James (1st slide): Good afternoon Teachers and fellow ASP students.

My name is James, Im the leader and today we are here to present to you other alternative renewable resources we could use in todays modern world. Here are my group members. Kimberly, our innovative engineer. Jonathan who is the brilliant researcher and our eloquent marketing manager Berlin Goh. Jonathan (2nd slide): Today, what we have on our agenda will be (Read from slides) Jonathan (3rd slide): We have gone to the various staffrooms in our school and from what we have derived, these are our calculations. (Point from slides) Kimberly (6th slide): There are ways to tackle the excess usage of electricity in the school; these are the ways we can reduce electricity consumption. (Read from slides) Berlin (7th slide) : Currently, Singapore is using fossil fuels to generate electricity however fossil fuels are limited and burning them still emits carbon dioxide. Fossil fuels are. (Read from slides) James (8th slide): Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the earth. In other words, the heat from the earths crust generates electricity. First of all, Singapore does not have enough depth to actually utilise the heat from underground thus this is not the right alternative renewable energy for Singapore. Of course, there are other disadvantages too. (Points to slides) Jonathan ( 9th slide) : Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated from hydro power, the production of electrical power through the use of gravitational force of falling of flowing water. In other words it is actually considered to be a waterfall. Singapore does NOT have natural waterfall hence it is really difficult to gain hydro power from water itself. We cant use hydroelectricity because.. (Points to slides) James (10th slide): Tidal power is a form of hydro power that converts the energy of tides into useful form of power, mainly electricity. Look at this; does Singapore have HUGE tidal waves? No. they dont right? So we rule out this renewable energy in Singapore. Jonathan (11th slide): Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy is to do useful work like electricity generation. Waves are far from reliable and are very unpredictable. What if for a long period, big waves are not present? Therefore we omit this renewable energy possibility. James (12th slide): Nuclear power is the use of a sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power has many advantages howeverthe disadvantages of it are vastly major. Nuclear ..(Reads from slides) Jonathan (13th slide): Biomass, as a renewable energy source is a biological material from living or recently living organisms. As to biomass, Singapore is currently using it but still emits carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases therefore we have to search for MORE alternatives.

James ( 14th slide): Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines, windmills, wind pumps and sails. Wind (reads from slides) Jonathan (15th slide): Solar energy, radiant light and heat energy from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar Energy. The one we have chose to be the alternative renewable energy in Singapore. Solar has many advantages such as (Reads from slides) Berlin (16th slide): The disadvantages of solar energy compared to the advantages are lesser such as (reads from slides) Berlin ( 17th slide): We will now compare the disadvantages of Solar and Nuclear power, the 2 main feasible renewable energy and the measure taken to tackle them. Berlin (17th slide): Kimberly, Nuclear power is highly flammable and is too dangerous for a tiny country such as Singapore. What are you going to do if Nuclear is implemented in Singapore? Kimberly (17th slide): Thats easy, just build a safety dome? (Sounds unsure) Berlin (17th slide): First of all, is it scientifically proven? Second of all can you prevent radiation penetration? Berlin (17th slide): what about the length of time needed to manage the plant? Kimberly (17th slide): Hire more people la! Berlin (17th slide) Smirks* well, Singapore is an ageing population, do you think Singapore has enough manpower to manage the nuclear plant that is so huge? Err Kimberly keeps quiet Kimberly (17th slide): Well, what about solar? It is so costly! Berlin (17th slide): Look at this, the government. (Reads from slides) Berlin (18th slide): What is CSP? CSP refers to Concentrating Solar Power which is a system that produces heat or electricity using hundreds of mirrors to concentrate the sun rays to a temperature typically between 400 to 1000 degree Celsius. It uses the sun rays to generate electricity. Kimberly (19th slide): How does the CSP work? (Diagram) 1. Concentrating solar power focuses the Suns heat to make steam and electricity. 2. It takes the natural heat from the Sun, reflect it against the mirror. 3. Focus all the heat on one area; send it through a power system. 4. Have a look at this parabolic trough system. 5. Parabolic troughs are large mirrors shaped like a giant U, these troughs are connected together in long lines and will track the Sun throughout the day.

6. When the Suns heat is reflected off the mirror, the curved sends most of that reflected heat onto a receiver tube. 7. The receiver tube is filled with fluid; it could be oil, molten salt or something that can hold the heat well. In this case, we use oil as the fluid inside. 8. Basically, this super hot liquid heats water in this thing called a heat exchanger and the water turns to steam. 9. The steam is sent off to the turbine and the turbine spins a generator and it produces electricity. 10. Once the oil transfers its heat, it is recycled and is used over and over again. 11. And the steam is also cooled, condensed and recycled again and again. 12. One big advantage is that the heated oil can be stored and used later to keep making electricity when the Sun isnt shining. Jonathan (20th slide): There are many advantages of CSP such as they are commercially available over 16 billion kWh of operational experiences and they operate at temperatures up to over 500 degree Celsius. They are also commercially proven to be 14 % efficient. CSP utilise lands fully and have the lowest demanded materials and their ability to store is massive. However, the use of oil base heat transfer media restricts operating temperatures resulting in only moderate steam qualities. Jonathan (21st slide): The price of CSP is lowering currently. The factors affecting the cost of CSP are solar resource, grid connection, and local infrastructure and of course project development costs. Power cost can be reduced by scaling up the plant size. We can also reduce research and development advances. We can increase the market competition and also have preferential financing conditions. James (22nd slide): The total electricity consumption in Singapore in 2010 totalled up to 41.2 billion kWh. The expected total electricity output would be 960GWh per year and 94000 kWh per year for an average HDB block. According to PREMAS (2004), the electricity consumption of a typical residential HDB block is about 74000kWh per year and about 500GWh per year for all residential HDB blocks. Berlin (23rd slide) Refer to slide = expenses Berlin (24th slide) the energy produced by one trough is about 145 MW/ day and the energy consumed in Singapore is 41,200,000 kW per year. By converting kW into MW, we calculated that the electricity consumed in Singapore each day is about 112877 MW. By dividing it by what is produced by one trough, we then calculated that we need 778 troughs to provide the whole amount of the electricity consumption. If the CSP is to provide up to 18% of the electricity needed in Singapore, we must install 30 troughs. Berlin(25th slide): The land needed for one trough is approximately 165 metre square and assuming that we need 30 troughs and the area needed for the steam condenser, thermal storage tanks and the generator, the total land that is needed is about 6050 metre square. James (26th slide): At the same time, we have also come up with another prototype, which is called ______. This external hard disk is able to absorb sunlight through the solar panels installed on top of it. The absorbed sunlight will then be stored in the hard

disk and when connected with a laptop or any electrical device that has an USB port, the energy will be then transferred to the device that is connected to it. It can also power the device or be charged by the device. Kimberly (27th slide): Another idea we have thought of is modifying the cycling machines in all gyms in Singapore. Dynamos are installed on the cycling machines so as to generate electricity and will then be able to produce electricity when there is someone cycling on it. Thus, it will reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and this will help in reducing the carbon emission in Singapore. Berlin (28th slide): In conclusion, we have come up with a prototype that can widely help the Singapore population by harnessing solar energy. We have confidence that CSP would be able to help Singapore lift the burden of too much electricity consumptions. We also hope that you will consider our ideas deeply and implement them in the near future.