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Basis Formulas
Formula For: FLUID PRESSURE In Pounds/Square Inch FLUID FLOW RATE In Gallons/Minute FLUID POWER In Horsepower Word Formula: Pressure = Force (Pounds) Unit Area (Square Inches) Volume (Gallons) Unit Time (Minute) Pressure (psi) x Flow (GPM) 1714 Letter Formula: P = F/A or psi = F/A

Flow Rate =

Q = V/T

Horsepower =

hp = PQ/1714

Fluid Formulas
Formula For: VELOCITY THROUGH PIPING In Feet/Second Velocity COMPRESSIBILITY OF OIL In Additional Required Oil to Reach Pressure COMPRESSIBILITY OF A FLUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FLUID Velocity = Word Formula: .3208 x Flow Rate through I.D. (GPM) Internal Area (Square Inches) Letter Formula: V = .3208Q/A

Additional Volume =

Pressure (psi) x Volume of Oil under Pressure 250,000 (approx.)

VA = PV/250,000 (approx.)

Compressibility =

1 Bulk Modulus of the Fluid Weight of One Cubic Foot of Fluid Weight of One Cubic Foot of Water

C() = 1/BM

Specific Gravity =

SG = W/62.4283

VALVE (Cv) FLOW FACTOR

Valve Factor =

Flow Rate (GPM) Specific Gravity Pressure Drop (psi)

Cv = (Q SG)/(

p)

For Viscosities of 32 to 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds: Centistokes = .2253 x SUS -

( (

194.4 SUS

) )

CS = .2253 SUS - (194.4/SUS)

For Viscosities of 100 to 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES Centistokes = .2193 x SUS 134.6 SUS CS = .2193 SUS - (134.6/SUS)

For Viscosities greater than 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: Centistokes = Note: Saybolt Universal Seconds can also be abbreviated as SSU.

SUS 4.635

CS = SUS/4.635

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Pump Formulas
Formula For: PUMP OUTLET FLOW In Gallons/Minute PUMP INPUT POWER In Horsepower Required PUMP EFFICIENCY Overall in Percent PUMP EFFICIENCY Volumetric in Percent PUMP EFFICIENCY Mechanical in Percent PUMP LIFE B10 Bearing Life
Flow = Horsepower Input = Overall Efficiency =

Word Formula:
rpm x Pump Displacement (Cu. In./Ref.) 231 Flow Rate Output (GPM) x Pressure (psi) 1714 Efficiency (Overall) Output Horsepower Input Horsepower

Letter Formula:
Q = nd/231 Hpin = QP/1714Eff. or (GPM x psi)/1714Eff. EffOV = (HPout / HPin) x 100 Effov = Effvol x Effmech x 100 x 100 Effvol = (Qact/Qtheo) x 100 Effmech = (Ttheo/Tact) x 100 B10 = Rated Hrs x (RPMr/RPMn) x (Pr/Pn)3

x 100

Overall Efficiency = Volumetric Eff. x Mechanical Eff. Volumetric Efficiency = Actual Flow Rate Output (GPM) Theoretical Flow Rate Output (GPM) Theoretical Torque to Drive Actual Torque to Drive
Rated Speed (rpm) New Speed (rpm) x

Mechanical Efficiency =

B10 Hrs. Bearing Life = Rated Life Hrs. x

Rated Pressure (psi) New Pressure (psi)

Actuator Formulas
Formula For: CYLINDER AREA In Square Inches CYLINDER FORCE In Pounds, Push or Pull CYLINDER VELOCITY or SPEED In Feet/Second CYLINDER VOLUME CAPACITY In Gallons of Fluid CYLINDER FLOW RATE In Gallons/Minute Word Formula:
Area = x Radius2 (Inches) Area = (P/4) x Diameter2 (Inches) Area = Pressure (psi) x Net Area (sq in.) Velocity = Volume = Volume = Flow Rate = Torque = 231 x Flow Rate (GPM) 12 x 60 x Net Area (sq in.) x Radius2 (in.) x Stroke (in.) 231 Net Area (sq. in.) x Stroke (in.) 231 231 Pressure (psi) x F.M. Displacement (Cu. In./Rev.) 2 Horsepower x 63025 rpm rpm = F.M. Displacement (Cu. In./Rev.) .0628 231 Flow Rate (GPM) F.M. Displacement (Cu. In./Rev.) Torque Output (Inch Pounds) x rpm 63025

Letter Formula:
A = r2 A = (D2)/4 or A = .785D2 F = psi x A or F = PA v = 231Q/720A or v = .3208Q/A V = (r2L)/231 V= (A L)/231 Q = (720vA)231 or Q = 3.117vA T = psi d/2 or T = Pd/2 T = 63025 hp/n T = 36.77QP/n or T = 36.77Qpsi/n T100psi = d/.0628 n = 231 Q/d hp = Tn/63025

12 x 60 x Velocity (Ft/Sec) x Net Area (sq. in.)

FLUID MOTOR TORQUE In Inch Pounds

Torque = Torque =

Flow Rate (GPM) x Pressure (psi) x 36.77

FLUID MOTOR TORQUE/100 psi In Inch Pounds FLUID MOTOR SPEED In Revolutions/Minute FLUID MOTOR POWER In Horsepower Output

Torque 100 Speed =

Horsepower =

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Thermal Formulas
Formula For: RESERVOIR COOLING CAPACITY Based on Adequate Air Circulation HEAT IN HYDRAULIC OIL Due to System Inefficiency (SG=.89-.92) HEAT IN FRESH WATER Word Formula: Heat (BTU/Hr) = 2 x Temperature Difference Between Reservoir Walls and Air (F) x Area of Reservoir (Sq. Ft.) Heat (BTU/Hr) = Flow Rate (GPM) x 210 x Temp. Difference (F) Heat (BTU/Hr) = Flow Rate (GPM) x 500 x Temp. Difference (F) Letter Formula: BTU/Hr = 2.0 x DT x A

BTU/Hr = Q x 210 x DT BTU/Hr = Q x 500 x DT

Note: One British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. One Horsepower = 2545 BTU/Hr.

Accumulator Formulas
Formula For: PRESSURE OR VOLUME With Constant T (Temperature) PRESSURE OR TEMPERATURE With Constant V (Volume) VOLUME OR TEMPERATURE With Constant P (Pressure) PRESSURE OR VOLUME With Temp. Change Due to Heat of Compression Word Formula: Original Pressure x Original Volume = Final Pressure x Final Volume Letter Formula: P1V1 = P2V2 Isothermic

Original Pressure x Final Temp. = Final Pressure x Original Temp.

P1T2 = P2T1 Isochoric

Original Volume x Final Temp. = Final Volume x Original Temp. Original Press. x Original Volumen = Final Press. x Final Volumen
Final Temp./Orig. Temp. = (Orig. Vol./Final Vol.)n-1 = (Final Press./Orig. Press.)(n-1)/n

V1T2 = V2T1 Isobaric P1V1n=P2V2n T2/T1=(V1/V2)n-1 = (P2/P1)(n-1)/n

Volume and Capacity Equivalents

Water at Max Density Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Feet Cubic Centimeters Liters U.S. Gallons Imperial Gallons Pounds of Water 1 1728 0.0610 61.0234 231 277.274 27.6798 Cubic Feet 0.0005787 1 0.0000353 0.0353145 0.133681 0.160459 0.0160184 Cubic Centimeters 16.384 0.037037 1 0.001308 0.004951 0.0059429 0.0005929 Liters 0.016384 28.317 0.001 1 3.78543 4.54374 0.453592 U.S. Gallons 0.004329 7.48052 0.000264 0.264170 1 1.20032 0.119825 Imperial Gallons 0.0036065 6.23210 0.000220 0.220083 0.833111 1 0.0998281 Pounds of Water 0.361275 62.4283 0.002205 2.20462 8.34545 10.0172 1 Kilograms of Water 0.0163872 28.3170 0.0001 1 3.78543 4.54373 0.453593