GVI Kenya Expedition 073 Report Final

Global Vision International,
Kenya Report Series No. 00X

ISSN XXXX-XXXX (Print)
GVI Kenya
Wildlife Research Marine Mammal Studies

and Community Development
Phase Report 073
July-September 2007
GVI Kenya Wildlife Marine Mammal Studies and Community Development
Expedition Report 073
Submitted in whole to
Global Vision International
Kenya Wildlife Service
One Earth Safaris
Submitted in part to
World Society for the Protection of Animals
Kenya Sea Turtle Conservation Committee
Produced by
Rachel Crouthers – Expedition Leader
Richard Ayles – Marine Officer
Emma Hankinson – Marine Officer
Jake Bicknell – Terrestrial Officer
Alex Mayers – Community Education Officer
Amdeep Sanghera – Community Development Officer
And
Tara Bott Expedition Member Rachel Lawton Expedition Member

Emily Burns Expedition Member Megan Mahoney Expedition Member
Celine Chang Expedition Member Jacqueline Marschalk Expedition Member
Jennifer Collins Expedition Member Jill McArdle Expedition Member
Christina Cox Expedition Member Lucy Plumb Expedition Member
Julie Dawson Expedition Member Jennifer Prior Expedition Member
Giusj Digioia Expedition Member Shan Prior Expedition Member
Emily Evans Expedition Member Kieran Pounder Expedition Member
Laura Gold Expedition Member Jessica Powers Expedition Member
Alexandra Graves Expedition Member Nika Pozar Expedition Member
Nasra Sulekha Hanshi National Scholarship Charlotte Smart Expedition Member
Phoebe Hartigan Expedition Member Candice Smith Expedition Member
Alison Helm Expedition Member Carly Louise Stafford Expedition Member
Hope Kaye Expedition Member Samantha Taylor Expedition Member
Kieran Knight Expedition Member
Edited by
Graham Corti – Country Director
GVI Kenya Wildlife Marine Mammal Studies and Community Development
Address: PO BOX 1032, Ukunda, 8400, Kenya

Email: Kenya@gvi.co.uk
Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com
Executive Summary
The seventh10-week phase of the Kenyan Global Vision International (GVI) Expedition
has now been completed. The expedition has maintained working relationships with local
communities through both education classes and participation in local community events.
The expedition has continued to work towards the gathering of important environmental
scientific data whilst working with local, national and international partners. The following
projects have been run during Phase 073:
 Supplied manpower and training to Kenya Wildlife Service, and alternative income
and indirect funding to members of the Mkwiro community.
 Provided free local capacity building in terms of English language lessons,
environmental education, support of alternative income generation initiatives and
training in scientific survey techniques.
 Cetacean population assessment programme in collaboration with Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS)
 Marine mega fauna surveys in collaboration with KWS and Kenya Sea Turtle
Conservation Committee (KESCOM).
 Coastal forest primate population surveys in collaboration with KWS and the
Colobus Trust
 Coastal forest faunal biodiversity surveys, anthropogenic disturbance surveys and
Angolan black and white colobus behavioural survyes in collaboration with KWS.
 Supported ecological and cultural tourism initiatives.
 Facilitated promotion of local community based organisations’ ventures
 Participated as primary partners on the Year of the Dolphin committee in Kenya.
 Enabled local communities to benefit from support provided by EMs on return to
their home countries through fund-raising and donations.
© Global Vision International – 2007 i

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Global Vision International Kenya ..................................................................... 5
2. Marine Research Programme ...................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Aims ................................................................................................................. 7
2.3Training ............................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Methods ............................................................................................................ 9
2.4.1 Vessel based forms and methodology.................................................... 12
2.4.2 Snorkelling surveys (pilot study) ............................................................. 14
2.5 Results ........................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 22
2.7 Development .................................................................................................. 25
3. Terrestrial Research Programme............................................................................... 26
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26
3.1.1 Background............................................................................................ 26
3.1.2 Study area ............................................................................................. 27
3.2 Aims ............................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Methods .......................................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Line transect sampling ........................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Primate community survey ..................................................................... 31
3.3.3 Primate behavioural surveys .................................................................. 33
3.3.4 Bird point counts .................................................................................... 34
3.3.5 Fruit and flower survey ........................................................................... 35
3.3.6 Butterfly community survey .................................................................... 35
3.3.7 Casual observations............................................................................... 35
3.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 37
3.4.2 Primate behavioural survey .................................................................... 39
3.4.4 Fruit and flower survey ........................................................................... 42
3.4.7 Primate Census Shimoni East ................................................................ 43
3.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Primate behaviour survey....................................................................... 46
3.5.4 Fruit & flower .......................................................................................... 47
3.5.7 Census Surveys ..................................................................................... 48
3.6 Conclusions, Recommendations and Future Work ......................................... 49
4. Community Development Programme ....................................................................... 52
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 52
4.2 School Education ............................................................................................ 53
4.3 Adult Education............................................................................................... 54
4.4 Al Hanan Orphanage ...................................................................................... 54
© Global Vision International – 2007 ii

4.5 Satellite Camp ................................................................................................ 54
4.5.1 Kidong Satellite Camp............................................................................ 55
4.5.2 Mahandikini Satellite Camp .................................................................... 56
4.5.3 Kasaani Satellite Camp .......................................................................... 56
4.6 Capacity Building ............................................................................................ 57
4.7 Employment.................................................................................................... 58
4.8 GVI Charitable Trust ....................................................................................... 58
4.9 Summary ........................................................................................................ 59
5. References ................................................................................................................ 60
6. Appendices ............................................................................................................... 64
List of Figures
Figure 2-1. Sightings of species on tidal conditions during the non-training period of 073
Figure 2-2. Number of surveys conducted by group size of the different cetacean species
during the non-training period of 073
Figure 2-3. Number of sightings by effort hour for the different cetacean species during the
non-training period of 073
Figure 2-4. Spatial distribution of sightings for Expedition 073.
Figure 2-5. Distribution of Bottlenose Dolphin sightings
Figure 2-6. Distribution of Humpback Dolphin sightings
Figure 2-7. Locations of the four snorkelling transect for the expedition 073.
Figure 3-1. Survey transects on the Shimoni peninsular.
Figure 3-2. Census transects walked in Shimoni forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west).
Figure 3-3. Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were
detected during primate community surveys (n=12)
Figure 3-4 Percent time spent in each behaviour state. Figures above bars are actual
percentages for each behaviour
Figure 3-5 Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were
detected during Shimoni forest (east) census (n=29)
Figure 3-6 Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were
detected during Shimoni forest (west) census (n=56)
Figure 4-1. A beach clean for International Coastal Cleanup Day.
Fig 4-2. EMs and Kidong group members create chilli dung bricks
© Global Vision International – 2007 iii

List of Tables
Error! Reference source not found.Table 2-1. Cetacean species present in Kenyan
waters.
Table 2-2. Vessel based sightings and photo ID surveys
Table 2-3. Number of times transects were surveyed with the amount of turtles sighted on
transect.
Table 3-1. Summary of transects in the Shimoni area.
Table 3-2. Summary of primate community surveys Table 3-3. Frequencies of behaviour
events
Table 3-4. Summary of tree species within fruit and flower.
Table 3-5. Butterfly species caught and number of individuals.
Table 3-6. Summary of primate census surveys
© Global Vision International – 2007 iv

1. Introduction
1.2 Global Vision International Kenya
The Global Vision International Kenya expedition was initiated in January 2006 and is
based on Wasini Island on the South coast of Kenya, in the community of Mkwiro village.
Wasini Island lies approximately 1km South of the Shimoni peninsula in Kwale District,
Coast Province, close to the border with Tanzania. Expedition activities are centred in
and around the Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area (KMMPA) which lies to the South
of Wasini Island, and falls under the jurisdiction and management of the Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS). The marine research activities are undertaken within the KMMPA and
surrounding areas incorporating Wasini Channel, Funzi Bay and Sii Island. The
terrestrial research programme is focused on an area of coastal forest in the South-East
of Shimoni peninsula, close to Shimoni village. The majority of activities under the
community programme are focused on Mkwiro village, with some activities that support
community initiatives in Shimoni village. Community development activities are also
being developed in Kidong, Mahandakini and Kasaani. These are rural villages based
near Taveta, between the Western boundary of Tsavo West National Park and the
border of Tanzania.
© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 5

2. Marine Research Programme
2.1 Introduction
Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area (KMMPA) lies south of Wasini Island and covers
an area of 39 square kilometres. The KMMPA includes the National Park surrounding
Kisite Island and the Marine Reserve surrounding the Mpunguti islands. The KMMPA
and the marine wildlife it contains are an important tourist attraction and, as a result, an
important resource for Shimoni and surrounding communities. The islands within the
KMMPA are surrounded by coral reefs attracting divers and snorkelers to the area.
Almost every day dolphin-watching companies operating from Shimoni travel through
Wasini Channel to the KMMPA (Emerton and Tessema 2001). These tourist dhows most
frequently encounter Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), and less
frequently, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Recently, a code of
conduct has been introduced by KWS for the tour operators to adhere to when
manoeuvring around the cetacean species, however it is not yet being fully complied
with in the absence of effective enforcement. The levels of interaction between
cetaceans and the tour operators are not being monitored or regulated in any way. The
impact these activities may be having is unknown. In particular, it’s not known whether
current levels of dolphin tourism are sustainable for the area.
Very little scientific research has been conducted on the cetaceans of East Africa and
little information is available on even the baseline ecology of these species. Baseline
data is required before the impact of dolphin tourism can be accurately assessed
(Stensland et al.1998). The main objectives of the marine research programme are to
obtain baseline ecological and demographic data on the dolphin species that occur in
the KMMPA and surrounding waters. The study area encompasses a wide range of
habitats including mangrove forests, coral reefs, inter-tidal rocky reefs, sea grass beds
and offshore areas.
GVI Kenya’s principal working partner is KWS. The research conducted by GVI will be
shaped to satisfy the objectives of KWS, so as to assist them towards better
management of the area. All data collected thus far is made available to KWS to aid in
management plans of the study area.

The Marine Programme is supporting KWS to collate data by conducting vessel-based
surveys. The marine programme will primarily focus on the ecology of humpback and
bottlenose dolphins and the biodiversity of marine mega fauna. The collection of this
data will provide important information on the ecology of dolphins and mega fauna within
the area and improve the scientific basis and baseline data for management strategies.
This information can assist towards long-term sustainability of cetacean-based tourism
and other human activities within the KMMPA and Shimoni area.
During the initial phase of the marine programme research has focussed on assessing
dolphin species abundance. Later, parameters such as demographic composition,
residency and daily movement patterns will be analysed.
Mega fauna species are also attractive to tourists and as such a valuable resource for
the Shimoni and Wasini Island communities. Their conservation is important for the
protection of marine biological diversity on a number of levels. Another objective of the
marine research programme is to obtain information on the occurrence of marine mega
fauna within the study area, including sea turtles. This information can then be utilised by
our working partners to manage the area accordingly.
2.2 Aims
During the first year of operations the marine programme of GVI Kenya has completed
initial research activities to determine species distribution within the KMMPA and
surrounding areas. Research questions were established to ensure that all the research
methodologies used were able to obtain the relevant information to satisfy objectives set
by KWS.
The marine programme aims to collect data to address the following questions on
dolphins and mega fauna in Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area and its surrounding
areas.
From vessel-based surveys:

 Abundance and habitat occupancy
 Demographic composition
 Residency
 Habitat-activity relationships
 Diel movement & activity
 Population structure
 Rates of human-induced injury & mortality
 Mega-fauna presence and behaviour
2.3Training
All Expedition Members (EMs) are trained for a two-week period in identification of
dolphins and sea turtles present in the western Indian Ocean (Table 2-1.), dolphin
behaviour and habitat encountered in the local area. The training includes lectures,
organised study groups and in-field practice. EMs have to pass a theoretical exam on a
set species list and form usage prior to collecting data on surveys. Written exams are
followed by continuous practical assessments by staff.

Common Name Abbreviation Scientific name
Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin BND Tursiops aduncus

Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin HBD Sousa chinensis
Spinner Dolphin SPD Stenella longirostris
Humpback Whale HBW Megaptera novaeangliae
Common Dolphin COD Delphinus delphis
Rough Toothed Dolphin RTD Steno bredanensis
Risso Dolphin RSD Grampus griseus
Striped Dolphin STD Stenella coeruleoalba
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin PTD Stenella attenuata
Hawksbill Turtle - Eretmochelys imbricata
Green Turtle - Chelonia mydas
Olive Ridley Turtle* - Lepidochelys olivacea
Loggerhead Turtle - Caretta caretta
Leatherback Turtle - Dermochelys coriacea
Table 2-1. Cetacean species present in Kenyan waters. (Peddemonns 1999; Richmond 2002)
Turtle species present along the Kenyan coast. (Frazier 1975)
Highlighted in bold the dolphin and turtle species encountered up to date.
* indicates, only 1 dead individual has been identified
2.4 Methods
During expedition 073 GVI Kenya used as a research vessel, Stingray, a 5.83m
catamaran style power vessel with two 85 horsepower Yamaha two-stroke motors.
Photographs were taken using a Canon EOS 350D digital camera (75-300 ml lens) or
using a Nikon D200 digital camera (50-500 ml lens). All depths were taken with a
Speedtech depth sounder. All geographical positions and speeds were taken with a
Garmin Etrex GPS.
Photo-identification
Photo-identification (photo-ID) refers to the identification of individuals by distinctive

features (shape, outline, natural markings and scarring) of their dorsal fins, flanks and

flukes. Some scars will be retained through life, whereas others will be added and may
fade through life. The depth and severity of the wound will determine the length of time
this may be used for identification. These features allow known individuals to be re-
sighted. The re-sighting rate can be plotted on a discovery curve, the plateau of which
suggests population size. Photo-ID can also be used to determine residency and
demographic data such as inter-birth intervals, patterns of ranging and mortality.
Photographs can also help to determine sex of individuals by noting mother and calf
pairs (Parsons 2001).
Photo-ID survey times vary and are dependent on group size, activity and environmental
conditions. All photographs are taken from the vessel as it manoeuvres into position to
get the best angle, lighting and shot of dorsal fins. During a photo-ID survey the
photographer informs the scribe of spacer shots (to separate groups or surveys) and
number of shots taken in order to separate frames into individuals. The aim during a
photo-ID survey is to photograph the right and left flank of each individual. Making note
of frame numbers and groups of dolphins assists with later analysis of photographs from
different surveys (Parsons 2001).
The primary aim of photo-ID in this study is to determine population size for the different
dolphin species and habitat use for the KMMPA area. Once photographs are
downloaded onto the computer they are saved on the photo-ID database. This database
has been copied into various users, and analysed individually by all users. Each user
quality grades the photos into categories including: deleted, tail flukes, spacer shots, and
quality categories which range from 0 (poor quality, distant, out of focus, partial images)
to 3 (perfect photo-ID shots). Users then identify individuals by using permanent
identifying marks or features. Once the users agree on the recognition of individuals a
photo-ID catalogue will be created in which individuals are given unique ID numbers and
names. This is an important procedure allowing for future re-sighting of individuals on a
long-term basis (Parsons 2001). Over time the information from this database will
provide additional information such as associations and calving intervals.

Mark-Recapture
Mark-recapture methods can be used to calculate population size from the proportion of
known individuals re-sighted over the study period. In order for mark-recapture methods
to yield accurate results a number of conditions must be met:
 A marked animal will always be recognised if it’s seen again. In order to satisfy this
assumption only stable, long-term distinguishing features should be used to
recognise individuals.
 Samples of individuals must be representative of the population being estimated. If
‘marked’ individuals (recognisable individuals that have been photographed) do not
mix fully with the rest of the population this assumption is violated.
 ‘Marking’ (photographing) an individual does not affect the probability of that
individual being ‘recaptured’ (subsequently encountered and photographed).
 Within one sampling occasion, every individual in the population should have the
same probability of being ‘captured’ (photographed). To reduce the risk of this
assumption being violated as many individuals should be captured as possible.
 The population must be closed i.e. no emigration or immigration.
Initially, a sample of individuals is photographically ‘captured’ (n1) and on a subsequent

occasion a second sample of individuals is ‘captured’ (n2), of which a number were
already identified in the first sample (m 2). The proportion of individuals that are marked
in the second sample can be equated with the proportion in the overall population (N)
(Evans and Hammond 2004).
The mark-recapture formulas are as follows:
Equation 1
(m2) = n1
n2 N
The number of individuals captured and marked is known which allows the population
size to be estimated (Ň):

Equation 2
Ň = n 1 n2
m2
2.4.1 Vessel-based forms and methodology
Three forms were used to incorporate the above methodologies and collect information
on population size and demographics, these forms are: the Event Log, Cetacean
Sightings form, and the Photo ID form, a fourth form comes into place when mega fauna
is sighted the Mega fauna Survey form.
Event Log
Throughout the survey day an Event Log (Appendix A) is completed. On this data sheet
the search effort throughout the day is recorded along with number of surveys completed
and changes in environmental conditions, course and speed. Alongside these features
the scribe continues to record all conditions every quarter of the hour. Every half hour
observers rotate roles and ‘view points’, every two hours each observer receives a half
hour eye break as Event log scribe. If dolphins are spotted all observers maintain the
same position, until the survey is over.
The information taken by the Event log is:
1. Date
2. Vessel name
3. Time (24 hour clock)
4. Co-ordinates (GPS)
5. Event (see Appendix A)
6. Dolphin Survey number (each day surveys begin as DS01, DS02, etc.)
7. Vessel speed (using GPS)
8. Environmental conditions (Appendix A)
9. Additional comments

Cetacean Sightings Form
The Sightings form (Appendix B) is used to record sightings of dolphins and whales. This
form was introduced at the start of 073 to gather simple unbiased information about
habitat distribution, group size and structure, and if the sighting occurred due to exterior
factors (e.g. presence of tourist vessels) or not.
Once dolphins or whales are sighted, the recorder documents the following data into the
sightings form.
1. Time (24 hour clock)

2. GPS Co-ordinates of the vessel
3. Depth at the start of the sighting
4. Dolphin Survey number (each day surveys begin as DS01, DS02, etc.)
5. Tidal state upon sighting
6. Species sighted
7. Group size
8. Number of Young present
9. Whether the sighting was biased, or not e.g. tourists vessels
10. Whether a Photo-ID survey was conducted or not
11. Number of boats present (not counting research vessel)
12. Comments
Photo-ID Form
Staff members perform all photographic documentation in the field. During photo-ID the
vessel manoeuvres into a better position to obtain the optimum distance and angle for
photographs to be taken (Parsons 2001).
Photo-ID is conducted at the same time as the cetacean sightings form. During a photo-
ID survey the photographer tells the photo-ID scribe the frame numbers, spacer shots,
recognizable or distinct individuals and the number of shots taken (Appendix C).

Mega Fauna Survey Form
Mega fauna surveys record primarily the identification of the animals, habitat notes and
position of sighting and if possible behaviour notes. (Appendix D)
The data includes:
1. Time
2. Vessel
3. GPS Co-ordinates
4. General location
5. Depth
6. Beaufort
7. Tide
8. Species
9. Habitat
10. Number of individuals present
11. Photos taken
12. Additional notes
2.4.2 Snorkel-based surveys (pilot study)
Turtle snorkelling transect surveys came into place this expedition as a trial, following on
from previous habitat surveys, to gather information about turtles species abundancy
and their habitat use in the KMMPA and surrounding areas.
The surveys consisted of snorkelling in buddy-pairs along a 400 metre transect. One
person was observer and the other person was in charge of safety and direction using
an underwater compass. 4 transects were set up, 2 off Wasini Island, 1 off Lower
Mpunguti and 1 off Upper Mpunguti. All transects were situated on the North side of the
islands (Figure 2-7.).

This survey obtained baseline information; habitat notes, species sighted, number of
individuals and general notes, thus collecting data on the number of turtles sighted on
the transects. This survey has paved the way for future improvements in collecting
behavioural data and photo-ID using underwater cameras. All data from this expedition
can be used by KESCOM to compliment turtle sightings along the coast of Kenya.
2.5 Results
The data here has been analysed displaying the non-training period of the expedition in
accordance with previous work and where possible showing analysis of all data collected
that has been overseen by full time marine members of staff.
During Expedition 073 there was a total effort of 148h.22m on vessel surveys, 130h.37m
were spent during non-training days, 17h.45m on training days surveying the KMMPA
and surrounding areas. Turtle snorkel transects were surveyed a total of 30 times at an
average of 15 minutes per transect, a total of 7h.30m of observational hours. Results for
all surveys are summarised below.
All vessel based sightings and Photo ID surveys (Table 2-2.).
Non- Photo ID
Sightings training Training surveys
BND 43 37 6 39
HBD 7 6 1 6
HBW 4 3 1 4
Unk Turtle 12 11 1 0
Hawksbill 1 0
Turtle 1 0
1 0
Whale Shark 1 0
Total
cetaceans 54 46 8 49
Table 2-2. Vessel based sightings and photo ID surveys
Cetacean sightings on tide were examined with T. aduncus displaying no preference for
tidal conditions, being sighted only one more time on the flood tide than on the ebb tide.

S. chinensis was only sighted six times this expedition 87% of those sightings 5 were on
an ebb tide, and all M. novaeangliae sightings were on ebb tides (Figure 2-1.).
Figure 2-1. Sightings of species on tidal conditions during the non-training period of 073
During surveys, numbers of individuals were counted. The three species sighted through
this expedition were most frequently observed in group sizes <5 in number. Only T.
aduncus was sighted in groups numbering greater than ten.

Figure 2-2. Number of surveys conducted by group size of the different cetacean species during the
non-training period of 073
Number of cetacean sightings has been linked with vessel effort hours (Figure 2-3.). T.
aduncus sightings were highest between 09:01-10:00 with 83% of all sightings between
09:01-12:00. S. chinensis was more frequently sighted between 10:01-11:00.
Throughout the three surveys conducted on M. novaeangliae there was no consistent
time frame for sightings.

Figure 2-3. Number of sightings by effort hour for the different cetacean species during the non-
training period of 073
The spatial distribution for the research area is shown in Figure 2-4. A large number of
the T. aduncus encounters were along the east side of Wasini Island, with S. chinensis
being found mainly inside the Wasini channel, and unusually on two occasions further
along the east side of Wasini Island. M. novaeangliae was sighted on four occasions and
three were inside the Marine Protected Area. Out of the 13 turtle sightings of various
species, 6 were inside the Marine Protected Area and the 1 Whale Shark sighting was
near to a reef not marked on the map.

Figure 2-4. Spatial distribution of sightings for Expedition 073. Bottlenose Dolphins (Blue, n= 43),
Humpback Dolphins (Red, n=7), Humpback Whales (Green, n=4), Turtles (pink, n=13) and Whale
Shark (Black, n=1). Also displaying Marine Park boundaries (Black lined box) (all data)
For this expedition 50%, 75% and 90% harmonic mean isopleths using Kernel Home
Range (Worton 1989) (Figure 2-5) have been set up for T. aduncus with the majority of
the 50% harmonic mean being outside the Marine Protected Area.

75 90
50
Figure 2-5. Distribution of Bottlenose Dolphin sightings (n=43). Contours are plotted to show the
location of 50%, 75% and 90% harmonic mean isopleths using Kernel Home Range (Worton 1989)
(using all data)
For this expedition 50%, 75% and 90% harmonic mean isopleths using Kernel Home
Range (Worton 1989) (Figure 2-6) have been set up for S. chinensis, the whole of the
50% harmonic mean is outside the Marine Protected Area.

Figure 2-6. Distribution of Humpback Dolphin sightings (n=7). Contours are plotted to show the
location of 50%, 75% and 90% harmonic mean isopleths using Kernel Home Range (Worton 1989)
(using all data)
The Turtle snorkelling transect were all set up on the north sides of Wasini Island, Lower
Mpunguti (Mpungutiya Chini Island) and Upper Mpunguti (Mpungutiya Juu Island)
displayed in Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7. Locations of the four snorkelling transect for the expedition 073. Transect 3 and 4 are
within the Marine Reserve.
Turtle transects surveyed through expedition 073 returned sightings on the majority of
transects especially transect 4 (Table 2-3). Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)
were most commonly seen, Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) were sighted on a few
occasions.
Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 Transect 4

Surveyed sighted surveyed sighted surveyed Sighted surveyed sighted
6 1 7 0 8 0 9 10
Table 2-3. Number of times transects were surveyed with the amount of turtles sighted on transect.
2.6 Discussion

This expedition continued to collect baseline ecology information on cetaceans and
turtles within the KMMPA and surrounding waters.
The number of sightings increased from the previous expedition but was slightly lower
than the expedition surveying the same months for 2006. However in relation to time
spent surveying compared to the number of sightings, 073 search effort was every 2.42
hours compared to 063 where a cetacean was sighted every 3.31 hours. Further
analysis is required to investigate further and look into whether monthly and seasonal
fluctuations in sightings occur within our specified area of interest.
Humpback dolphins were sighted on 6 occasions (7 including training data) which is

limited data to draw conclusions on. The majority of sightings occurred within the Wasini
Channel displayed by areas bordered by 50% harmonic isopleths (figure 2-6) this
coincides with previously observed sightings from past expeditions.
The Wasini Channel is 1.6 kilometres at it’s widest by 8 km’s long and the maximum
depth 25.6 metres (14 fathoms) (Admiralty Charts and Publications #866). On average
S. chinensis was sighted at a depth of 12.4 metres and very close to the shoreline or
intertidal shelf, which mirrors with Karczmarski et al. (2000) who had 91.3% of sightings
in water less than 15 m deep, and 80% of sightings less than 400 metres from the shore.
Interestingly, the first sighting within the KMMPA boundaries was observed this
expedition (Figure 2-4 and Figure 2-6). The group size for this expedition ranged
between 2-7 individuals with a mean average of 4 coinciding with (Ross 1998) group
size generally between 4-7 individuals.
T. aduncus were sighted most frequently along the eastern edge of Wasini Island as
displayed by areas bordered by 50% harmonic isopleths (figure 2-5.), however the data
is not sufficiently strong as this area is closest to GVI base, where all surveys commence
from. A method of weighting the data, to compare our search effort per section with
sightings, to give an overall comparison of the area of interest is required to establish
habitat preferences. Also this kind of analysis is needed on all collected data to date, to
find overall habitat preferences and to see if the habitat preference changes seasonally,
thus enabling KWS to utilise the data and make management decisions, if necessary.

T. aduncus was sighted 83% of the time between 0901 and 1200 hours. This could be
due to a variety of reasons: tourist boats are known to leave Shimoni pier around 0900
and head out searching for dolphins toward the KMMPA and 62.16% of all bottlenose
dolphin sightings were due to the presence of tourist boats; the daily vessel-based
survey would generally pass through the areas bordered by the 50% harmonic isopleths
(figure 2-5) at around these times explaining the frequency of sightings between the time
bands. The dolphins’ diel movement is unknown in this area and we currently lacks diel
movements for T. aduncus from other areas for comparison.
T. aduncus group size was most commonly found in the 1-5 and 6-10 categories (figure
2-2.) but ranged from 1 to 30 individuals with an the average group size of 7. This
number is similar to the average of T. aduncus in Moreton Bay, Australia of 10
individuals (Corkeron 1990), and also agrees with several coastal studies of T. truncatus
around the world, which reveal relatively small groups that vary with activity (Shane
1990, Rogan et al. 2000, Meyler 2006, Ingram 2000). Further study to examine if group
size changes with activity would be an important and interesting part of any baseline
data study, however attempts to introduce behavioural studies in this area have so far
been unsuccessful due to the particular limitations of our research.
There were 3 (4 inc. training) sightings of M. novaeangliae during this expedition, 3 of

those sightings occurred within the KMMPA boundaries. All 4 sightings had a group size
of 2 individuals, and on the first sighting there were two fully grown adults, on all
subsequent occasions the ‘group’ consisted of mother and calf. These sightings are in
concordance with the winter breeding areas off the east coast of Africa (Carwadine
2000). All calves were estimated at being between 4-5 metres in length (slightly smaller
than the research vessel) which corresponds with newborn size of 4-5 metres
(Carwadine 2000).
Turtles have been sighted 13 times from vessel based surveys and the majority of
observations were recorded as unknown due to the speed of surfacing, only on 1
occasion was an individual identified as a Hawksbill turtle due to close proximity to the
vessel on surfacing. The sightings were evenly distributed over the area of interest with
50% of the sightings occurring within the KMMPA boundaries.

To enhance our turtle monitoring programme within our area of interest, in-water
transect methodology has been trialled this expedition to collect more data on species
occurrence both inside the KMMPA and outside. The data collected to date was a pilot
study to ensure there would be sightings whilst in the water and that they could be
identified. To date 9 Hawksbill turtles (E. imbricata) and 2 Green turtles (C. mydas) were
sighted, which differs from Wamukokya and Haller (1995) who state that C. mydas is the
predominant species within Kenyan waters followed by the E. imbricata. This difference
could simply be due to the position of the transects, as transect 4 where 91% of the
sightings occurred is situated on a diverse coral reef preferred habitat of E. imbricata
(Richmond 2002). The results displayed are taken from the second 5 weeks of this
expedition, as initially testing was done trialling different methodologies. Currently we
have had sightings on all transects except transect 3 (off Lower Mpunguti); transect 2
had two sightings during trials. The results from the 5 weeks of data are very promising,
and the methodology will be reviewed so more data can be collected on individuals’ size,
habitat preference and behaviours.
A Whale shark (Rhiniodon typus) was sighted whilst on survey this expedition, the
second sighting to date, which confirms the species presence in the area but without
enough data to draw conclusions.
2.7 Development
Land-based surveys would benefit the area to assess:

 Dolphin tidal and daily movement
 Dolphin behaviour from an unbiased platform
 Dolphin and boat interaction
 Boat traffic within the area
 Mega-fauna presence
Non-intrusive land-based studies have been used in several studies to investigate
preliminary population estimates (Berrow 1996, Ingram 2000) and/or changes in
behaviour (including dive times) with and without presence of boats (Acevedo 1991,
Shane 1990). Before this method can be re-implemented a new location or

improvements to previous location are needed, to establish a position with a wider
viewing angle and where more frequent sightings occur in order to perform a larger
number of behavioural surveys.
Vessel-based cetacean behavioural surveys would help collate data on spatial

heterogeneity, dolphin-vessel interactions and give us habitat preference for specific
behaviours. Previous problems with this survey and our research limitations require us to
set up a survey that will not introduce bias into the data.
In water snorkelling surveys require improvements of methodology to collect more data

on individuals’ size, habitat preference and behaviours. Increasing the amount of
transects would give a better indication for habitat preference and behaviours within
those habitats.
3. Terrestrial Research Programme
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background
The eastern Arc forests of Kenya and Tanzania are an internationally recognised
biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000). They support high levels of endemism and
important populations of species that have wider-ranging, but fragmented distributions,
and so remain vulnerable. Tanzania’s Eastern Arc mountains are renowned for their
communities of endemic amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The coastal forests of

Kenya form the northern fringe of the East African coastal forest mosaic, however much
less is known about these unique and important, yet diminishing forest habitats.
The coastal forests around Shimoni and Wasini Island form a thin strip of ‘coral rag
forest’, officially labelled Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Lowland Coastal Forest. This
forest zone is found along the coastal areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Somalia, and is
formed on ancient coral reef exposed by falling sea levels, leaving limestone rock and
shallow soils. In conjunction with coastal climatic influences, the plant community and
the structure of the forest favour shallow root systems, which reduce stability. This
makes these forest habitats highly susceptible to erosion processes and hence at risk
from the influences of deforestation in the wider Shimoni area. The specialised flora that
is found in these habitats supports and sustains rare and endemic species which are of
particular interest to biological conservation, and sustainable livelihoods through
responsible tourism.
3.1.2 Study area
Primary research is conducted in Shimoni forest (east) on the Shimoni peninsula,

positioned between Shimoni village to the west (04º64’900”S, 39º38’600”E) and the
coast of the Indian Ocean to the south and east (04º64’300”S, 39º40’300”E), (Figure 2-
8.). The forest is locally known as ‘Mbuyu Tundu’, but will hereafter be referred to as
‘Shimoni forest (east)’.
Shimoni forest (east) represents an important fragment of indigenous coastal forest,

linked in part to the larger extents of the Kwale district forests. Currently used for
resource extraction and the clearing of land for farming, the area is at threat from the
continuing development of Shimoni village, particularly on coastal land plots. This area
of forest was selected for biological research, primarily because it represents a valuable
area for biodiversity and in particular supports an important population of the Angolan
Black and White Colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus). Discussions with community-
based organisations in Shimoni village highlighted the importance of the forest to the
wider community and in particular Shimoni Youth Conservation Project were keen to
seek protection and promote sustainable management. As a result, GVI have developed
the terrestrial research programme to support local stakeholders. On a more practical

level, the forest is readily accessible and GVI are logistically able to support long-term
and wide ranging biodiversity surveys and monitoring of the area.
This expedition, GVI has participated in the Colobus census, undertaken by The
Colobus Trust in collaboration with KWS, as a revision of the 4 month census
undertaken in 2001 (Anderson). Primarily, to assess the status and distribution of the
Angolan Black and White colobus on the South coast of Kenya and within the Kwale
district. GVI’s participation this expedition has included Shimoni forest east, and the
larger Shimoni forest west, located on the west side of the Shimoni village. The Shimoni
forest (west) has recently been highlighted as at threat from habitat destruction. Despite
this, it is an important coastal forest fragment, and may act as a refuge for populations of
colobus monkeys found within the area. The census will hopefully help to obtain up-to-
date density and distribution of the species, and push forward conservation initiatives to
place protection on the forest areas, ensuring its long term survival in Kenya.

Figure 3-1. Survey transects on the Shimoni peninsular.
3.2 Aims
The aims of the terrestrial research programme are to monitor primate community
dynamics, densities, distribution, habitat use and time budgets, with particular interest in
C. a. palliates which is a flagship species for Kenya (Anderson, 2001). These surveys
are complimented and quantified by the monitoring of habitat variation through analysis
of floral composition, disturbance and seasonal change. Vegetation surveys are utilised
to assess floristic diversity, canopy height, canopy cover and seasonality of fruits and
flowers. Monitoring of floral regeneration in relation to disturbance levels are used to
assess forest recovery rates, and resource consumption including extraction of poles

and timber in addition to other forms of anthropogenic activity. Butterfly surveys are
additionally used to examine forest diversity and the effects of differing levels of
disturbance on the butterfly community. Bird diversity and habitat use is also used to
assess resource competition between certain avian and primate species and gain a
species list for the area. Biodiversity is additionally monitored by the recording of casual
observations, used to assess and gauge species richness and the presence of other
rare and endangered plants and animals.
The eventual aim for this research is to support the Shimoni Youth Conservation Project
in their petition for community management of forest resources, and build capacity within
the community for responsible resource use and monitoring. With community
management status obtained, the research can be used to suggest management
protocols whereby resource use is acceptable at specified levels, and re-plantation
initiatives are utilised to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest resources for both
the human and wildlife communities. Additional forms of income may also be derived
from the forest through responsible tourism. C. a. palliatus is a beautiful and charismatic
primate, and can be easily located on most days. Guided tours through the forest may in
the future provide a source of income for the local community, and the data from these
surveys may be used to suggest the location for trails through the forest.
Due to time constraints from the collaboration on the colobus census, not all the above
surveys were completed this expedition. However, primate community, primate
behaviour, bird counts, butterfly trapping and fruit and flower surveys were successfully
completed, Yearly data from these are of particular importance, for both C. a. palliatus
population and sustainability, and biodiversity of the forest.
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Line transect sampling
The overall methodology for the terrestrial research programme is structured around a
transect grid system utilising east-west straight line transects (Figure 3-1). Parallel
transects are spaced at 200 metre intervals, facilitating a 100 metre survey distance

either side of the transects. This follows the Tropical Ecology, Assessment and
Monitoring (TEAM) Initiative Primate Monitoring Protocol (Lacher 2005).
Transects are divided into 50m sections to enable the survey data to be categorised
accurately, and facilitate distribution mapping. A north-south ‘spine’ is used to ensure the
200m separation between parallel transects and to aid access.
The Shimoni forest (east) study area contains six transects; transect 1, the furthest
south, runs approximately 100 metres from the coastal edge. The total survey area for
Shimoni Forest (east) is 220ha or 2.2km2. The KWS forest area contains just one 400m
transect which runs north to south, comprising 8ha. Table 3-1. summarises the total
number of sections and lengths of each transect.
Forest Transect Sections Length (m)
Shimoni forest (east) 1 17 850

Shimoni forest (east) Total 219 10950
KWS forest 7 8 400
Table 3-1. Summary of transects in the Shimoni area.
3.3.2 Primate community survey
Three species of anthropoid coexist in the survey area. The Angolan Black and White
Colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis palliatus), the Syke’s monkey (Cercopithecus
mitis albogularis), and the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). The primate community
surveys are based on distance sampling methods, utilising two nominated observers
whilst additional members of the team ensure they do not draw attention to primates un-
detected by the observers. This maintains consistency of effort, to enable the
quantifiable analysis of data used in estimating primate densities (Buckland et al. 2001).

Primate surveys are conducted along one transect at a time, once during each
expedition. Surveys are conducted during the mornings when primates are more likely to
be active and easily detected. When groups of primates are spotted, the sighting
distance (distance from the observer to the first detected individual) is estimated and
recorded, all observers were tested at an accuracy of 90%. Distance sampling requires
the perpendicular distance. This is calculated using trigonometry, hence the sighting
angle (using a compass) and distance from the observer is measured. Perpendicular
distance is calibrated from the first animal seen to the centre of the group by (Whitesides
et al. 1988) standard correction method (equation below).
P’ = P ( 1+ ŕi )
S
Where: P’ = Perpendicular distance from the transect line to the centre of the group.
P = Perpendicular distance from the transect line to the first detected ind.
ŕi = Half the mean group spread.
S = Sighting distance (distance from observer to first detected ind.
Population size and density was calculated using the program DISTANCE 5.0 (Thomas
et al. 2006). Distance sampling requires a number of assumptions to be met, including
the random distribution of the surveyed objects. In order to meet this assumption for
social species such as primates, groups rather than individuals are recorded. It is also
necessary to be confident that any group positioned 0 metres from the transect line has
a 100% probability of detection (Buckland et al. 2001). Since the species surveyed in
this study are not particularly cryptic, it is unlikely that such groups would go undetected;
hence this assumption can be upheld with confidence.
For each sighting, species, group size, demography and behaviour were determined,
spending up to 10 minutes with the group. Sex and age class is most easily recognized
in C. a. palliatus; 0-3 months (white infant), 3-6 months (grey juvenile), >6 months (black
and white adult). Small individuals with adult colouration and in close association to an
adult were classed as sub-adults. Age classes are primarily defined by pelt colouration
enabling confidence in accurate categorisation rather than attempting to estimate using
relative body size. Sex was only determined in adults, where males have a clear white
stripe from buttocks to genitalia which is absent in females. Ages classes and sexes

were not assumed in C. m. albogularis and P. cynocephalus except where young were
seen attached to an adult, as they could not be confidently quantified.
Sighting quality was recorded and ranked as follows; 1, group count incomplete, 2,
group count complete but demographics incomplete, 3, count and demographics
complete. Group spread of the primates was recorded where possible, to estimate a
mean group spread for the different species sampled. In addition, tree species the
primates were in was recorded, providing information on species preference.
3.3.3 Primate behavioural surveys
Behavioural surveys of C. a. palliatus are used primarily to investigate time budgets.

However, habitat use, group structure, and group interactions, are also derived from the
data collected. Through habituation, and the identification of group territories, these
surveys will also support the development of tourism initiatives to gain sustainable
income from the forest wildlife.
Continuous, focal individual sampling is adopted in order to establish C. a. palliatus time

budgets. Time budgets can be used to establish conditions and constraints under which
animals are living. The most suitable conditions promote greater carrying capacities and
hence higher densities (Fimbel et al. 2001), as well as less vulnerability to changes in
habitat condition. Time budgets can also be used in examining predator pressures by
analysing the relative time spent being vigilant. This data will then be used to compare
between populations, forest types, and at different levels of disturbance. Data may also
be used in comparison with studies on the other sub-species of C. angolensis.
Focal individuals are surveyed in ten-minute blocks, measuring behaviours which are
broken into states and events. States are measured in real-time durations, as opposed
to events which are recorded only as frequencies logged within each ten-minute time
block. States represent behaviours of longer durations; for example feeding, sleeping,
resting etc. Events represent shorter, instantaneous behaviours; for example scratching,
yawning, urinating. Some tactile signals and postures are included in this survey for use

in the analysis of group interactions. These include stiff-legs display, which has been
identified as an agonistic display between males of different groups of black and white
colobus (Estes 1991). At the end of each time block, a scan sample is conducted to
identify the overall group state (>50% of the group); this is used in the analysis and
discussion of the circumstances under which different individual behaviours occur.
States and events are categorised under strict parameters, and outlined in the ethogram
which is used to ensure consistency between observers and comparability between
surveys.
Surveys are conducted at all times of the daylight hours in order to measure a
representative portion of time budgets throughout the day. Data recording is only
initiated after a period of at least 10 minutes to reduce bias caused by the arrival of the
observers. If the focal individual moves out of view and observers are unable to
confidently identify the same individual upon reappearing, the survey is ended. There is
no set survey time limit.
3.3.4 Bird point counts
Bird species diversity, abundance and density are estimated through the use of bird
point counts. East Africa represents one of 218 worldwide Endemic Bird Areas,
(Stattersfield et al. 1998) and birds are important components of forest ecosystems as
well as indicators of habitat disturbance. Many bird species are dependent on readily
available stocks of fruits, flowers and seeds, and the presence or absence of seasonal
birds indicate the seasonality of these forest commodities. Birds such as large raptors
also represent the only known predators of primate species in the area.
Early morning point count surveys are conducted along the transect lines at 100 metre
intervals. The point count is delineated by transect sections. Odd or even transect
numbers are sampled, leaving a section between recordings, therefore avoiding double
counts. Number and species of birds seen are recorded for ten minutes before moving
onto the next point count. A five minute settle-down period of silence precedes each
recording period. Recordings of birds heard within the ten minute period are also

recorded using a Dictaphone, and analysed from a bird song CD after surveys, aiding a
species list from the visual constraints of the forest habitat.
3.3.5 Fruit and flower survey
Fruits and flowers are surveyed in an effort to measure tree species seasonality, and the
distribution of fruits and flowers throughout the survey area. Many forest animals rely on
fruits and flowers as vital food sources; and most significantly for the aims of this project,
they are vital dietary components of the primates found in the Shimoni forests.
Fruits and flowers are identified along the transect lines, recording trees within 10m of
the transect line. Trees in fruit or flower are identified by the aid of an identification sheet,
composed in collaboration with a local botanist, and their DBH recorded in order to
assess age structure. Only woody vegetation with a DBH over 5cm is recorded.
Samples, photos, and descriptions of unknown tree species are taken for later
identification.
.
3.3.6 Butterfly community survey
Butterflies (Order: Lepidoptera) offer an excellent indicator taxon of plant species

diversity, habitat diversity and disturbance levels. Butterfly canopy traps are utilised,
baited with mashed banana that has been allowed to ferment for at least 3 days. Traps
are baited and left for approximately 24 hours before checking, three canopy traps are
used simultaneously on each trapping day. Traps are placed at three heights; ground (0-
1m), understorey (1-5m), and mid-canopy (5-10m). Photographs of each individual are
taken for identification using Larsen (1996).
3.3.7 Casual observations
During all observer time in the forest, records are also made of other fauna observed
and identified in the field, noting species, location, habitat, group size and other
applicable notes. Indirect observations of animals such as tracks or dung are also
recorded as indicators of presence. Where possible, unknown species are photographed
for later identification.

3.3.8 Colobus Census sweep surveys
In addition to primate community survey, census surveys were undertaken in Shimoni

forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west). Methodologies remained the same as primate
community surveys, however, transects at 100m spacing were used and surveys were
simultaneous, starting at the same time and maintaining similar speed. Transects were
walked at a slow pace, stopping every 100m to watch and listen for primates (White and
Edwards 2000).
Within Shimoni (east) (Figure 2-9.) one-day sweeps comprised of four teams (3 people
in each), two on permanent transects and two between. All members were fully informed
of survey methodology, and each team contained a staff member, proficient in identifying
Colobus age and sex classes. Teams between the permanent transects also walked
east-west parallel bearings, and all teams maintained synchronisation by VHF radio and
the counting of paces. Additional data was collected on sighting time of primate groups,
and observer teams re-grouped at the end of each transect to share data and eliminate
double counts between neighbouring transects.
Shimoni (west) census (Figure 3-2) contained no permanent transects, therefore each
start and end point were recorded using a Garmin Etrex GPS, thus allowing confidence
in the 100m spacing and to allow mapping. Each survey day comprised of 5 teams,
(undertaken over a period of 5 days), walking an east-west bearing with constant radio
communication. Transect lengths and primate locations were estimated by pacing
(Anderson 2001), and all groups were notified of a sighting, to avoid speed changes on
transects and double counts.

Shimoni Forest (west)
Shimoni Forest (east)

T6
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1
Figure 3-2. Census transects walked in Shimoni forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west). Transects
shown in blue are permanent transects in our survey area. Shimoni west transects are actual
transects walked. Shimoni forest east transects are estimates, as the dense forest prevented GPS
locations to be recorded.
3.4 Results
Primate community and distance sampling was completed once across all transect
sections. Using the population estimation program ‘Distance 5.0’ (Thomas et al. 2006),
the total C. a. palliatus population for the Shimoni forest (east) survey area (2.2 km2) is
estimated at 88 individuals ± 33.5 S.E. (CI 95%: 40 – 196), at densities of 40 ind/km2 ±
15.2 S.E. (CI 95%: 40 -196). These estimates are derived using the distance sampling
data from this expedition only. The input data does not include sightings of solitary
individuals. Six solitary males of C. a palliatus were detected during the community
survey. Table 3-2. summarises primate groups. Only two of the three species of primate
were recorded during the community survey, with no sightings of P. cynocephalus
throughout.

C. a. palliatus C. m. albogularis
Area surveyed (km²) 2.2 2.2

Number of groups 12 9
Number of individuals 53 24
Average group size 3.8 4.2
Table 3-2. Summary of primate community surveys (Average group size was calculated omitting
single sightings)
Perpendicular distances for primate groups were calculated from the data, as these are
necessary for distance sampling analysis in order to produce density and
population estimates. Figure 3-3 shows the distance categories at which C. a. palliatus
were detected on the community survey.
6
Number of sightings
0
0-10 10-<20 20-<30 30-<40 40-<50 50<
Perpendicular Distance
Figure 3-3. Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were detected
during primate community surveys (n=12)

3.4.2 Primate behavioural survey
A total of 18 hours of behavioural surveys were conducted on 8 different groups of C. a.
palliatus. Figure 3-4 summarizes the total time budgets for all individuals. The exact
number of individuals studied is unknown due to the problems associated with the
identification of specific individuals. Both adult males and females were studied, and
females with young. Numerous notable behaviours were recorded, including social
grooming, social play and stiff legs display. Copulation was not observed this expedition,
however, a male was observed soliciting copulation on one occasion. Aggressive
encounters were not observed during survey, either between or within groups. However,
agonistic behaviour was witnessed on another occasion between groups of C. a.
palliatus and C. m. albogularis. Staring behaviour is recorded when the individual being
surveyed is intently staring at the observer. This behaviour is not analysed as it is
caused by human presence. The behaviour state is used to prevent recording it as
vigilance behaviour.

90
83.51
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
Time Spent (%)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 10.93
10
5 2.68 2.72 3.25
0.13 0.20 0.31 0.75 0.83
0
Sleep Self Groom Groom Stiff Leg Stare Travel Alert Feed Rest
Groom Active Passive
BehaviourState
Figure 3-4 Percent time spent in each behaviour state. Figures above bars are actual percentages for
each behaviour
Colobus spent the majority of their time resting (83.5%) with only small percentages of
their time budget engaged in grooming and agonistic behaviours (Figure 3-4).
Table 3-3. Summarises the frequency of behaviour events exhibited within the behaviour
surveys this expedition.

Behaviour Frequency
Urination 3
Defecation 4
Yawn 3
Teeth Display 0
Vocalising 0
Scratching 70
Contact 14
Exchange 0
Arousal 6
Copulation 0
Masturbation 1
Throwing 0
Shaking 7
Table 3-3. Frequencies of behaviour events
Low frequencies of agonistic behaviour were observed, and no copulations witnessed,

with low frequencies of sexual behaviour. However, again, as has been found in other
expeditions, a high level of scratching behaviour was witnessed during behaviour
surveys.
Bird point counts were conducted between the hours of 06:30 and 09:00 on transects 1-
5 only. The time required for access meant that most surveys were restricted to sections
within close proximity to the north/south ‘spine’. A total time of 10hrs was surveyed
providing 16 point counts, covering 18 transect sections; forming a total survey area of
45,000m2. 53 birds were identified through sight and sound. Silvery-cheeked hornbills
(Bycanistes brevis), crowned hornbills (Tockus alboterminatus suahelicus), common
cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and collared sunbird (Hedydipna collaris), were among the
most abundant species.
Species previously not recorded before included the black and white cuckoo (Oxyophus
jacobinus) and the yellow fronted canary (Serinus mozambicus)

3.4.4 Fruit and flower survey
All transect sections were surveyed for fruits and flowers, over a total duration of 48hrs.
537 trees were recorded in fruit or flower throughout the total survey areas. 13 species
were identified. Most numerous fruits were represented by Trichilia emetica (206),
Millettia usaramensis (226), Adansonia digitata, and various Ficus spp. The majority of
Ficus spp observed were in flower (Table 3-4).
Tree species Transect Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Adansonia digitata 5 8 5 1 1 - - 20
Delonix spp. - 4 - - 1 - - 5
Ficus sansibarica - - - - 1 - - 1
Ficus sur - 16 11 2 1 2 1 33
Ficus spp. - 1 2 - 2 - - 5
Grewia - - 5 - - - - 5
Lannea welwitshii - - 1 2 - - - 3
Mallotus oppositifolius - - 1 - - - - 1
Millettia usaramensis 7 23 14 23 72 87 - 226
Monathotaxis spp. - - - - - 1 - 1
Sorindea
madagascariensis - - - - - 1 - 1
Trichilia emetic 37 42 29 18 57 23 - 206
Uvaria acuminate - - - - - 1 - 1
Table 3-4. Summary of tree species within fruit and flower.
A total of 42 trapping days (where one trapping day is counted as one trap baited for a
24 hour period) were completed this expedition. Transect 6 in the Shimoni forest and
transect 7 in the KWS forest was not surveyed. Table 3-5. summarises the species
found and their abundances.

Subfamily Species Number caught
Charaxinae Charaxes brutus 68

Charaxinae Charaxes varanes vologeses 2
Charaxinae Charaxes Cithaeron 2
Charaxinae Cymothoe coranus 1
Charaxinae Charaxes protoclea azota 1
Charaxinae Euxanthe wakefieldi 1
Nymphalinae Euphraedra neophron littoralis 1
Satyrinae Bicyclus safitza safitza 1
Satyrinae Melanitus leda 1
Total caught 78
Number of species 9
Table 3-5. Butterfly species caught and number of individuals.
A total of 242 hours was spent on casual observations of fauna during this expedition in
both Shimoni east and west forests. 23 species of birds, 11 species of mammals, 8
species of reptiles and 1 amphibian species was identified.
Species previously not recorded include the Southern Banded Snake Eagle (Circaetus
fasciolatus), Zanj Sun Squirrel (Paraxerus palliatus), Suni (Neotragus moschatus), Puff
Adder (Bitis arietans), Eastern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake (Psammophis orientalis) and
African Rock Python (Python sebae).
3.4.7 Primate Census Shimoni East
The Primate Census was completed over a 6 day period, between the 6th and the 11th of
August 2007. Using the population estimation program ‘Distance 5.0’ (Thomas et al.
2006), the total C. a. palliatus population for the Shimoni forest (east) survey area is
estimated at 141 individuals ± 46.3 S.E. (CI 95%: 73 – 271), at densities of 79.6 ind/km2
± 26.1 S.E. (CI 95%: 41.5 – 152.9). The input data does not include sightings of solitary

individuals. Shimoni forest (east) census did not include minus sections, as did the
community survey. Perpendicular distances necessary for distance sampling analysis for
Shimoni forest (east) census are shown in figure 3-5.
10
9
Number of sightings
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0-10 10-<20 20-<30 30-<40 40-<50
Perpendicular distance
Figure 3-5 Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were detected
during Shimoni forest (east) census (n=29)
3.4.8 Primate Census Shimoni West
Shimoni (west) census was completed over a period of 5 days, 6th to the 11th September
2007. Using ‘Distance 5.0’ (Thomas et al. 2006), the total C. a. palliatus population for
the Shimoni forest (west) survey area is estimated at 234 individuals ± 50.5 S.E. (CI
95%: 151 – 360), at densities of 72.3 ind/km2 ± 15.6 S.E. (CI 95%: 46.9 – 111.4). The
input data does not include sightings of solitary individuals. Table 3-6. summarises C. a.
palliatus distribution in both forests surveyed. Figure 3-6. shows the perpendicular
distance categories at which C. a palliatus were detected.

20
18
Number of sightings
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0-10 10-<20 20-<30 30-<40 40-<50 50<
Perpendicular distance
Figure 3-6 Frequency of perpendicular distances at which C. a. palliatus groups were detected
during Shimoni forest (west) census (n=56)
Census surveys recorded only C. a palliatus species. Table 1-9. below displays actual
group number and group size of C. a palliatus sighted in Shimoni forest (east) and
Shimoni forest (west) without analysis.
Shimoni forest (east) Shimoni forest (west)
Area surveyed (km²) 1.7 3.23

Number of groups 29 56
Number of individuals 100 192
Average group size 4.35 4.02
Table 3-6. Summary of primate census surveys (Average group size was calculated omitting single
sightings)
3.5 Discussion
This is now the third successful primate community survey that has been applied this
year. However, this expedition DISTANCE 5.0 produced lower densities of C. a palliatus

than previously. This expedition sees an end to the rains; however, canopy cover within
the forest is still very dense, with significantly more leaf cover than at the beginning of
the year. This may explain why fewer primates were recorded than previously. In
addition to this, a high number of infant and juvenile C. a palliatus was observed. C. a
palliatus has a tendency to be more conspicuous and wary of observers when infants
are present. This increases complexity of spotting, therefore producing a decrease in
sightings. Figure 3-3 shows no primates were seen between 10-20m. Distance assumes
100% probability at 0m. Therefore, if primates are seen at greater distances, the
program assumes all primates at shorter distances from the transect have been
accounted for. If this is not the case, distance will underestimate density, hence
producing a lower population size.
3.5.2 Primate behaviour survey
C. a. palliatus rely almost entirely on leaves for sustenance (Kingdon 1997). A

preference for mature leaves enables this species to live in high densities, sympatric
with other folivorous primates who favour younger leaves, and fruits (Fimbel et al. 2001).
Because these mature leaves are of poor quality and require effective detoxification (Kay
and Davies 1994), C. a. palliatus seem to exhibit energy economy and spend the
majority of the time inactive. It is therefore expected that 83.5% time spent resting is
normal for this species. This high percentage of time spent resting was similar to the
previous expedition (64%). The minimal time spent traveling may be best explained by
the group size found in this area. Smaller groups, deplete food sources less quickly and
therefore can afford to remain in one area for long periods (Fimbel et al. 2001). Groups
were easily located as their movements seemed minimal, and some were found in one
or two trees for weeks at a time.
C. a. palliatus spent very little time involved in grooming behaviours, and scratching was
less frequent. Sexual behaviours including arousal, masturbation and copulation were
observed at very low levels. C. a palliatus do not produce sexual swellings (Oates et al.
1994) however it is thought that a peak birth rate occurs within the rainy season,
seasonal environment plays a huge part in reproduction (Oates et al. 1994)) when food
is more readily available. A high number of infants and juveniles were seen during

expedition. Further data on infant number and copulation rate are needed to quantify
peak birth rate. Teeth display, throwing, stiff leg display and vocalizations have all been
seen at lower frequencies. This again, can be related to a decrease in mating and
therefore less agonistic encounters between males.
Sleeping behaviour was observed at very low levels. As C. a. palliatus are observed at
most in the upper canopy, it is difficult to detect whether the individuals eyes are open or
closed. This may explain why low levels of sleeping behaviour were recorded.
Scratching behaviour is thought to increase relating to presence of observers as a sign

of stress. As groups are being observed more frequently, it seems the habituation
process is succeeding, allowing more reliable data to be obtained as groups are
becoming more relaxed with constant observation. This can also be seen by a reduced
level of staring at observers, and lower frequencies of urination and defecations (thought
to be linked to stress).
Avian diversity and abundance seems low, however this may be explained by the small
sample size and the visual constraints in dense forest of this kind. However, recordings
of bird song and later analysis have proved successful and will be continued next
expedition. The species discovery curve is so far growing exponentially, and with a
greater sample size, will in future be used in estimates of species diversity. Casual
observations is also used and is increasing the species list for the forest.
3.5.4 Fruit & flower
Work with a local botanist has proven successful with a number of species confirmations
and a photo key begun, covering the major phenology of the survey area. Trichilia
emetica was found fruiting in high abundance throughout the survey area, with the
exception of highly disturbed re-growth forest and clearings. All other species observed
were found to be in fruit throughout the surveys, with the exception of all Ficus spp
surveyed, found to be in flower. Millettia usaramensis was found in high densities with

beans. Fruiting Adansonia digitata was observed throughout the study area but in low
densities and only one found with both fruit and flowers.
Bicyclus safitza safitza was found in low numbers this expedition as was seen in April to
June. Charaxes brutus was caught in greatest numbers, in all areas and trap heights. In
addition, two new species of butterfly were caught (Cymothoe coranus and Charaxes
protodea azota). Charaxes protodea is uncommon in coastal forests and is one of the
few rainforest species to be found on the coast. New species confirms trapping with this
method and bait is continuing to yield new species. Species diversity may be difficult to
obtain from one catching method; however, it is yielding seasonal variation within
species, hence important to continue with these methods to obtain a yearly analysis of
data.
Although bird species’ were low during bird survey, casual observations have increased
estimates of diversity. This may be due to the fact that casual observations take place at
all times of day, as opposed to bird point counts which are restricted to the morning
hours. In addition, casual observations have no parameter limits on sighting distance,
and many bird species appear to be particularly shy of human presence. Sightings of the
Zanj elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi) continue to be of particular interest, due to
its rare and data-deficient status. A sighting of another possible species of elephant
shrew is thought to be the lesser elephant shrew (Elephantulus spp) but this remains
unconfirmed. Camera trapping has continued, with four traps now set, and no formal
transects utilized. The first film process yielded yellow baboons, further films are yet to
be processed. In addition, two snares were found during the surveys in Shimoni East.
3.5.7 Census Surveys
Census surveys conducted in Shimoni forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west) yielded
high populations of C. a palliatus. Conducting the census at 100m spaced transects
increases the sighting probability, hence explaining the increase in sightings when
compared to the community survey data in Shimoni forest (east). These population

numbers seem relatively high, and shows an increase in C. a palliatus numbers when
compared to Thomas (1990) and Anderson (2001). The area surveyed by Thomas
(1990) differs from the Shimoni forest in that it holds 12 sympatric primates which may
reduce the density of each species through competition. When compared with Anderson
however, the increased densities are less easily explained. It suggests that the C. a
palliatus population has increased within the last six years. This is encouraging and it will
be interesting to see the change in other populations of C. a palliatus across the Kwale
District. However, it is of concern to see the rate of destruction taking place in Shimoni
forest (west). Each day of census chainsaws were heard or seen and many of the large
trees were seen cut down. The main species targeted were Tricillia emetica and Antiaris
toxicaria. C. a palliatus have been observed feeding on both these species.
3.6 Conclusions, Recommendations and Future Work

Trapping of butterflies will be continued in Shimoni (east) throughout the course of the
year to ensure representative sampling of the different micro-habitats and to assess
seasonal variation in the butterfly community. Casual observations show that a large
number of butterfly species present in the forest did not frequent the traps; it seems
likely that they are not attracted to the bait. Complimenting the canopy traps with other
survey methods, such as sweep netting should also be considered and different baits
used after a yearly data set has been obtained.
Casual observations continue to reveal greater faunal diversity. Although some of the
large terrestrial mammals have been identified, it is thought many nocturnal species are
yet to be spotted. Four camera traps are now located within the forest hoping to obtain
proficient data when the films are processed. It is hoped that confirmation of ground
pangolin (Smutsia temminckii), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), various genets and civets
(Family: Viverridae), aardwolf (Proteles cristata), and various mongooses (Family:
Herpestidae) may be recorded in this way.
Bird surveys will be continued as the species list is still increasing. Recordings of
species alongside sightings have proved to be efficient, enabling further identification of
species.

Primate Community surveys will be continued to assess change in population and
density of different species within different seasonal variations over a yearly period. This
could facilitate in assessing mortality rates within certain species.
Future work is summarized as follows:

 Continue to take part in the colobus census, extending to other forests within the
Kwale district.
 Continue with primate community surveys within Shimoni forest (east) to obtain a
yearly count of anthropoids inhabiting the area, and monitoring any seasonal
changes within their population.
 Continue primate behavioural surveys on C. a. palliatus, attempting to habituate
more groups, at higher section numbers for comparisons.
 Expand behaviour surveys into new study areas, to be used in comparison
between forests of different floral composition and different levels of disturbance.
 Photo identification may be possible for a few troops of C. a. palliatus, where the
time budgets and individual behaviour patterns of specifics may be analysed.
 Continue with evenly distributed sampling of sections for vegetation and
regeneration surveys until representation analysis indicates a leveling of the
species discovery curve.
 Continue seasonal repetition of canopy surveys to support primate community
surveys.
 Continue butterfly trapping, across seasons, and trial different baits. Pilot
complimentary methods of sampling the butterfly population, such as sweep
netting.
 Pilot surveys of the Zanj elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi) may include nest
surveys and flush netting.
The Shimoni forest (east) continues to be under threat from human disturbance. The
‘Shimoni Youth Conservation Project’ are a group of self-formed Shimoni residents who
have submitted a proposal for the community management of the forest, and for the
cessation of extensive deforestation and un-sustainable timber harvesting for
commercial purposes. It is hoped that the data derived from these surveys will be highly

beneficial in the formation of management plans for this forest, in an effort to benefit both
the areas biodiversity and local human community. The group has also asked if GVI
could present lectures on forest importance, diversity and primate populations. It is
hoped that these will begin in the near future.

4. Community Development Programme
This element of the programme falls broadly into 4 main areas; TEFL teaching in Mkwiro
Primary School; TEFL teaching in adult classes to local community members;
orphanage development and sustainable development community-based projects.
4.1 Introduction
With regard to the TEFL teaching, the EMs received the 2-day training course on TEFL
on arrival in Mkwiro focusing not only on the adult classes, but also on TEFL for children.
In the first phase, the EMs designed a lesson to give to the Standard 1, 2 and 3 classes
at Mkwiro Primary School. The second phase EMs, a smaller group, were able to take a
short introduction lesson with the Standard 8 students. This training was very successful
with several EMs feeling confident enough to present classes as the lead-teacher. The
main community stakeholder we have been working with is Mkwiro Primary School.
During this expedition, all of GVI’s classes with Standards 5-8 at Mkwiro Primary School
have been arranged in double lessons and lessons with Standard 1-4 have been single
lessons. Due to the school holidays taking up a large part of this expedition’s community
time, and students attending the Madras Islamic classes, we were only able to conduct
normal classroom lessons for 4 weeks during the expedition.
The adult classes have included simultaneous beginners and advanced classes for both
the men and the women. These classes continued to be very popular and have
continued to help build capacity for tourism, enterprises and build confidence within the
village. Visits to the Al-Hanan Orphanage have been two-to-three times weekly during
both the school term and in the holidays and we have been involved with the orphanage
throughout the expedition with help and support as needed. Various community projects
have been started or continued during this expedition, and we have worked alongside
the Mkwiro Youth Conservation Group, Village Committee, Dispensary Committee and
Tumaini Women’s Group to work on aspects such as fundraising, developing capacity
for tourism, the village tour and developing markets and revenue for local enterprises.
GVI have been an official member on The Year of the Dolphin Committee and have
continued to be a key community stakeholder this year. Shimoni, Wasini and Mkwiro

Primary Schools each received 3 laptops and a generator as a donation from Tui Travel
Company in recognition of their participation in Kenya’s Year of the Dolphin opening
ceremony. GVI has provided each school with a training course for Microsoft Office
applications and has been working with Mkwiro to enable the school to start an internet
business to enable the generator costs to become sustainable.
Figure 4-1. A beach clean for International Coastal Cleanup Day.
4.2 School Education
Following the Kenyan syllabus, we have been working on the New Progressive Primary
Schools English syllabus books (teacher and student copies), and have been using
these as the basis around which our lessons are planned. We completed one chapter for
each Standard in the first 5 weeks. We have conducted more than 17 hours of English
lessons. In terms of extra-curricular study, we have conducted 5 hours of tutorial work
with Standard 8 helping them to prepare for their final exams. We continued special
reading lessons with the Standard 6-8 students where they come individually to our base
for one-on-one reading time. This has benefited more than 50 of the learners so far, and
the individual time has really motivated both the EMs and the students.

4.3 Adult Education
During this expedition, we have conducted a record 50 hours of classes to the women’s
and men’s classes. They have both been split for the first time into beginners and
advanced levels. The advanced classes have covered topics as diverse as Presentation
Skills, Study Skills, Proposal Writing and Leadership. With the beginners’ classes, we
have been working on transport, food, time, money and descriptions as well as
vocabulary and skills relating to the student’s jobs. During the Adult Education, time has
been used for computer lessons using a downloaded series of lessons from a British
University. We have continued to offer lessons to the teachers from Mkwiro Primary
School and during Ramadan they have been able to come for a 1 hour lesson each day.
This is a valuable addition to the capacity building, as the teachers are becoming
increasingly able to teach the students in the Primary School on computers.
4.4 Al Hanan Orphanage
We have been visiting the orphanage every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for an hour
and a half each day. We have spent more than 20 hours at the orphanage during this
expedition. Activities have included games, homework, reading help, sports, drawing
and painting. The orphanage underwent a lengthy set of improvements during this
expedition. We were able to attend the opening formalities with a group of EMs and have
continued to support the orphanage’s developments since the official opening.
4.5 Satellite Camp
Working in collaboration with the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA)
and the Kenyan Wildlife Service (KWS), GVI successfully completed its fourth series of
satellite camps with 3 ex-poaching communities in the Taveta district. The 3
communities (Kidong, Mahandikini and Kaasani) had historically poached wildlife for
their own subsistence purposes, while also supplying the local and trans-boundary bush-
meat demand. The prinicipal threat to wildlife sustainability in the nearby Tsavo West
national park and local non-protected areas, however, is the bush meat trade - an
increasingly destructive and lucrative international practice surpassing habitat loss as
the greatest threat to tropical wildlife (Bennet et al. 2006 as cited by Omonde 2006).
Therefore, in order to negate the impact of this trade on local wildlife, and to
simultaneously improve the livelihood options for ex-poaching communities, GVI
continue to implement capacity-building exercises in each of the three villages. It is

anticipated that, through the promotion of environmental awareness and creation of
alternative livelihood opportunities, the ex-poaching communities will play a key role in
the long-term sustainability of their natural resources.
A fourth village, that of Mtakuja, had previously been involved in the satellite camps;
however, due to internal problems and issues of land ownership, it was not possible to
implement a satellite camp with the group this expedition. However, after GVI recently
met with Mtakuja group members, it is anticipated that the issues preventing their
participation will soon be resolved.
Overall, GVI delivered approximately 52 hours of lessons to the 3 communities. These

lessons also involved close guidance and supervision from 30 expedition members.
Attendance was generally excellent, with classes comprising between 10 – 25 members.
Summaries from each satellite camp will now be presented.
4.5.1 Kidong Satellite Camp
The Kidong Conservation and Development Community-Based Organisation (herein

Kidong group) are aspiring to create a cultural centre, with the hope that tourism
revenues provide a viable alternative income. Therefore, the satellite camp this
expedition partly concentrated on tourism workshops, where group members and EMs
acted out tourism-based role-plays. The EM’s created hypothetical problems that tourists
generally encounter, and it was up to the group members to deal with the problems in an
efficient and professional way. The expedition members were also actively involved in
researching the culture and practices of the Kidong group members, with special
emphasis on issues surrounding hunting, social calendar, religion and village structure. It
is anticipated the collected data will form part of the cultural information stand within the
centre. As Mtakuja could not be involved in the satellite camp this expedition, it was
decided to use Kidong as a substitute village. This particular satellite camp was very
hands-on, and introduced methods in reducing conflict with wild animals. Mixing
elephant dung with crushed chilli, EM’s demonstrated to group members a new
technique which has been deterring elephants from crops (see fig. 4.2). With chilli being
locally-available and easily grown, the Kidong group now have an effective and
economical way of guarding food crops from wild animals. The Kidong group also

received lessons in natural pest control, and together with EMs, drafted a funding
proposal aimed at obtaining building materials for the construction of the cultural centre.
The next satellite camp in expedition 07-04 will concentrate on developing business
opportunities for the group, with special focus on neem and aloe-vera derived products.
4.5.2 Mahandikini Satellite Camp
The Mahandikini Youth Network for Animal Welfare and Rights (herein Mahandikini
group) are looking to substitute poaching with a bee-keeping enterprise, with thirteen
members recently undergoing training with the Kenyan company Honeycare. This
particular satellite camp had an agricultural element to it, with EM’s discussing with
group members topics on soil conservation and mulching. Natural-pest control was also
covered, with EMs demonstrating to group members techniques in controlling crop-
eating pests. By using locally-grown products such as garlic, chilli, onion and marigold,
Mahandikini now have a cheaper and environmentally-friendlier alternative to chemical
pesticides. Promising is that Mahandikini farmers have also reported success in
deterring crop-eating pests with these naturally-made sprays. The Mahandikini group are
looking to tackle the problem of deforestation (primarily caused by charcoal burning) in
their area, so the next satellite camp will focus on setting up tree nurseries and ways to
create products from them.
4.5.3 Kasaani Satellite Camp
The Kasaani Group for Animal Protection (herein Kasaani group) are keen to initiate a
bee-keeping project in their locality; having recently received training from Honeycare,
the group are awaiting the delivery of 50 beehives to begin production. Due to the
location of Kasaani being very close to the border of Tsavo West National Park, they are
accordingly suffering from high-levels of human-wildlife conflict. It was therefore apt to
cover issues surrounding this conflict, and present possible ways of reducing problems
with wild animals. Along with natural pest control, the topic of mulching was also
discussed covered. EM’s and group members conversed about the potential benefits of
mulching, and how laying dead leaf matter on soils could improve the agricultural
capability of Kasaani. With lack of potable water being a fundamental problem to the
villagers, EMs and group members also had a brainstorming session – bringing up
important information which the Kaasani group will use to formulate a proposal. The next

satellite camp will look to develop the income-generating capacity of the group, by
initiating tree nurseries and neem/aloe-vera ventures.
Fig 4-2. EMs and Kidong group members create chilli dung bricks
4.6 Capacity Building
At the start of this expedition, we were able to commit 3 Saturdays to helping the Youth
group with various activities including a beach clean and helping with the bee hives.
Meetings have been arranged to discuss the proposed restaurant banda and toilets at
the beach facing the marine park and the Youth Group are working to resolve their own
internal problems so that we can continue working with them into next expedition. The
problem of finding sustainable building materials remains an issue, but it is hoped to be
resolved soon. EMs have also used their time to speak with the Tumaini Women’s
Group to try to develop their markets with stalls in Shimoni. We hope to help continue
this with the women into the peak tourist season next expedition. Meetings have

continued with the Dispensary to organise the boat which is to be bought with
sponsorship from Timberland Clothing Company. We hope that within a few weeks, the
boat and engine will be bought and the dispensary will start to generate revenue.
We have taken on two local Kenyans as part of the National Scholarship Programme
this expedition. Nasra Hansui, a KWS student from their training institute has come to us
for training in the programme which can be passed back to KWS. Our second NSP was
Mwanasha Hassan Zinga, a local woman who is hoping to start a teacher-training
course in Mombasa. She is from Mkwiro village, and has benefited from learning and the
GVI TEFL skills and has been able to develop her teaching style in adult classes. As well
as generally strengthening the relationship between GVI and Mkwiro village, the
additional TEFL course will add extra strength to her CV.
4.7 Employment
Currently, there are several local staff employed by GVI:

Marine staff: 1
Boat drivers/security: 5
Base security: 2
The expedition members get a great deal of added enjoyment and understanding of the
local culture and way of life by working closely with these local staff. We are also helping
to build capacity within our local staff by helping them to improve their English and
offering computer lessons and practice when machines are available. GVI also supports
local enterprises in the community including bread and samosa makers, the village tailor
and curio sellers.
4.8 GVI Charitable Trust
GVI has helped to sponsor 5 children to secondary school in full this expedition through
donations to the expedition through GVI CT. The Orphanage committee have given a
proposal requesting for the remainder of money previously pledged to the orphanage to
go towards building a new classroom block. Now that their other developments have
been finished, the classroom block is underway. Our relationship with the orphanage

remains strong and all parties are very appreciative of GVI CT. Some of our EMs used
their Interest Group time to investigate further fundraising for the orphanage, school,
dispensary and other projects in the village.
4.9 Summary
GVI’s involvement in the local community in Mkwiro as well as in Shimoni and Wasini
through English teaching, capacity building and help with the orphanage has made a
tangible difference to the lives of the community members. Next expo, we hope to
increase the amount of reading and English being done in the students’ free time by
actively helping out in the new school resource centre. We are also looking forward to
working with a re-formed Youth Group and increasing the capacity building activities
amongst the adults.

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6. Appendices

Appendix A
EVENT LOG
DATE: VESSEL: STAFF (Initials): OBSERVERS (Initials): PAGE ______OF______
Environmental Conditions
Time
Event South 04° East 039° Effort Trans Bearing WPT Speed Cloud Swell BFT Vis Tide Precip Wind Comments
(24hrs) # T I D
Events: Effort Type: Beaufort Cloud Cover: Precipitation Tide:

01 - Start of survey day LT - Line Transect 0 - Glass Measure in eigths Type Ebb - High to low ENTERED ON
02 - Change in effort type CW- Casual watch 01- Ripples e.g. 0/8 - clear N - None Flood - Low to High COMPUTER
03 - Sighting (DS OR MFS) DS - Dedicated search 02 - small waveletss 4/8 - half sky o/c R - Rain
04 - Start of transect PI - Photo ID 03 - occasional whitecaps 8/8 - over cast
05 - End of transect 04 - Frequent whitecaps
06 - Change of course 05 - Many whitecaps Visibility (km): - Intensitity CHECKED
07 - Bft/Env/Spd change Boat Speed: Swell: 0-1 heavy rain I - Intermittent Initials
08 - Other/15 minute recording (use GPS) 0 - no/weak swell 1-10 C - continuous
09 - End of survey day 1 - intermediate swell >10
2 - strong swell

Appendix B
Sightings Form Entered onto computer □

CHECKED (initials)
Date: Vessel: Skipper: Recorder:
Survey Group size Spotted
number Distance Angle to Tide because Photo-
Latitude Longitude Effort Sighting MFS/ to sighting Ebb/Flo Dhows? ID? Number
Time South 04° East 039° type number DS sighting (P or S) od Species Min Max Best Yes/No Yes/No of Boats Comments

Appendix C
Date (YYYY- Photographe DS or MFS Vessel Initials

MM-DD) rs # (SR or ET)
Initials
Roll
#:
Photo- ID Data Sheet

Date:
Survey Number (MFS or DS):
Start time: End time:
Photographer: Camera: Scribe:
Frame # Notes

Appendix D
Megafauna Survey Form (10/06) Vessel: Entered Checked MFS#
Date South 04 East 039 Wpt # General Location Closest Habitat Notes
Staff Recorder Start End Depth
Species Temp Tide: Number Present

Ebb
Bft Flood
NOTES
Roll 2: (date/ID): Frames: Spacers(s):
Photo Notes:
Megafauna Survey Form (10/06) Vessel: Entered Checked MFS#
Date South 04 East 039 Wpt # General Location Closest Habitat Notes
Staff Recorder Start End Depth
Species Temp Tide: Number Present

Ebb
Bft Flood
NOTES
Roll 2: (date/ID): Frames: Spacers(s):
Photo Notes:

Appendix E
LAND BASED SIGHTINGS: ENVIRONMENT AND BOAT

OBSERVERS: PAGE ______OF______
DATE: Environmental Conditions Boat Traffic
Time Wind Precip No. of Number of each
Observers Cloud Swell BFT Vis Tide Comments
(24hrs) Direction T I Vessels type of vessel i.e.
Cloud Cover: Beaufort: Visibility (km): Precipitation Vessel Type

Entered on
Measure in eigths 0 - Glass 0-1 heavy fog Type SR - Stingray
computer
e.g. 0/8 - clear 01- Ripples 1-10 N - none CF - Fishing Canoe
4/8 - half the sky overcast
02 - small waveletss >10 R - rain CS - Sailing Canoe
8/8 - over cast 03 - occasional whitecaps D - Power Dhow (non-tourist)
04 - Frequent whitecaps TD - Tourist Dhow
Swell: 05 - Many whitecaps Tide: Intensitity SD - Sailing Dhow (non-tourist)
0 - no/weak swell Ebb - High to low I - intermittent C - canoe (paddling) Checked (Initials)
1 - intermediate swell Flood - Low to High C - continuous S - Sailboat
2 - strong swell P - Powerboat

Appendix F
LAND BASED: SIGHTINGS

DATE: OBSERVERS (Initials): PAGE ______OF______
Dolphins and Megafauna
Sighting Group size Tide (ebb Plot # on Comments
Time (24 hrs) observer's Bearing Sighting Species
Min Max Best or flood) chart
initials Distance
Bearing Distance Dolphin species (Spp) Tide:

Read by observer from Use reticles in Bnd - Bottlenose E - Ebb - High to low ENTERED ON COMPUTER
compass at bottom of binoculars counting Hbd - Humpback F - Flood - Low to High
binocular view down from the top of Spd - Spinnner
the horizon or shorelineRsd - Risso's
Cod - Common Checked (Initials)
Count short reticles as StD - Striped
halves PtD - Pan-tropical Spotted
Unk - unknown species
Appendix G
LANDBASE SURVEY: DOLPHIN BEHAVIOUR

DATE: OBSERVERS: PAGE: OF
Record every 5 min./after each dive cycle from 1st sighting Split into
# dhows View
# sub-
Group size Vessel #Tourist swim Obstructed
Dive Dive Vessels groups Comments
Time Spp Spread type dhows with by boats
Type Duration Min Max Best present (Yes or
dolphins (Yes or No)
No)
Dolphin species (Spp) Dive Type Spread Vessel Type ENTERED ON

Bnd - Bottlenose Rg - Regular SR - Stingray COMPUTER
Hbd - Humpback Td - Tail-out Tig - Tight (< 2 m) CF - Fishing Canoe
Spd - Spinnner Pd - Peduncle Mod - Moderate (2 - <5 m) CS - Sailing Canoe
Rsd - Risso's Rs - Rapid Surface Spr - Spread (5 -10 m) D - Power Dhow (non-tourist)
Cod - Common Rt - Rooster Tail Wsp - Widespread (>10 m) TD - Tourist Dhow Checked (Initials)
StD - Striped Lp - Leap SD - Sailing Dhow (non-tourist)
PtD - Pan-tropical Spotted Pp - Porpoise C - canoe (paddling)
Unk - unknown species Snag - Snag S - Sailboat
P - Powerboat
Appendix H
Date: Time start: Time finish: Weather: Wind: still / light breeze / firm breeze / storm
Team's full names: Cloud cover (0/8-8/8):

GPS start:
Location: Precipitation: dry / rain / showers
GPS finish:
Time sighted Common name Scientific name No. individuals Notes / description (if unsure I.D.)

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Global Vision International,

Kenya Report Series No. 00X

Wildlife Research Marine Mammal Studies

Phase Report 073

Tara Bott Expedition Member Rachel Lawton Expedition Member

GVI Kenya Wildlife Marine Mammal Studies and Community Development

Address: PO BOX 1032, Ukunda, 8400, Kenya

© Global Vision International – 2007 i

© Global Vision International – 2007 ii

© Global Vision International – 2007 iii

© Global Vision International – 2007 iv

1.2 Global Vision International Kenya

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 5

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 6

From vessel-based surveys:

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 7

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 8

Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin BND Tursiops aduncus

Photo-identification (photo-ID) refers to the identification of individuals by distinctive

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 9

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 10

Initially, a sample of individuals is photographically ‘captured’ (n1) and on a subsequent

The mark-recapture formulas are as follows:

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 11

2.4.1 Vessel-based forms and methodology

The information taken by the Event log is:

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 12

1. Time (24 hour clock)

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 13

The data includes:

2.4.2 Snorkel-based surveys (pilot study)

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 14

All vessel based sightings and Photo ID surveys (Table 2-2.).

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 15

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 16

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 17

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 18

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 19

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 20

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 21

Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 Transect 4

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 22

Humpback dolphins were sighted on 6 occasions (7 including training data) which is

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 23

There were 3 (4 inc. training) sightings of M. novaeangliae during this expedition, 3 of

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 24

Land-based surveys would benefit the area to assess:

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 25

Vessel-based cetacean behavioural surveys would help collate data on spatial

In water snorkelling surveys require improvements of methodology to collect more data

3. Terrestrial Research Programme

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 26

3.1.2 Study area

Primary research is conducted in Shimoni forest (east) on the Shimoni peninsula,

Shimoni forest (east) represents an important fragment of indigenous coastal forest,

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 27

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 28

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 29

3.3.1 Line transect sampling

© Global Vision International – 2007 Page 30

Forest Transect Sections Length (m)

Shimoni forest (east) 1 17 850

KWS forest 7 8 400