith, leading scholar on Rabi’a Al-Adawiyya and other Sufi women saints, left
no room for the distinction of gender. She writes that the development of
Sufism within Islam gave women the chance to attain sainthood. Rabi’a Al-
Adawiyya was undoubtedly the foremost of the women mystics of Islam.
However, there were many women both during her time and after her, who also
became saints and made contributions to the growth of Sufism. (Smith, 21.)
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Links
Rabi'a al-'Adawiya
http://www.sufism.org/books/rabiaex.html
In the practice and understanding of Sufism, there are four stages, writes
Sheikh Ragip Robert Frager Al Jerrahi, co-author of Essential Sufism. These
are religious law (shariah), the mystical path (tariqah), Truth (haqiqah), and
Gnosis (marifah), which he defines:
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The mystical path or Tariqah is the practice of Sufism and literally means the
path – which is not clearly marked, even visible -- in the desert that the
Bedouin would follow to go from oasis to oasis. And to find one’s way, one
needs the guidance of a Sufi teacher (sheikh).
Finding A Teacher
The basic test for a real Sufi teacher is s/he practices what s/he preaches. As
Sheikh Ragip Robert Frager Al Jerrahi notes, “Empty words have no weight.”
http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismwest.html
Sufi-Related Resources
Sufi Women
Rabi'a al-'Adawiya
http://www.sufism.org/books/rabiaex.html
Rabi'a al-Badawiya
http://www.uga.edu/islam/rabiabadaw.html
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http://www.sufiwomen.org/
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Sunlight mailing list
For those who love the poetry and stories of Jelaluddin Rumi -http:
//www.onelist.com/subscribe.cgi/sunlight
Newsgroups
soc.religion.gnosis
alt.sufi newsgroup
alt.islam.sufism newsgroup
Websites
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http://www.almirajsuficentre.org.au/
alt.fan.jalaludin newsgroup
http://sunsite.unc.edu/usenet-i/groups-html/alt.fan.jalaludin_rumi.html
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http://home.worldonline.be/~appels/SOEFI-ORDE&ORDRE-SOUFI.html
A Cherag's Library -- links to sacred scripture from many traditions intended for
use by the Cherags of the Church of All and of all churches founded by Hazrat
Inayat Khan
http://www.cheraglibrary.org/
Chishti website
http://www.chishti.ru/
Darqawiyya/Shahdiliyyah
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/6588/dhikr.html
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Gharibnawaz (Indian Chisti Sufi Center)
http://www.gharibnawaz.com/
Gohar Shahi
http://www.goharshahi.com/
The HU Page
http://members.aol.com/hu4wahz/hu/index.html
Iamheart.org
http://www.iamheart.org/
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International Sufi Movement
http://www.sufimovement.org/
ISHK
http://www.sufis.org/
Jaffe Institute of Healing on Spiritual and Physical Levels, returning the heart
and spirit to oneness with God
http://www.jaffeinstitute.org/
Halveti-Jerrahi Order
http://www.jerrahi.org/
Katinka Hesselink Net Sufism: articles on universal Sufism, from Idries Shah,
Robert Frager and Inayat Kahn.
http://www.katinkahesselink.net/sufi/
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Konya, Turkey pictures (including Rumi's tomb)
http://www.ege.edu.tr/Turkiye/si/Konya.html
Masjid al-Farah
http://www.ashkijerrahi.com/
Meem Connection
http://www.meem.freeuk.com/
Mevlevi-Order in Germany
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http://www.mevlevi.de/
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Naqshbandi Foundation for Islamic Education
http://www.nfie.com/
Naqshbandi-Haqqani Homepage
http://www.naqshbandi.org/
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Oveyssi Sufism (see MTO Shahmaghsoudi)
Qadiri-Nushahi Homepage
Distribution of rare Dhikr on audio cassettes from around the world
http://www.crosswinds.net/~sajad/
Rifai-Kadiri-Arusi Tariqas
http://www.rifai-kadiri.org/
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Rifa'i Marufi Order of America
http://www.unc.edu/~rdorfman/sufi
created in collaboration with the dervishes in the Rifa'i Marufi Order, Site
featuring music, videos, photos and text that offers the seeker a multimedia
experience of Sufism as it is practiced in the USA.
A tribute to Rumi
http://www.zbnet.com/rumi
Sachalsarmast.com
http://www.sachalsarmast.com/
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Seattle Area Sufi Order International Community Page
http://members.aol.com/seattlsufi/
Spiritual Foundation
http://www.spiritualfoundation.org/
Sufiajamer.org
http://www.sufiajamer.org/
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Sufi Book Catalog
http://www.sufibooks.com/
Sufi Cabala
http://www.vaxxine.com/cabalaofeightelements/
Sufi Films
http://www.sufifilms.com/
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http://sufi-mystic.net/
Sufi Path
http://sufipath.cjb.net/
Sufi Poetry
http://wahiduddin.net/sufi_poetry.htm
Sufi Saints and Sufism Ancient Wisdom, Principles, Practices, and teachings of
the Great Masters.
http://www.geocities.com/sufisaints
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Sufi Study Circle of the University of Toronto (Canada)
http://www.campuslife.utoronto.ca/groups/sufi/
Sufi Traditions
http://www.webcom.com/~gnosis/sufi.mystica.html
Sufi World
http://www.surrenderworks.com/sufiworld.html
SufiWorld
http://www.geocities.com/reachnin/sufiworld.html
A Journal of Sufism
http://www.nimatullahi.org/MAG.HTM
Sufism, An Inquiry
http://www.sufismjournal.org/
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Sufism Symposium
http://www.sufismsymposium.org/
Tijani Home Page: Information about The Tariqa Tijaniyya, Shaikh Ahmad Al-
Tijani (RA), Shaikh Ibrahim Niasse (RA), Shaikh Hassan Cisse and The African
American Islamic Institute, Inc.
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9189
Tasawwuf
http://www.islaam.org/Tasawwuf/Tas_con.htm
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Project Turuq Intercultural
http://skyboom.com/786rashidaltaliq/
Uwaiysi Tarighat
http://uwaiysi.org/index.html
Wikipedia: Sufism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi
Zahuri Sufi Website
http://www.zahuri.org/
ZenSufi Park
http://www.zensufi.com/
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