Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications J.G. Kaufman and E.L. Rooy, p 193-209 DOI:10.

1361/aac2004p193

Copyright 2004 ASM International All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org

DATA SET 3

Stress-Strain Curves

This collection of stress-strain curves is representative of the behavior of several cast alloys under tensile or compressive loads. The curves are arranged by alloy designation. The curves are from the Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves, published by ASM International (Ref 1). The original source of and, when available, some background on the data are indicated on each gure. Compressive tangent modulus curves, which represent the slope of the compressive stress-strain curve, are given for some alloys.

The effects of cyclic loading are given on several curves. The cyclic curves are constructed by connecting the points that represent the tips of stabilized hysteresis loops. The curves given indicate the occurrence of cyclic hardening. REFERENCE 1. Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves, 2nd ed., ASM International, 2002, p 279297

194 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.1 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment: 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 450 MPa (65.2 ksi); tensile yield strength, 402 MPa (58.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 394 MPa (57.1 ksi); tensile yield strength, 372 MPa (53.9 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 359 MPa (52.1 ksi); tensile yield strength, 349 MPa (50.6 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.2 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stressstrain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 433 MPa (62.8 ksi); sand castings, 396 MPa (57.5 ksi); insulated mold castings, 382 MPa (55.4 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 195 Fig. D3.3 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Fig. D3.4 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188 C (370 F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 439 MPa (63.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 403 MPa (58.5 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 385 MPa (55.8 ksi); tensile yield strength, 374 MPa (54.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50.6 ksi); tensile yield strength, 344 MPa (49.9 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

196 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.5 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive stressstrain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188 C (370 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 429 MPa (62.2 ksi); sand castings, 407 MPa (59.1 ksi); insulated mold castings, 377 MPa (54.7 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.6 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188 C (370 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 197 Fig. D3.7 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 407 MPa (59.0 ksi); tensile yield strength, 250 MPa (36.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 356 MPa (51.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 243 MPa (35.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 273 MPa (39.6 ksi); tensile yield strength, 225 MPa (32.6 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

Fig. D3.8 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive stressstrain curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 272 MPa (39.4 ksi); sand castings, 266 MPa (38.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 238 MPa (34.5 ksi). UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

198 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.9 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h at 504521 C (940970 F), 14 h at 529 C (985 F), water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 C (310 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Fig. D3.10 A201.0-T7 aluminum casting, typical tensile stressstrain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension) 14. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi) for strength class 1 and 2, designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength, 414 MPa (60 ksi); tensile yield strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); compressive yield strength, 352 MPa (51 ksi). UNS A12010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-463, 3-465

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 199 Fig. D3.11 242.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic
Al-Cu-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A02420
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13

Fig. D3.12 A332.0-T5 (PC) aluminum permanent mold casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A13320 replaced by UNS A03360
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p D14

200 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.13 E332.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p F13

Fig. D3.14 F332.0-T5 (SR) aluminum permanent mold casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic
Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A63320 replaced by UNS A03320
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p A14

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 201 Fig. D3.15 354.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and cyclic
354.0-T5 casting material, Al-Si-Cu-Mg system. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A03540
Source: John Deere Materials Data, courtesy of Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p E12

Fig. D3.16 C355.0-T61 aluminum casting, tensile uniaxial true stress-strain curve
Specimen size: 6.25 mm (0.250 in.) diam, 31.75 mm (1.25 in.) gage length. UNS A33550
Source: J. Mattavi, Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Under Biaxial Strain Distribution, TP67-16-T, Hamilton Standard, Sept 1967. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70

202 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.17 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves at several temperatures
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 1.0 s1. Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 C (1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 C (310 F) for 3 h. UNS A03560
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, Tensile Properties of AircraftStructural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating, WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 203 Fig. D3.18 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves at several temperatures
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.01 s1. Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 C (1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 C (310 F) for 3 h. UNS A3560
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, Tensile Properties of AircraftStructural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating, WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

Fig. D3.19 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves at several temperatures
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.00005 s1. Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 C (1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 C (310 F) for 3 h. UNS A03560
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, Tensile Properties of AircraftStructural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating, WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

204 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.20 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves at low temperature
Chill cast aluminum. Hardness, 41 HRB. UNS A03560
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70

Fig. D3.21 A356-T6 aluminum cast cylinder, monotonic tensile stress-strain curves
Near-net-shape casting formed by pouring molten alloy, 704 C (1300 F) into investment molds at room temperature (X), 538 C (1000 F) (Y), and 982 C (1800 F) (Z). Three different cooling rates create different microstructures. Curves are results from one laboratory. Property values are averages from seven labs as part of a round-robin test program. Youngs modulus, GPa (psi 106), X, 70 (10.1), Y, 70 (10.1), Z, 71 (10.3); yield strength 0.2% offset, MPa (ksi), X, 229 (33.3), Y, 224 (32.5), Z, 217 (31.5); ultimate strength MPa (ksi), X, 283 (41.1), Y, 266 (38.6), Z, 252 (36.6); strain hardening exponent (n), X, 0.083, Y, 0.087, Z, 0.091; strain-hardening coefcient K, MPa (ksi), X, 388 (56.4), Y, 397 (57.6), Z, 382 (55.4). UNS A13560
Source: Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-T6 Cast Aluminum Alloy, R.I. Stephens, Ed., SP-760, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 205 Fig. D3.22 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 C (310 F), and air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 299 MPa (43.4 ksi); tensile yield strength, 215 MPa (31.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 253 MPa (36.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 219 MPa (31.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 205 MPa (29.8 ksi). UNS A13560
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Fig. D3.23 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stressstrain curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 C (310 F), and air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 219 MPa (31.7 ksi); sand castings, 245 MPa (35.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 192 MPa (27.9 ksi). UNS A13560
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

206 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.24 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 3 h at 154 C (310 F), and air cooled. UNS A13560
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 68

Fig. D3.25 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, tensile stressstrain curves

Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full range strain is given in percent (%) (top curve) and the expanded range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottom curve). Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
Source: Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6, Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 207 Fig. D3.26 A357.0T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile stressstrain curve
Class 2 alloy casting, designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension) 16. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi) for strength class 2, designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile and compressive yield strength, 276 MPa (40 ksi). UNS A13570
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-485, 3-486

Fig. D3.27 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-strain curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 C (350 F), and air cooled. Average mechanical properties for permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 316 MPa (45.8 ksi); tensile yield strength, 243 MPa (35.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile strength, 268 MPa (38.9 ksi); tensile yield strength, 229 MPa (33.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength, 179 MPa (26.0 ksi); tensile yield strength, 179 MPa (26.0 ksi). UNS A13570
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

208 / Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications Fig. D3.28 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive stressstrain curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 C (350 F), and air cooled. Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold castings, 256 MPa (37.2 ksi); sand castings, 240 MPa (34.8 ksi); insulated mold castings, 232 MPa (33.7 ksi). UNS A13570
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

Fig. D3.29 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 C (1000 F), water quench, 1224 h delay at room temperature, 5 h at 177 C (350 F), and air cooled. UNS A13570
Source: Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys with Various Cooling Rates, Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

Data Set 3: Stress-Strain Curves / 209 Fig. D3.30 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, compressive stressstrain curve
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
Source: Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6, Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

Fig. D3.31 D357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile stressstrain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension) 16. B basis design properties (originally presented in ksi) for designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength, 338 MPa (49 ksi); tensile and compressive yield strength, 285 MPa (41 ksi). UNS A43570
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-488, 3-489