KIT Volume XXI No 1 April 2009 Prop

Keep In Touch Newsletter
XXI Volume XXI No 1 April 2009
The KIT Newsletter editorial staff always welcome all suggested contributions for publication in the Newsletter from subscribers and readers, but whether a given submission meets the criteria for publication is at the sole discretion of the editors. While priority will be given to original contributions by people with past Bruderhof connections, any letters, articles, or reports which the editors deem to be of historical or personal interest or to offer new perspectives on issues of particular relevance to the ex-Bruderhof Newsletter readership will be included as well. The editors may suggest to the authors changes to improve their presentation.
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Contents Working as a Nurse in Primavera, Alto Paraguay 1 KIT-Conference at Friendly Cross1 ways starting August 7th 2009 Bulstrode Gathering on Saturday, 2 June 20th 2009 It is Time for a New KIT Address List 5 The Cocksedge Family 6 Migg Fischli Interviewed 7 Another Icon of Primavera Time Has Passed Away Teodora Jaime 8 Peter Hofer a Forest River Man 9 Derek Wardle Our Headmaster in Wheathill 10 Photos Bring Back Memories of a Work Camp in Featherstone 1956 11 The Confrontation Between The Bruderhof And The German National-Socialist Government 1933 to 1937 5 12 Contact Details 14
KIT-Conference at Friendly Crossways starting August 7th

By Miriam Holmes The 20th anniversary weekend conference of Keep In Touch (KIT) will begin Friday, August 7th around noon, or whenever you arrive, and end at the latest on Monday morning, August 10th 2009. The per person costs for the weekend include all meals: Days (no sleep-over) only US $35.00 Semi private/private rooms US $120.00 Dorms US $110.00 As always, sheets and pillowcases are available for rent from F.C. Traditionally, KIT volunteers will buy and cook the food. We also will do the dish washing, cleaning etc. Anyone who wants to spend an extra night at Friendly Crossways (like Thursday or Monday) will be charged US $25.00 a night. I am requesting that those who are able and so inclined pitch in extra money so we can scholarship some dear people who need help with the above costs. For directions to Friendly Crossways check the web site: www.friendlycrossways.com Urgent: Friendly Crossways requires a deposit by early May. Please send me $50 per person by check (made out to my name and address: Miriam Holmes, 310 Codman Hill Rd. Apt. DI, Boxborough, MA 01719-1703) as soon as possible. Joy MacDonald has offered to collect the deposits from Europe in the same way (please make out the check to her personally; find her address on the last page in Contact Details). She will exchange the European money into US dollars for me. Last, but not least, for all you Paraguayans: I will be making Rosella Schlempe with white sauce. There will also be plenty of Yerba Mate on hand.
Working as a urse in Primavera, Alto Paraguay

By Hanni Dreher-Bhler Translated by Linda Jackson-Lord KIT. The following report by Hanni Dreher-Bhler, who considered her career as a nurse in Primavera her vocation for life was found by Hanna Homann amongst her mother, Maria Patricks papers. It was written in 1983. Hanni Bhler, a Swiss by birth (born on the 19th of ovember 1918) was a niece of Else Boller. She came to Primavera in 1953 and married Leo Dreher in 1959. Both were sent away during the big Bruderhof-Crisis of 1960. For many years thereafter Leo worked in one of the MaxPlanck Institutes in Germany. In their later years the couple lived in Hombrechticon, Switzerland where they are both buried. Leo died on the 20th of October, 1995 and Hanni, on the 10th of April 2001. They left a daughter, Rene and son, Don. Throughout the years Hanni maintained contact with her step children. The original report was published in German in the December KIT ewsletter of 2008 (see more pictures there pages 7-10). Even after twenty-two years back in Europe, now as winter approaches and snowflakes whirl around us, we are still overcome by a powerful longing for sunny Paraguay. We brew ourselves mate, and the memories flood back: Do you remember the Yvyrapit, our Christmas tree? In December the bright yellow candle like flowers shown against the blue sky. Do you remember the enormous Christmas Star bush in Ibat, the brilliance of the colours of the parrots, the orchids growing from the bark of the trees, the butterflies the size of your hand, fluttering out of the jungle shimmering in shades of blue, purple and green? There were always new surprises to be found in the natural world: The Tucans huge bill, an Armadillo out for an evening stroll, below in the grass a procession of Leafcutter ants or the graceful nest of the Weaver bird hanging down from the palm tree! In my free time I often drew pictures of flowers, but my favorite drawings were of palm trees silhouetted against an evening sky ablaze with colour, the red glow on the horizon above the dark forest. For a long time I thought this brotherly life with nursing, Spanish and the romance of the jungle to be my ideal. Two of my
Kindergarten children on a walk in front of the main building of the hospital in Loma Hoby. (All photos from Colin Sharp, 1956)
Keep In Touch ewsletter
Vol. XXI o1 April 2009
cousins [the Boller sisters Ursula Lacy and Liesbeth Loewenthal] worked in the Sanatorio Primavera in Alto Paraguay. The hospital was begun quite naturally: During the Second World War when the Christian community left England, 1940/41, three doctors arrived in Paraguay. The community thrived. When I arrived in 1953 there were already three villages: Isla Margarita, Loma Hoby und Ibat. At the time they consisted of thatched roof wooden huts. The hospital had been built in Loma, it consisted of a main building with two consulting rooms, pharmacy, treatment room (we called it through room), x-ray department, laboratory, operating theatre, and dental practice, as well as two hospital wards. Opposite stretched the long Paraguayan wing with in-patient rooms, maternity ward and nursing station. A bit further away was our community mother-house, where I lived for many years. At night, I took care of the mothers, or helped at a birth as needed. In the beginning only the floors of the operating theatre and the maternity room were concrete. Everywhere else the floors were earth. It was a great improvement when concrete was finally laid throughout. We drew our water from the well. Instruments were sterilized on an open fire behind the kitchen, and on cold days we fetched the glowing coals for the coal pans in the consulting rooms. From here we also got the boiling water to brew mate during the day. Mate, Dripping and Tropical Sores After days in the saddle a cold mate is really appreciated. It is sipped from a Guampa (a cows horn that has been beautifully handcrafted) through a Bombilla, a thin silver tube with little holes in the bulbous end. Could the Mate, the green leaf tea, really be a gift of the Gods in accordance with the Indian legend? It does act as a stimulant, but its greatest asset is something else: Mate neutralises excess gastric juices. None of our patients suffered from chronic stomach problems! At home the tea is brewed with boiling water (Mate Cocido), and it is traditional amongst friends, to fill a hollowed out pumpkin, a wooden container or even a Guampa, and pass it round in a circle. Each in turn sips up the mate through the bombilla (not very hygienic).
ative mother with her children on their way to the hospital
Our standard breakfast in Primavera was sweet mate, dark bread with pork dripping and treacle. In hot weather especially, dripping was not easily digestible. The fair skinned and the new arrivals suffered especially. For them it was almost impossible not to scratch where the mosquitos picked on us especially for our thicker blood. Not only did the scratches get infected, little pustules formed as well. In severe cases our doctors ordered butter instead of dripping or even antibiotics. It was soon clear to me why the Israelis consider the pig to be unclean. Sadly butter and milk were scarce. Uras, Zebo. Hookworm and Leishmania My first nursing activities were in the Isla Margarita Surgery. Amazing, the things I had to deal with; for example a knee infection that just would not heal! I showed it to Dr Cyril Davis on one of his visits, he just said: Some tweezers please, and with gentle pressure and pulling he extracted a fine example of an Ura worm from the wound. The Ura had already been killed due to the application of the ointment. It was the length of your little finger and was about seven millimetres wide at the thick end. A long dark coil wound itself around the pale parasite, with which it bored its way back in whenever one tried to squeeze it out. Its eggs were laid in the open wound, but also in new heathy tissue. A palpable swelling under the skin gave it away. I learned to look in the wound for a small white peak the Uras breathing hole. If I found it, I stuck a really thick plaster on it to cut off the parasites air supply. A few days later I could squeeze the Ura out with ease. If that was successful, the wound would soon heal. The Zebo parasite burrows tracks under the skin, which are clearly visible and itch. Small children get their hands infected. By frequently rubbing worm oil into the tracks, in particular into the newly created ones, the parasite could be eliminated. Our brothers had other ways, but not for the squeamish: they simply burned the Zebo out using a glowing cigarette. Hookworm sickness, also called Ancylostomiasis, was a major national malady in Paraguay. Sometimes patients came to the hospital in droves to endure the cura contra angi. This consisted of worm oil mixed with a laxative. It was administered according to weight with a liberal dose of sugar. When the laxative worked, the cure was successful. Sadly these barefooted people infected themselves again and again. The unhygienic toilets were a further source of infection. The parasite penetrates the body via the intestines and the soles of the feet. It tends to settle in the intestines in particular, where it can cause extreme anaemia. Affected patients could be recognised by their unhealthy yellowish appearance. During my seven years in Paraguay I never had a Hookworm infection. With sensible hygiene precautions it can be avoided. If I ever got caught in a cloudburst, and had to wade through mud,
Bulstrode Gathering on Saturday, June 20th

By Andy Harries To all Ex-Bruderhofers and friends. I have been able to book the room at Bulstrode again which we had last year as well as a few times before. The room is available for us from 10.30 a.m. till 5.30 p.m. on Saturday, June 20th 2009. WEC International has kindly allowed us the use of the dining room at the back, with access to hot water, so we can make our own drinks. We will bring basic milk, sugar, tea and coffee, and recommend that folks bring some food along to share. Just as we did last time we can also sit outside on the veranda, with free access to the lovely Bulstrode Park and grounds. A request form WEC: Please no smoking indoors, no alcohol and no littering anywhere. We will collect a voluntary contribution, which we can give to the people as a thank you for letting us use the room and grounds. WEC International asked me to put out a sheet of paper at the reception for everybody to sign on arrival. This is a legal requirement in case of fire. If you enter through the main front door, reception will be on the right. Before that, also on the right are toilets. Please pass this information on to others who might not hear about it.
then felt a tickling on the soles of my feet, I would immediately wash my feet and my sandals. Leishmaniasis patients were rarer. They were also treated at the hospital. Wounds could be infected by the pathogen (nematodes), but the illness usually started unseen inside the nose. At first we only had intravenous medication at our disposal. I got used to treating patients accordingly, but with two young school children the infection was a real problem. Later we were fortunately able to get hold of intramuscularly administered Fuadin. Outpatients and ursing in Loma Hoby I worked in the hospital in Loma Hoby for almost six years. Soon after my appointment as nurse in Isla, I moved there. My usual position was in the so called Through Room (for the outpatients) where I gave injections as well as doing reductions and taking blood for the laboratory. This is also where the hookworm patients were treated. It was an interesting job. We nurses spoke English with the doctors and Spanish with the patients. If the patients only spoke the Indian language Guaran, our Paraguayan nursing assistants translated. Hass! (hurts!) and Mba eischa pa? (How are you?) as well as a few others I managed to remember. Thanks to my romance language background Spanish was not a problem for me. Our patients were mostly Mestizo and I wondered about them for many reasons. In cold weather they would arrive wearing a poncho but with nothing on their feet. A supposedly single woman could mobilise ten grown up children when a transfusion or blood test was needed. Some of the patients' names were absolute gems: Concepcin, Adoracin, Dulcenombre, Jes Maria and even Cesar Hannibal. I noticed this time and again whenever I went to relieve a colleague in the Paraguayan wing of the hospital. Peste and the Seven Day Sickness Peste is what our patients called a severe stomach and intestinal infection. The adults had their own remedy it was the children they brought to us. We had another name for this infection: Grippe or in a less severe form, Bush-Sickness. There were repeated epidemics always with the possibility of a fatal outcome. We could almost always help with antibiotics. El mal de siete das(seven day sickness) is what the Paraguayans called the tetanus infection of the new born. The country midwives often used a sharp blade of grass to cut the umbilical cord. This could easily infect the baby with tetanus. Usually after a week lockjaw would set in and the inability to suckle the mothers milk. Many an infant would die from this illness. To avoid this the women preferred to come to us to give birth. For our own member population we kept a precise record of anti-tetanus injections. We could immediately check what precautions were necessary in the event of an open wound. ight Watch, Snakes and Superstition I often had to do the rounds as Night Sister especially if there had been a lot of operations. I cared for the patients by the light of a paraffin lamp, checking blood pressures, intravenous drips and changing dressings. Since I had to access each room from the outside I had to keep going out in the fresh air, maybe inhaling the scent of the white flowering Moon Trumpets, usually under a bright starry sky. The moon and stars shone far more brightly there than in Europe. Instead of the Man in the Moon it was a Rabbit! On one such night the bell rang at the gate. A worried man stood there with his wife. Kyrio! was all he said. A viper had bitten his wife while she was harvesting mandioca. I called our Doctor, Cyril. Agostina was already showing signs of
Chemist Arthur Woolston was in charge of the dispensary it also depended on donations from charitable institutions and people
paralysis in her eyelids. We gave her the necessary anti-serum and she recovered. Another woman was not so lucky. She only came to us on the second day after a snake bite. Before coming she had let a practitioner in her village give her an injection, and she had bound her rosary firmly around her leg below the bite. Sadly she died of kidney failure. A common picture for me after night duty was to see several men in ponchos, either patients or relatives making their way to the fire area to heat water for their tea. Crouching round they savoured their Mate Cocido. I have threw quite a number of snakes after they were caught and killed into this same fire place, including a beautiful but very poisonous coral snake found in the waste pipe of the maternity room. We came up against superstitions again and again. One Indian mother insisted that the bishop's mitre would make her child well again. The fear of the spirit of the forest Bombero was common among the Mestizo. There were no priests in the villages, they just came now and then to marry couples and baptise their children at the same time. Unusual moral practices were apparent here; probably resulting from the numerous gruesome wars with neighbouring states which caused the death of many of the men-folk. It was not unusual for a working man to carry medical insurance not only for his family, but also for two or three concubines.
Margaret Stern (here working at her desk) and Ruth Land were together with Cyril Davis, the three English doctors who emigrated to Paraguay together with the community 1940/41.
Please make sure to look at the pictures published in the December KIT ewsletter 2009, illustrating the original German report of Hanni Dreher-Bhler (on pages 7-10).
But soon it started struggling more and more to breathe. Una injeccin, pleaded the desperate parents. Cyril explained to them that the baby had a defective heart. It was given an injection, but by evening it was dead. A long way away, and inaccessible to us, was the Mayo clinic in the USA, which could operate on these Blue Babies. This consolation stuck in my throat. A few rooms away Teofilo lay on his death bed after six weeks of suffering. The brave seventeen year old tried to intervene to stop a knife fight, and had himself been badly injured. Early one morning I went to attend to him, but the room was already empty. The drip stand still stood in a corner and on the bedside table the candle still burned but he was no more. After the death of the Blue Baby and Teofilo I asked myself whether medical intervention was pointless?
Girls grown up on the Bruderhof were trained as nurse or other professions partly in the hospital and abroad in Asuncin or Montevideo. The picture shows several who worked together with Hanni, from left: Elisabeth Sorgius, Verena Meier (assigned to laboratory work), Evi Dreher, Hannabeth Meier and Hanna Martin. (Proof: the photo in the December issue page 9).
A recurring problem was unwanted and neglected children. One day a poor little scrap, about a year old, and almost starved to death, was brought to us. He was still at his birth weight. Where other babies had flesh on their buttocks, one could see and feel only skin and bone. At just about the last minute neighbours had taken the baby away from the mother. The young doctor from the USA [Milton Zimmerman] prescribed the necessary nourishment for the baby. But our experienced midwife Phyllis Woolston said No, I will bring him mothers milk! So we fed and nurtured the little German with pipettes of mothers milk, and to our great delight he thrived and became a normal little boy. One of our families took him in. At about the same time another family adopted a little girl. When both families later emigrated to the USA, the girl was allowed to go, but not the future soldier. Tragic Cases We could send cases with difficult complications by plane to Asuncin for treatment. Nevertheless in our hospital patients sometimes died. Unforgettable for me was the fate of little Rachel, whose long apron had caught fire. In contrast, a Paraguayan who had drunkenly stumbled into the fire, recovered. Then there was the tragic death of a cripple, who had been delighted in anticipation of being able to walk again after a hip operation! The operation went on for a long time. Then Cyril came out and went over to the relatives. Loud cries and laments could soon be heard: The patient had died under the anaesthetic. Another tragic memory I have is of a night duty on the Paraguayan side. An apparently healthy first baby had been born to a young couple.
Sapucay and the Mennonites Leprosy Mission About 120 kilometres south of Primavera was the Leper Colony, Sapucay, actually about half way between Asuncin and Villarica in the San Bernadino region. In the past Lepers were interned there for life. Maria Weiss, the wife of our Adolf Weiss told us about this. She lived there for many long and bitter years, separated from her husband and son Erwin. She came to us from there. Thanks to successful antibiotic treatment she had been pronounced cured and allowed to leave. She never regained the feeling in her hands, and often burned herself. Maria remained a devout person. One could not help but admire her open outreaching friendliness. When the deeply grieving parents of the Blue Baby walked past her garden she asked them sympathetically about their grief. They
Maureen Burn - the hospitals laboratory assistant
told her of their loss, where upon Maria said: Oh, the little one is now an angel, and within a year you will have another one! Claro, answered the man, and that is how it was. In spite of the ever improving chances of a cure, the Leprosy patients kept themselves hidden. The fear of being interned in Sapucay was just too great. The Mennonites founded a Leprosy Mission for them. They took pains not only to bring the patients back to physical health, but also to give them inner strength. If the Mennonites heard of a Leper in hiding, a doctor and a helper would ride out into the forest to visit them. This was not without risk. They brought the patient the necessary medication and invited them to come to the new Leprosy Mission to be nursed back to health. Three Little Angels In our work we also experienced many happy moments. Once a heavily pregnant woman came to us for delivery. She seemed to be expecting twins. Angelina was born, then nothing more happened, in spite of the contractions. A Caesarean had to be performed. There lay two little babies side by side, each blocking
For several years Mary Cawsey was in charge of the hospital kitchen (only to be seen from the back wearing a darkish dress)
the others way out. All three were healthy: Angelina, the boy, Angel, and the curly headed Angelica. Basilissa, their mother had already had two sets of twins. Despite poverty she was so happy with all her eleven children. Armed with milk and clothing for the babies, she was discharged. One year later, the whole family including the three little angels returned to the hospital to sing songs as a thank you to us. The Paraguayans are a music loving Nation. The Jesuits had already taught the Guaran Indians to play musical instruments. One could often hear guitars playing, or even a harp. The gentle sounds of the song Amambay (orange wood) still rings in my ears. An Unforgettable Sunday Outing One Sunday a group of us set off in a wagon to visit sick neighbours. Feli Melo, a diabetic, was our first stop. We brought him some toys for his children and he fetched us a sack full of oranges from his trees. We went to various other ranches, then stopped near a wood. Wulfila, the twelve year old son of Hildegard Neumann asked, Mummy, please let me have a quick look in the woods for some honey! OK, off you go, she said, but dont be long. We chatted for a while. With arms raised high, Wulfila stepped out of the woods bringing us a meter long rattle snake. His mother nearly had a heart attack. Wulfila woefully reported, I accidentally stood on it so I killed it with a branch. We lay the beast behind us in the wagon, but the reptile kept twitching its tail, we were so afraid we hit its head again. It was already twilight when we met a couple of hunters and asked after their catch. Un len, was the proud reply. But it was actually only a puma. On a Visit to Asuncin I had the opportunity of a week long visit to the capital, Asuncin where several of our young people were doing their training. For a long time after my visit, one picture remained in my memory: an elegant lady dressed in black with a golden cross at her breast. When I saw her I had stared in amazement because right in the middle of her face a cigarette was stuck in her mouth. What a contrast! Although Asuncin was on the river Paraguay, to get from Primavera to the nearest port of Rosario, we had to travel for many hours on a wagon, often getting stuck in the muddy road. From Rosario it took another ten hours overnight by boat to get to the capital. There were no traffic regulations in Asuncin , just horns! A donkey might occasionally amble slowly across the road. When there was a cloud burst, everything came to a halt. Maana (tomorrow) was the call of the day. I admired the magnificent fan palm trees in front of fine residences and a wonderful avenue full of red flowers I simply had to draw. Unintentionally I wandered out of the Parco Caballero along a sort of pathway down into the slum area of Chacarito. Wretched wooden shacks and mistrustful stares surrounded me.
On a mattress lay a small child with a yellowish face. My immediate diagnosis: hookworm. On a visit to the Red Cross Nursing School I was not impressed by their standards of cleanliness but of course there was always penicillin. I met a former patient from our hospital who was now much better, and also visited Maria Pabla, a young girl who had lived with us for a while. She was not at all well; she was in the tuberculosis ward. She was very pleased to see me and kept begging to be allowed to return to Primavera. I promised to pass on her request, but I suppose there were reasons against it. Sadly the next thing we heard about Maria was of her death. One of my destinations was the home of Mak Indians who lived on the Chaco side of the river. A well built person in a red dress with hair bound in a knot, rowed us across. Whilst doing so she exposed first one then the other muscular leg. It was not a woman! In Asuncin one could often see Indians. They sold their self-woven coloured Fajas (cummerbunds). In their colony both men and women were bare from the waist up. They shared their huts with all sorts of animals and birds. Flowers, feathers and primitive looms completed the artistic picture. But these people did not seem to be happy. Would we be, if nosey strangers were staring at us like specimens in the zoo? Surgery in Ibat and Engagement During my last year in Primvera I was responsible for the surgery in Ibat. I gave out medicines and dealt with small injuries. If I had a problem I asked for advice from the hospital in Loma Hoby. Twice that year we had an epidemic, first mumps, which begins with a high fever, then the Peste, a severe stomach and intestinal infection. Both these epidemics, as well as an outbreak of orchitis (testicular inflammation), passed without lasting affects, although the Peste did give me cause for concern. I had to ask for antibiotics for one adult and two three year olds. They could not keep anything down at all, and after one day the two little ones were lying there totally exhausted, eyes half closed. The antibiotics saved their lives. Colds and coughs were around in spite of the warm, no, the hot climate.if the wind suddenly blew from the south and it got noticeably colder. Sometimes my hospital medications were just not effective. Then I obtained the cough leaves used by the locals, and they helped. In Ibat I got to know my future husband, Leo Dreher better. We were engaged, and two months later celebrated our wedding in the community. Honeymoon at the Tapiracuay River Our holiday destination after the wedding was a hut on the Tapiracuay river (river of the Tapir). It was romantic! Either we went fishing together and I discovered plants and flowers I had never seen before, or we tramped through the jungle accompanied by the twittering of the monkeys we disturbed deep in the foliage. I remember the beauty of the wild pineapple cluster, with its sword like green and glowing red leaves and the little purple flower in the rose coloured shaft. At night in bright moon-light the jungle was fantastically beautiful. Incidentally women were never allowed to wander off into the jungle on their own. One evening my husband pointed out two glowing points in the river to me. It was the close-set eyes of an alligator. But it got even better. Again at night a loud bellowing noise came from the river. Tiger, said Leo, but it will not come here. The shutters in our windows were only loosely placed! Later another sound, right outside the hut: our water bucket was dragged away, then a growl. Its only a puma, Leo said calmly, and they are harmless. Although they are bigger than the Paraguayan tiger which can be dangerous, the puma never attacks humans, in fact
It's Time for a ew KIT Address List

We plan to publish an updated KIT Address List soon, so once again we are asking for updates on any mailing addresses, phone numbers or email addresses. Therefore if you correspond with the KIT volunteers about any addresses at all (see contact details last page), please make it abundantly clear whether the details should or should not be published in the upcoming, publicly circulated KIT Address List. If your address is already part of the published Address List, and you want to add your email address or phone number, please let us know. Obviously we must keep the private mailing list for the Newsletter updated, but the list we are planning to update now is a completely separate and different list; it's a public address list.
it is supposed to have protected humans from the tiger. The footprint I found near the hut next morning was quite a respectable size. Soon after that we were to return to Europe. Looking back I feel those seven years were a really fulfilling time. Embedded in the community, we lived in a naturally beautiful environment giving a service to the friendly and so often needy indigenous Paraguayans who lived on the land.
otes on Hanni Drehers Report

By Hans Zimmermann Translated by Linda Jackson-Lord The snake Wulfila killed was more likely to have been the poisonous Kyriu, a type of Viper which was at home at the edge of the forest and on the campos. Their main diet is Aperes (rabbits). The Ura worm (Screw worm) attacks cattle, deer, cats, dogs and humans, but not horses. It is transmitted via the Ura fly, that lays just one egg onto healthy fur, or skin in the case of humans. Hanni describes this parasite well. Nowadays cattle are sprayed with a sulphur preparation which has had good results. In Primavera the Gusano maggot also gave us plenty to worry about. The bluebottle lays her eggs by the dozen in open wounds, or in the navel of new born calves and foals. The maggots soon hatch and eat their way into the tissue. On the estancia we always had to drive the young calves and their mothers into the coral and treat them with criolin. This is a black liquid substance with a very potent smell [possibly a tar or ichtheol derivative, that was used for skin diseases?] Later we just used Gamesan in powder form. The Cebo or Zebo is a very small worm which spreads under the skin on the feet and itches dreadfully. Another pest was the sand flea (tunga penetrans). It bores its way into the feet, and causes septic sores in which the sand flea lays more eggs. The result is painful.
Hookworm was called Angi by the indigenous population. Hanni describes this plague very well. Hanni mentions Feli Melo in her Sunday Outing. He was Primaveras first Capataz, in charge of our native estancieros (cowboys). We inherited him from Rutenberg. Sounds by the Tapiracuay: The name of the river has nothing to do with the tapir. In Guaran the Proboscidean is called Mborevi. The song of the Hok bird, a species of Bittern was often confused with the howl of the Jaguar. The author, Hans Tolten also made this observation. He has written some of the best books about Paraguay, for instance Herden Gottes Mit uns wandert die Heimat. [Herds of God Our Homeland Wanders With Us] The books must have been written in the twenties before the Chaco war with Bolivia of 1933. I have all his books and concur with all his observations. In Paraguay there were no Alligators; just Caiman or Yacar in Guaran. Both belong to the Crocodile family. In mating season the Caiman puff themselves up and produce a strange roar to attract the females. It sounds a bit like the bellow of a cow calling for her calf. The Jaguar was only seen in Primavera in the early years. It prayed cattle or horses, but gradually the shy predator was scared away. The Puma on the other hand was there as long as we had plenty of forest land. Sadly the local hunters, for instance Jose Melo hunted these creatures into extinction. Jose Melo was a well known hunter who felled trees for our building requirements. In 1955 he shot a puma. One of her two young was raised by the Mathis family [photo published in December KIT, page 11] until the little predator got too big and became a potential danger. He was supposed to be sold to the zoo in Asuncin. Unfortunately nothing came of that; the puma temporarily escaped notice, and went off to explore the well in the Bruderhof house in Asuncin, and sadly fell in and drowned. Jgerlatein [tall story] probably applies to Hannis mention of the Puma protecting humans from the Jaguar. Although I also heard the story at the time, there is no evidence to support this.
The Cocksedge Family

By Renatus Klver I read the short paragraph on Jimmy Cocksedge in the December KIT Newsletter of 2008 and find that I need to correct information given in it. The Cocksedge family, along with so many other families and individuals, were given no reason for being sent away from Primavera. Together with other Primavera families they were shipped back to England where they had totally to rely on relatives for help in starting a new life outside the Commune. At first Edmund got a job as a stockman on a dairy farm where he helped milking and generally looking after the cows. The family lived in a tithe cottage, and I think the boys also helped on the farm. Edmund had been looking around in Gloucester for other work. He was an optician. Eventually he managed to get a job in a specs factory. They settled in Gloucester town. The family lived under very cramped conditions in a small cottage for which Edmund had managed to get a mortgage. At first they all lived together, but it got to be too much for Amy, who suffered from a congenital heart complaint. Rhoda, the eldest daughter, did all the housework, shopping cooking washing cleaning, when she was barely fifteen years old, with Amy mostly having to stay in bed. This was a very trying time for the family, but they managed. All the younger children were still in school. The three oldest had work, or had started an apprenticeship. Later on the eldest boys moved from home, and Rhoda married Francis Dorrell.
The Cocksedge family 1959 in Loma. Standing from left: Raymond, Jimmy, Tim, Rhoda, Ian and Jeff (Phlegon). Sitting: Amy, Edmund, Jenny, Priscilla. Hugh is missing. - Photos submitted by Rhoda.
At that time, the early sixties, the Australian government offered immigration and a free passage to Australia for qualified people and young married couples. Francis and Rhoda decided to take advantage of this offer ,They applied, and soon after their wedding immigrated to Australia. The condition for the free passage was that they stay in the country five years. Ian and myself had also more or less decided to immigrate, but Ian got side-tracked and married, so I never went.
1963, the family could move into their own home with back garden, o 20 in the Old Cheltenham Road, Longlevens, Gloucester, UK.
After the tragic car accident in which Amy died, Edmund decided to immigrate to Australia as well. He got a job as housefather, looking after difficult teenage boys. When he retired he wrote an auto biography titled: "Vagabond for Peace". Unfortunately this small booklet is out of print but I was given a copy by the family. It is very readable and gives good insight into the reasons Edmund joined the Bruderhof, even while Amy had not been that enthusiastic. After Hugh Cocksedge got married, he and his wife also immigrated to Australia, and much later Jenny, the youngest one did so as well. I flew to Australia in September of 2000, the year of the Olympics, mainly to visit with Francis and Rhoda, but also hoping to also visit with Edmund. Sadly Edmund died in January of that year, so I missed him. He had lived in sheltered accommodation for his last years in a beautiful location a stones throw from the sea. Doris Chatterton also lived in the same settlement of long stretched out bungalows. It had a little of the character of Bruderhof, in as much as all the residents had their meals in a communal dining room and also had access to other communal rooms where they were able to make afternoon tea for themselves and little snacks for visitors. A few years ago Hugh Cocksedge died of myeloma, a bonemarrow cancer which attacks the T cells: the same debilitating cancer to which his classmate Peter Holland succumbed. He left a wife and three grown children. They all live in Australia. Jenny is also married with four children. One of her girls got married
last year. Francis and Rhoda still live in Queensland in a village, or small town as the Aussies would have it. They have two children, both married. They were in Europe last year to visit with friends and family. I enjoyed having them in my house for a couple of nights and taking them to a connecting flight to Germany, where they visited with Karola (my youngest sister) and her husband Stephan Friedemann. Oh, yes. The Cocksedge family, as a family, never lived in Australia. Some years ago Jimmy had a motorbike accident. He barely survived. He suffered severe head and brain injuries and never fully recovered. His wife divorced him a year later. She did not want to nurse him. Increasingly over the years he had difficulties coping with life. At first he lived by himself but then moved into sheltered accommodation. In his last year he became unpredictable with his mood swings. The management felt they no longer could take responsibility for him. He was transferred to a hospice and got the specialist care he needed. His dying at a relatively young age was the direct result of the motorbike accident. He leaves behind a son and a daughter. Unfortunately the daughter did not inform any of her uncles and aunts of Jimmys death, so none of them were able to attend the funeral.
Migg Fischli Interviewed

By Bette Bohlken-Zumpe Again our dear friend and brother Migg Fischli was interviewed by a Swiss Newspaper. This time it was the Zrichsee-Zeitung linkes Ufer of Wednesday 14th January 2009.
Your Annual Contributions for the KIT ewsletter in 2009

We are very grateful for the subscriptions and donations received for the year 2008, but once again remind our readers that for this venture to continue sustained funding is required. Yearly subscriptions and donations must be forthcoming. The most convenient and least expensive way to post the Newsletter is by email. You have then the advantage of being able to enlarge the type size and pictures by zooming. The email Newsletter also can be printed out in an enlarged version (A3) in copy shops. The suggested annual contribution is US $20, UK 10, or Euro 15 for three issues. Send the money either to Tim Johnson, Joy MacDonald or Linda Jackson (contact details see last page). The next two issues in 2009 are planned for September and December.
Migg Fischli in Oberrieden, April 2004. To the right is the apartment house he is living in. (photo Erdmuthe Arnold)
Migg, who will be ninety-three coming June was happy to tell his interesting life story. It is a good article with photos of Migg as well as a photo of Hilde, his wife. In the interview Migg speaks about his sheltered childhood, his search for a brotherly Christian life and of his joining the Bruderhof community in Germany. Ejected from Germany in 1937 Miggs life would take him to England where he married Hilde Hundhammer. Migg and Hilde had three children in England, and another five in Paraguay. With his growing family Migg, together with the whole community had to leave England to find refuge in Paraguay. Eventually he left the Bruderhof during the 1960s and returned back to his roots at the Zurich Lake after thirty interesting and eventful years so far away from his home. 1966 his family moved into a nice apartment in Oberrieden near Zurich. Migg was a hard worker and looked forward to being pensioned. He and his wife wanted to spend their last years in the
land he loved, South America. They took a few weeks holiday in Brazil in 1981, where two of his daughters lived. Sadly his wife Hilde died unexpectedly abroad of a bacterial infection. Her body was too weak to cope with the illness because of an earlier bout with cancer and the following chemotherapy. Migg returned to Switzerland alone. During a school reunion he met his old friend Else. They had twenty wonderful years together. For many KIT folk Migg is a true friend. He still has many visitors from all over the world who seek him out for advice and help. Thank you dear Migg.
Another Icon of Primavera Time Has Passed Away Teodora Jaime

By Erdmuthe Arnold Teodora Martinel Jaime died in Ohio on December 27th 2008 at the age of ninety-five years. She was born November 9th, 1913 in Paraguay. Her husband Venceslao Jaime predeceased her by four years; he also died at the old age of ninety-five years on January 24th, 2004. The couple were familiar with the Primavera property in the departamento of San Pedro long before it was purchased by the Bruderhof in 1940/41. Whoever read the account of Hans Zimmermanns visit to Vence and Teodora Jaime in Sunbury/Ohio in 1998 [republished in the December KIT Newsletter Vol XVI No 2 2004 not 2005, as the mast head suggests] will have been astonished to learn how much better Vence especially was acquainted with our homeland Primavera. He knew all about the campos y montes (grass and wood lands), where to hunt, to fish, and where to find work to earn money for a living. It was a life full of hardships and war. The couple had lived north-east of Primavera in Mbocayaty. The Bruderhof (then, Sociedad Fraternal de Hermanos) offered Vence and Teodora the opportunity to raise their growing family on community ground. They were made responsible for cooking and partly also for lodging the growing number of native workers in Isla Margarita. Vence was also put in charge of the alzaprimas (see photo below) owned by the Bruderhof, as well as the oxen needed for the logging of wood. The Jaime's new home was not far from the brickyard, saw mill, workshop and turnery in Isla. We young people loved to visit the family in their so called estancia, climbing a fence, walking across the campo and passing by a little tacam (pond) with hundreds of squeaking tad poles. The azado they cooked outside over an open fire and served together with mandioca was a memory for life never
again have I ever eaten such delicious meat. And we loved to listen to the singing, the guitar and harp playing of the Paraguayan workers in the evening. They really were musical experts, learning songs and instruments and playing by heart. They taught us several famous Paraguayan songs; we just loved the folklore. As Vence told Hans Zimmermann, the four or five alzaprimas were parked in a paddock near a corral built for the oxen and the two milk cows the Jaimes kept. The Jaime children visited the Isla school and learned German and English. Around 1955 Vence and Teodora asked to join the community. They moved to Isla Margarita. I remember the family from when our family lived next to them in 1957/58: They, at the far end of one of the large halls, and we, in the adjoining one. The children were lively, energetic and sometimes mischievous. The family were really enjoyable neighbors. Teodora, the mother of fourteen children now largely relieved of the responsibility for their education, was assigned work in the kitchen and laundry.
Teodora and Venceslao together with grandma Jaime
This well could be the estancia near Isla, the large wheeled alzaprimas in front. (Both pictures are part of a collection Constantin Mercoucheff saved from abandoned Primavera 1961)
For reasons unknown, the Jaimes were left behind in Paraguay when Primavera was closed down 1961. They were told they could not move to the USA. A place was found for them outside Asuncin, as Vence told Hans. They missed their friends, their brothers and sisters from Primavera. In 1963, Dick Domer, Howard Johnson and Stan Ehrlich visited Paraguay, Argentine, Montevideo and Brazil. They made new contacts with community people they had left behind to fend for themselves. In two letters, my father Hans-Hermann Arnold mentioned a desire on the part of the Bruderhof to get back together again. So twelve Jaimes arrived in Oaklake in November/December of 1963. This was at the time when the United States was mourning over the sudden death of their idol, President John F. Kennedy. Nikolaus Willim and Adolfo Weiss also came up. From England came the Keiderlings and the Whittys. Jrg and Renate Barth also moved to Oaklake. A new house was built to make room. Hector and Susie Black returned about the same time, as my father wrote. 1963 must have been a special year of outreach and rejoining in Bruderhof history. Nadine and August Pleil remember their old Paraguay friends Jaime from their years in Oaklake/New Medow Run. Nadine used to translate at mealtimes and meetings for Teodora and Vence. The English language was just to hard for both of them; after all they grew up speaking Guaran and Spanish, and were past the age of 45 and 50 when they joined the Primavera community. But they had made it possible for their children to fend and enjoy their life in a new country, and to become part of it. Quite obviously the Jaime family could not warm up to the changed community life in USA, working indoors in the shop, laundry, or kitchen. The children especially werent able to adjust. The family was asked to leave again. After several years working outside for a horse breeder, one of Vences leg was injured once again in an accident, and he had to give up work
and they lost their rented home. To the dismay of the children, the Bruderhof took the family in again, though not for long. After two years the community found a new job for Vence outside. In the last years Teodora and Vence lived in the house of the four youngest daughters in the country near Sunbury, Ohio. They grew their own vegetable garden, and were cared for most lovingly by their daughters. Let me close with a fond remark of Phil Hazelton's when Nadine Pleil told us about Teodoras passing on the Hummer last year. I cant say it better: Thank you for telling us, Nadine. Twas one of mom's favourite women friends in Isla. They communicated perfectly without either speaking or understanding the other's language. They could share jokes and would laugh uproariously while hanging the laundry or folding the sheets. Yes, another Primavera icon has passed on. May we all have such sweet personalities and live as long as that remarkable pure Paraguayan peasant couple. Warm and grateful thoughts for her and her family.
the hilly field north of the hof, they shot five times at a peculiarly docile group of deer. When they drove up to load them, they discovered five of the neighbors sheep. They were soon on the table and not a word was ever said to the owner, Bill S., a known conniver and neighborhood thief. I guess they figured what goes around comes around. Pete was the trigger man that night. So long Pete! George. Tim Johnson on December 14th, 2008: Hearing of Pete Hofers passing and then seeing the reminiscences of George and Ruth, took me back down Memory Lane to Forest River, and our familys twenty months there from late 1955 to June 1957. Georges lovely little account mentions Petes roosters, and that besides those roosters, Pete was the chicken man. In 1956 I injured my left foot in a tractor accident on one of the John Deere R tractors. While my foot healed, I was limited for two to three weeks in what I could do, so instead of plowing, et cetera, I worked in Petes chicken barn, the four-story eight-room construction mentioned by George, which also had a central elevator for taking grain, skimmed milk et cetera, to the different floors, as well as a small room where the collected eggs were washed, sorted, candled, and packed into cartons and boxes, for sale in Grand Forks. Those tasks became my temporary occupation, with Pete as a good-natured, friendly mentor, with whom I got on well. A semester later, in January 1957, when in its wisdom the brotherhood (really, certain individuals!) took me out of the little Inkster high-school, just a term short of graduation, I was assigned day-to-day responsibility for running the chicken barn, under Petes fairly hands-off overall responsibility. I was seventeen at the time. Many days Pete barely put in an appearance, as he was assigned to other tasks, but he was always available for any problems, or where there were major non-routine tasks, such as periodic killing and preparing for market a large consignment of chickens. Happily, that little work room also had a radio. I dont know where Pete got it from, but it was tuned mainly to country music, agricultural reports, and news, from the Grand Forks and Winnipeg stations. Still a Hutterite at heart, Pete advised me to turn the music down or off, on those rare occasions other brothers (I dont remember any sisters) visited that little workroom! As has been described, he was a very decent, rather quiet man. I had the feeling that he really didnt care too much for the Hutterite-Bruderhof in-fighting, and got involved in those aspects only to the unavoidable minimum. I think he was basically rather confrontation averse, and quite easy-going. He certainly never lectured me on my failings with regard to the inner life, as some did! I liked and respected him and the way he expressed himself through his work ethic, and was glad when he chose to go East when the big rift occurred at Forest River, and the Bruderhof faction decided to move back East. For that journey eastward from Forest River, starting I think on June 21, 1957, I was asked to join Arden Morris and Pete Hofer as the third driver of the black (later two-tone blue) Cadillac hearse, in the back of which was my mother with my bedridden sister Elizabeth, in a body-cast (from post-polio surgery), and a couple of younger children. I no longer recall whether Ardens wife, Vivian, was with us, but I think not. My main duty, aside from sharing the driving, was to carry my sister to and from the hearse, whenever we had major stops. This adventure included a number of incidents I still remember well. First, we had to stop briefly in Fargo, where a destructive tornado had touched down the previous evening, leveling blocks of houses, and killing several people. We then stayed overnight in Minneapolis, I believe at the home of Ruby Moodys sister. Next day, near Tomah, in the Wisconsin Dells area, a tire rim blew out;
Peter Hofer a Forest River Man

KIT. At the end of 2008 we got the news that Peter Hofer (born on October 17th, 1922) had died on one of the Bruderhof places. He married Sarah Maendel (born on February 18th, 1926) around 1946. When the Bruderhof took over Forest River 1955 Peter and Sarah Hofer were members of this Hutterite colony, and joined the Bruderhof after the split of 1957. Peter must have been a personality one would remember with respect and affection. After the news of his death was sent to the Hummer, he, his family and the children: Marcus, Ida, Thomas, Rachel and Daniel were remembered fondly by several people. Two of the contributions tell about years together at Forest River, as well as the move East in June/July of 1957 after the split with the Hutterites. George Maendel to Hummer, December 11th, 2008: I remember Pete Hofer when he was in charge of the four story chicken barn at Forest River. Separate from the laying hens, he usually kept a pen of roosters, mean, fighting rooters. Small boys were their primary enemy and they loved nothing better than to intimidate us. And did they ever, chasing us right out of their corner behind the barn. If we were not quick enough we could expect a sharp painful jab in the ankle to help us on our way. We didnt dare attack them with sticks or stones, because we really liked Pete and knew that he cared about his roosters. Pete also had a small black and white dog, a dog that went mad, probably from rabies, one cloudy and moonless night, upstairs in the pig barn, of all places. No questions were asked as to who may have had contact with the dog, no one had been bitten, so that was good enough to dismiss the idea of getting rabies shots. No one stopped curious children from entering the pig barn and seeing the dog at the top of the stairs, growling and foaming at the mouth, I dont remember feeling afraid, but my sister Lydia and I did not wait around for the man with the gun, who was said to be coming to shoot the dog. Pete was always fun and kept to his own business of running the chicken barns and sometimes responding with his famously accurate deer rifle when there was a call for a government lamb or two to grace the table. I dont know who made the decision to shoot deer, always at night, but it was a regular activity in the early years of Forest River. They mounted a small, powerful spotlight on Petes 30-30 bolt-action rifle. Where the spot landed, there the bullet went as well as soon as the trigger was pulled. If more than one deer was dumb enough to stand in the light, the men were not afraid of taking more. One night, in
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Pete, Arden and I scoured local auto junk yards for a replacement for the rim and tire. Given the non-standard size of our wheels, this turned out to be quite difficult, but was eventually accomplished. All of us were exhausted by the time that was done, and we drove on into the night, toward Chicago. After we repaired another flat, Pete handed over the driving to me, and I remember how hard I had to fight to stay awake, as Arden and Pete both dozed off in the dark. Somewhere around 4:00 a.m. we pulled into a parking lot somewhere South East of Aurora, since none of us felt we could stay awake, and because the cars engine was developing problems. It was losing power while making odd engine knocking sounds. Shortly after we started next morning, we knew that major repairs were going to be needed before we could continue the journey. Somehow, we got the car to limp to Ardens parents home town, in Plymouth, Indiana (Brethren country, as I
quickly learned). In the next two or three days I learned more than I ever wanted to about replacing Cadillac piston rings, and other automotive esoterica! Fortunately, both Pete and Arden had some of the mechanical skills I lacked, and Ardens folks were more than hospitable, as were some of their friends. Then, already some days late, we took off across the rest of Indiana and Ohio, and into Pennsylvania, where we bedded down at a rural home well off the main road, near Bedford, and where we finally got around to phoning the temporary Bruderhof of our whereabouts. I think none of us had appreciated how concerned assorted spouses, including Petes wife Sarah, and others were about our failure to arrive when scheduled! All of us were relieved when late next day we finally arrived at the Park Terrace Hotel, near Lake Huntingdon, NY, and our reunion with our families. Pete, you were a good man. RIP! Tim
Derek Wardle Our Headmaster in Wheathill

By Tim Johnson Derek D. Wardle (born 3rd of July, 1922) died peacefully on December 1st, 2008 at the Walden Bruderhof house near Woodcrest while we had that recent spectacular triple conjunction of those three bright heavenly bodies. I received a printed notice of his death, along with a brief hand written greeting from Madge (Marjorie Hollingdrake), to whom he was married for sixty-three years, and from several of their children and grandchildren. The notice was just the sort I think he would have appreciated, with a stylized image of a crescent moon, accompanied by Venus and Jupiter. The main things I would say of Derek are captured well by a few lines in this obituary notice, from which I will quote: In his long life he was a friend to many the school children he taught, the neighbors he met as well as brothers and sisters. We remember him with thanks: his keen interest in others, his passion for nature, his enthusiasm for life, his concern for the world. My memories of Derek start in early 1948. He was still in teachers training, commuting back to Madge and his young family at Wheathill when he could. His training completed, he then became our Headmaster, still at a quite young age. I was in that first cohort of many generations of students who benefited from that enthusiasm for nature and life, and concern for the world, alluded to above. He was eager to learn along with the young charges he led. I recall our experiments with different types and concentrations of fertilizer in little seed beds, and digging to establish the water table level. Another time, he involved us in figuring out the flow of water in a local dingle (little stream and its valley), to see whether it could support the construction of a dam, and swimming hole. Long hikes, with ordnance survey maps in hand, learning local history and home lore, were a specialty. Whether helping us to learn about the dhu-stone (type of granite) quarries on Titterstone, and something of local geology more generally, or introducing us to scientific thinkers of the past, Derek was always with us, in encouraging us to explore the world around us. Some of those explorations later took us in paths different from those that he chose, but I think helped direct some of us into careers that we felt addressed issues of the world he raised. I have previously cited him among the influences on my eventual professional career, though not necessarily in the ways he might have expected, or hoped! In 1951, he led quite a troop of us to London, to take in the Festival of Britain. This was my first experience of London. The highlight was the set of exhibitions, with its emphasis on technology, both contemporary (my first television viewing!), and futuristic, particularly for the UK. Besides this exciting Festival, Derek introduced us to the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London, 10 Downing Street (and a glimpse of the Prime Minister, Clement Atlee), and Buckingham Palace, along with Marble Arch and Hyde Parks Speakers Corner, where he seemed to revel in the diverse viewpoints on verbal display, as did we. I think it took him back to his own younger days. Back at Wheathill, he also took advantage, on our behalf, of the many international visitors who passed through the community, and brought them to speak to students on such topics as the relatively new United Nations organization, and the evils of the South African apartheid regime, through the first-hand accounts of such visitors. I think many of us in those early Wheathill years felt we had a special relationship with him, perhaps because he established and encouraged The Academy, as we dubbed it, in which our little band of older schoolchildren at the Cleeton Court school tried to further our previously sometimes neglected academic education. I remember also that when he was hospitalized with polio at the Oswestry hospital, I was able sometimes to visit him there, as my sister Elizabeth was hospitalized there at the same time. He was always eager to hear, from this childs perspective, how things were going at Cleeton Court, and how he could, longdistance, still support the students and teachers in problems that sometimes arose. Five of us were the first group to try to take O Levels at Wheathill, and Derek was among our instructors. I recall him trying to loosen us up with a reading from the somewhat tonguein-cheek Sellars and Yeatman version of the History of England, 1066 and All That, just before we took those state General Certificate of Education (GCE) exams. Since the results were rather mixed, Im not sure it really helped, but it did make us feel better! My last contact with Derek was just a couple of years ago, when Id sent him an account of a mountain hiking trip Id taken in Switzerland with two other former students of his from Wheathill, Bram Burger and Kilian Zumpe. He sent me a quite long and chatty reply, among other things recounting a trip hed taken in the same general region with his brother, in the 1930s. He had obviously not lost his zest for life, a bit of which he bequeathed to so many young people over the years, to carry forward in their own lives. Thanks, Derek, for all you did, and may the best of your influences continue!
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Photos Bring Back Memories of a Work Camp in Featherstone 1956

By Andy Harries In the summer of 1956 Joachim Bolck and I were sent to take part in an International Work Camp at Featherstone, a village near Wolverhampton, north east of the Wheathill Bruderhof in England where we lived. I was seventeen and Joachim was sixteen. I dont know why we were selected or for what reason. That was how things usually happened on the Bruderhof. We would be asked or told to do something and we generally just accepted and did it without question. The work camp was for three weeks, but we were told to go for only two weeks.
[1] Work demonstration. To the left: Joachim Bolck and Andy Harries. To the right standing: Lee Bristol, 3rd to the right is Susan
I cannot remember how we went there, but we did hitchhike back, so presumably we also hitchhiked there, which was about thirty-five miles by road. That was the way we often travelled when we went further away; obviously it would save expenses. Being an international work camp, young people attended from many different countries as well as from the United Kingdom. I can remember two people from the Netherlands, and especially two from North America. Our job was to renovate and restore the local village hall and the grounds outside. Of course the whole experience for us was quite unusual, as we came from such a different background. We had come from a community which was basically a sect, a religious community whose beliefs were based on the early Christians, living a life where everything was shared, so we had no private property and werent allowed a free will. Our life was
completely controlled, from morning till night. I had been born into this life, but Joachim had joined more recently with his family, so he would have been a bit more worldly wise. I have this vague memory of us sleeping on the floor in sleeping bags. I dont remember which work we did first, whether it was outside or inside, but I imagine we worked inside the building when the weather was not so good, and outside on the grounds when it was better. One of the photos [1] shows us being given a demonstration of how to put up fencing. I was wearing Lederhosen (leather trousers) which we used to get directly from Germany. Many of us youngsters who worked on the farm used to wear the Lederhosen right through the spring and summer. We never washed them, so we used to joke about how dirty they got and then also very stiff. When they became really dirty and stiff we used to boast how they would stay stood upright when we took them off; which made it easier to put them back on. None of us in the group were professionals in what we were doing, we were just a bunch of young people who were enthusiastic about doing something useful and meeting one another; meeting people from abroad only made it that much more exciting. The inside of the village hall had not been used for a long time and was in a bad state, dirt and dust everywhere, with the floors, walls and ceiling in a right mess. We first had to do a lot of cleaning, before we could even start working on the floors. The walls as well as the ceiling had paint peeling off, so that meant stripping off the old layers of paint and then redecorating. We had lots of fun doing these various jobs with a mixed bunch of people who didnt know each other at all, didnt know much about the work we were doing, and also often couldnt understand each other. We all went to work with great enthusiasm. The outside work was different again, inasmuch as it was also new to most people. Coming from a farming background, I had some experience in labouring, which helped with the more physically hard work. Picture [2] shows us clearing the ground. I am on the left waiting with a wheelbarrow for my turn to fill it up and cart the rubbish away. I like this photo especially because one can see some of the local children having fun watching us over the hedge. We worked hard during the day. Evenings we had some spare time when we were more free to do what we wanted. We would meet in little groups or individually to socialise or discuss things. On more than one occasion we sang songs with some people playing musical instruments. At one end of the building there was a separate room which had a snooker or billiard table. It was a large, full size table, but none of us knew how to play the game, so we just mucked about with the cues and the balls. That was rather a shame really. Later I was sent to an Agricultural College where I learned to play snooker properly and soon
[2] Clearing outside.
[3] Enjoying a discussion in the evening. Hank Zoob, Andy Harries and Lee Bristol at the right side.
Keep In Touch ewsletter [4] Harries-family photo made during the Wheathill stay of some work campers. From left sitting: Johnny, Llewelyn, Bessie, Gwendolin, and Susan (Andys new friend). Standing: Andy, Jennie, Marieli Friedeman (who often stayed with the family), Ruthie, Anthony.
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became quite good at it. Good enough, in fact, to get into the final of the college knockout competition, and then also to represent the college when we played against other colleges. My favourite photo [3] shows some of us sitting inside at a table, with one man looking through the window. To my left is Hank Zoob, and to my right Lee Bristol both from North America. I got on really well with those two and we had a lot of fun, which one can also see on the photo. I actually got on especially well with Lee. We began to be attracted to each other in a more than platonic way. At the weekend we had Sunday off free, so I asked her if we could go for a walk together. She said yes, so I was quite excited about that. Later she informed me that one of the other lads had also asked her to go for a walk with him, would I mind if he came as well? Well I was so disappointed about that, really looking forward to going with her. It has to be remembered that on the community where we had grown up, going out with a girl was just unthinkable; we werent allowed to do any courting of any kind at all. I did sense that Lee also wanted to go with me alone, but that she felt rather sorry for the other lad and just didnt want to disappoint him. Hard though it was for me to accept, I did understand this, because I was also friendly with him and realised that he was rather vulnerable and would be very upset if he felt rejected. So we three went on a walk together, rather disappointing, but better than nothing. Some of the volunteers became aware that Joachim and I came from some strange religious community and they would often ask questions about it. I can remember them pestering me to meet with those who were interested and tell them more about it. I was reluctant because at that time I was very shy and selfconscious when in a group situation and really didnt want to do it, but was persuaded in the end. I think that photo where we are sitting round the table was the time we met for that discussion. I cant remember where Joachim was, whether he took part or not.
We had been told that we had to come back home after two weeks, whereas the work camp was officially for three weeks. We hadnt bothered about that much initially, but later as we began to get to know the people and got more involved, we wanted to stay the full three weeks. So we decided that I should phone the Bruderhof and ask them. Well unfortunately they werent sympathetic to our wishes at all and we were told we had to go back. At the end of the two weeks we piled our belongings into our rucksacks and set off home hitchhiking. Some of the others there wanted to come to the Bruderhof to visit, but they wanted to stay on to the end first. Just one of them decided to come back with us: that was the lad who had come on the walk with me and Lee Bristol, so the three of us hitch-hiked together back to Wheathill. About five of the others from the work camp came to visit us at Wheathill after it finished a week later. We all met the first evening in the living room of the Masons house up on the hill. We sat all round the room chatting and singing songs. I can remember it especially because one of the girls who came was Susan. After Lee, I had become quite fond of her as well. She played the violin and we played together at the work camp a couple of times. So naturally I was not impressed how David Mason was sat next to her with his arm around her chair already. On another occasion we were having a dancing evening in the school hall on the plateau. I was really looking forward to this and wanted to do a lot of dancing with Susan. I dont know what came over me with these other girls, because I never felt the same about the girls on the Bruderhof. For some reason I felt this strong attraction. We had only had one dance together, when somebody came to tell me that one of the cows was calving and was having some trouble. I had to go to see to it what a disappointment! A bit later after one of the regular community meetings at Lower Bromdon in Wheathill, Hanz Zumpe, who was the Servant or leader there came up to me and asked why I was so quiet at meetings, yet I must have spoken a lot with the others at the work camp for there to be so much interest. I didnt really have an answer to that, but in community meetings the last thing I wanted to do was to get up and speak. I dont think there was any permanent interest in our community way of life from those who came to visit, but I did keep up a correspondence with Susan for some time. She lived somewhere in Cumbria in the Lake District, which was quite far away up north.
The Confrontation Between The Bruderhof And The German ational-Socialist Government 1933 to 1937 Part 5
By Hans Zumpe
EW MEMBERS FROM THE ZIEGELWALD SETTLEME T I EISE ACH To our great joy there were other journeys that brought us in contact with some very interesting people. On the 26th of March, 1934, Georg [Barth] and I were sent to the Ziegelwald settlement in Eisenach. We returned a few days later after some interesting discussions with four new members. Two of them are still with us today: Werner [Friedemann] and Waltraut [von Schengel, who later took the married name of Wiegand]. Wilhelm [Fischer] also joined us a week later after this visit. This journey gave us more strength to reach out to other people. We said, If they are not allowed to visit us, we must call on them.' We knew it was essential for us to sell our books and turnery, as the various restrictions imposed were adversely affecting our economic situation. So on the 21st of June we decided to send two brothers on a
sales trip each week. We maintained this for quite a while. The results of these little missions in Nazi Germany were quite satisfactory, if one considers the many obstacles which had been put in our way. Once, Arno [Martin] and Kurt [Zimmermann] returned with 280 Reichsmarks. Additionally these sales trips could lead to important meetings with people dissatisfied by the politics of the time; although frank and open comments were rare. We had high hopes for the Bekenntnisbewegung [Protestant freedom of worship movement] which published a journal, Die Junge Kirche [The Young Church]. But the States domination became even more ferocious. The seriousness of the situation was made clear on the 30th of June when a mass murder took place. Not only Rhm [Ernst Rhm, a NSDAP leader and minister in Hitlers government] and old Nazis were shot, but also
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OTES BY THE EDITOR: Hans Zumpe presented a condensed version of this report during meetings in Primavera on 26th and 28th July 1945 for the 25th anniversary of the Bruderhof. While quotes from Eberhard Arnold and newspaper clippings etc. are reproduced verbatim, the Hans Zumpe report has been edited using modern terminology, but eliminating none of the content. More about the history of this account and its translation into English can be found in the Introduction to Hans Zumpes Report from 1945 in the Keep In Touch Newsletter No 3 Dec. 2007, page 8. There also begins the first part of this report. Comments in angled brackets [ ] are explanations by the editors. SA: Nazi Sturmabteilung/Braunhemden SS: Nazi Schutz-Staffel/Schwarzhemden
many others who did not agree with the new regime. This lead to a serious [inner] call in both Bruderhofs. E GLISH MEMBERS LEAD TO A E TIRELY EW BRUDERHOF ERA In July 1934 Eberhard again went to the Almbruderhof. The first English people to join us were there. With their arrival came a whole new era in our history. At the time of Hardy [Arnold] and Edith [Boeker] wedding, Eberhard made an important testimony to the community Christus das Haupt [Christ the Head]. Our Rhnbruderhof was endangered afresh. On the 2nd of August Reichsprsident Hindenburg died. On the 19th there was to be a referendum to decide whether Hilter should be nominated as Reichsprsident. It was clear to us right from the start that we couldn't participate in this referendum, not even as we had done in November 1933. So we sent a petition to the office of the Reichsprsident referencing our previous petition, and expressing our stand on the question thus: In accordance with ancestral old style German hand writings we hold our attitude of faith allows the Bruderhof to be wholeheartedly subservient to the German authorities and their leader Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. But these writings forbid us by the will of Christ any active participation in the functions of government such as an election, a public opinion poll or a national referendum of the people. Whilst subordinate and submissive to the government, the Brotherhood cannot actively participate in the sovereign vote of the people wanting to overrule the government. In Christian reverence we recognize Adolf Hitler as leader and chancellor of our government and Reichswehr [imperial army]. Regarding leadership of the army or the use of deadly weapons the brothers, known as the Hutterites, cannot partake or even seek to influence decision making. As followers of Jesus Christ we cannot give or obey orders for the use of deadly weapons, but instead can only engage ourselves in positive Christianity for the love and unity of the gospel. So we beseech once again the understanding of the leader and chancellor of Germany and all sections of his government to acknowledge that we are submissive to the authority of Adolf Hitler, but are not allowed to partake in any decision making about the functioning of government. The Presidential Office in Berlin W.8 (Wilhelmstrae 73) confirmed receipt of this letter on the 21st of August in a typed letter (HU 34/34 III) two days after the referendum. As this signed confirmation from the envoy V. Hne is the only document we ever received from Hilters Reichskanzlei [Chancellors Office], we will quote it here verbatim:
To the Hutterite Brotherhood, FAO spokesman Dr. Eberhard Arnold, Bruderhof near Neuhof, Kreis Fulda: The arrival of the letter dated 19th of the month is herewith humbly acknowledged. As instructed, it has been forwarded to the Reichsminister des Inneren [minister of the interior]. The day of the referendum was approaching. We had sent our petition to Berlin; we did not know how Veitsteinbach would react on referendum day. But we had a good idea how they might react via a printed note that was delivered to our Rhnbruderhof: Right to vote equals duty to vote! As citizens you claim rights. Please fulfil your duty to your people and their leader Adolf Hitler. He is faithful to the German people, and thereby also to you! And you ? I personally ask you on the 19th of August after six in the afternoon, whether you have fulfilled your primary obligation as a citizen. Should you be unable to attend the designated poling station independently due to ill health, I ask you to inform the nearest department of the N.S.D.A. [The letter P was missing.] Because of these circumstances we made arrangements on the day of the election to ensure that none of the German members were present on the Hof after twelve oclock midday. Our Swiss members took over all duties. Those eligible to vote took different routes into the forest where we all met up. We stayed there together until dusk. We took with us the history book of the Hutterians, and read how at times of persecution and the chaos of war, whole households had to spend long periods of time in the woods. I experienced the next six months from the Almbruderhof. The two 'hofs remained in close contact through a brisk exchange of letters, especially the weekly reports and the so called letters to the point, and by telephone. By the use of a prearranged code we were well able to communicate the incessant difficulties with which the NS government presented us. No outsider would be able to understand any of these communications. Before I went to Silum I handed over the cash box to Georg [Barth]. Only recently [in Primavera] Ria [Kiefer] reminded me of an incident that shows how miserable that time was at the Rhn. She wanted to buy some coffee. She asked Georg for some money. Georg got out the key to open the door of his office, then hunted for a second key for the desk and for a third key to open the cash box. Then he said solemnly: Just look Ria, 20 Pfennigs! In the meantime we found some new friends at the Alm who helped us with the new start in Liechtenstein. We must mention the community in Essertines in particular, who frequently donated groceries. We found a grocer in Schaan by the name of Biedermann, who like the Rhnbruderhfer grocer Baader, in Schlchtern, understood our situation. He helped us even when we were unable to pay immediately. BO DI G AT THE ALMBRUDERHOF The pressures from outside and the fight for existence repeatedly strengthened unity in the community. On the 23rd of September, 1934 we met for the so called Bundschlieung [affirmation of the community bond] on the Almbruderhof. During the ceremony each member promised to take responsibility for our communal affairs as if he had sole responsibility for everything. We also celebrated the Lords Supper. The following day Eberhard went back to the Rhn where he stayed for the next six months. During this time the Almbruderhof continued to make progress. In September there was a commercial and agricultural exhibition in Vaduz. We went to the exhibition with our turnery
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and received a silver medal. Our school also received government recognition and approval. Schools Inspector Frommelt, who was also a priest and ViceLeader of the local government, came on the 1st of October 1934 for an official visit. We therefore had a period of peace and quiet in Liechtenstein. But soon we noticed there was a National Socialist movement in this little country. It was called Heimatdienst! [Home Service]. Their leader, Karl von Vogelsang made an effort to contact us. Having come from the Catholic Youth Movement, he found common grounds with us. Even so we could not help our unfavourable impression.of him. This new ideology gained ground in Switzerland under the name of Frontenbewegung [a fascistic movement]. In their magazine Nationale Hilfe [National Help] National Socialism was hailed as a new religion. We still had concerns about our future but it was our intention to settle and continue to grow in Liechtenstein. We wanted to find a more suitable place. We had our eye on a property in the lowlands in Balzers which belonged to a Catholic convent and was available to lease. We considered every aspect in detail, but unfortunately contract was not forthcoming. The Catholic Church probably objected. At this point our Bruderhof House in Zurich which was founded on the 17th of October, 1934 should be mentioned. Hardy and Edith [Arnold] lived there together with several young people who were undergoing further training in Zurich. The house was financed by sales achieved through little missions. THE LIFE OF THE BRUDERHOF PEOPLE Christmas was approaching. Eberhard and Emmy celebrated their silver wedding anniversary. Eberhard wrote a pamphlet, The Life Of The Bruderhof People as a Christmas greeting for our friends. It's surprising how much we shared with the public at the time. The paper quoted our election statement of November 1933; reported on the subsequent house search by 160 SSofficials; the prevention of our having guests, and the closure of our childrens home and school, and that the NS government denied us our charitable status, all of which had lead to moving the childrens community out of the country, and the founding of the Almbruderhof. The paper also discussed how all these things impacted our economic situation. The paper was printed in Germany and distributed both in Germany and Switzerland. It contained even more: Will we stay in our homeland? Do we have a place in Europe? What will happen to the missionary work around the world? What lies ahead for us regarding our children and the people of our mother tongue? Before the political upheaval many guests as well as casual workers passed through to whom we could naturally reach out. Perhaps now we must go out to many more people, because they are unable to come to us. Regarding the Almbruderhof it was said: God turned the very measures taken against us by people with evil intent into something good. The very things some had tried to use to cause our demise, God used to enlarge our small beginning. One Bruderhof became two; our impact on extensive circles in numerous countries was strengthened in a way we could not have imagined. At that time there were fifty-six people on the Almbruderhof and eighty-five on the Rhnbruderhof. Counting brotherhood members, novices and children, we numbered one hundred-fortyone In the booklet we also rather ingeniously canvassed for a six month membership on the Rhnbruderhof, while guests, who were not allowed in Germany, we invited to the Almbruderhof. It was said: We are ready for any correspondence with friends, but above all we hope many of you will join us as members on the Rhnbruderhof for a period of six months, or spend a month
visiting our beautiful Almbruderhof. ... There is no time to wait for developments! So we beg you for a prompt reply, to let us know when we will have the pleasure of welcoming you into our midst! Furthermore we told our friends that we were having to fight the authorities for the retention of part of our land: We are hoping for a fair decision from the Farmers Inheritance Court which should take into account the increase in yields to the benefit of the German national economy achieved through our brotherly work! ER ST MLLER LOST AT THE FARMERS I HERITA CE COURT The hoped for, and fair decision arrived. In January 1935 we received a five page document from the Prussian Farmers Inheritance Court in Celle about the court hearing which had taken place in October. Five judges had decided that the Bruderhof belonged to us, and not to Emil Mller. This was a monumental victory. The judges were fully aware of the cause of the problems as is demonstrated in the following excerpt: The Farmers' Leader opposes the ratification [of the sale of land to us] as not being in the interest of the farmers, and further points to the fundamental objection to military service by members of the Bruderhof, who also take no part in political elections. The complainant refers to the notification presented by the Senior Civil Servant in Kassel of June 1st 1934, according to which it is not intended that this should influence the rights of the complainant. However the decision had been reached taking into consideration only the legal point of view. Our attorney, Dr. Blanke, sent us confirmation of the decision on the 4th of January 1935. He wrote, amongst other things: It gave me great pleasure that the Provincial Farmers Inheritance Courts decision has given you the opportunity to continue your peaceful and much blessed work at the Rhn. I would also like to say that while working on this interesting case it was a special joy for me personally to get to know Dr. Arnold. So in spite of all the restrictions it looked as though we still had a future at the Rhnbruderhof.
The children house on the Rhnbruderhof was deserted at the beginning of 1935, but the same it looked as though we still had a future at the Rhnbruderhof. Roger and orah Allain visiting the old place 1981, together with Annemarie Rbens and Erdmuthe Arnold [taking the photograph]
Georg [Barth] was appointed Servant of the Word January 11th, 1935. At the same time Hannes [Boller] was reinstated. After that Georg and I relieved each other. He went to the Almbruderhof, and I went back to the Rhnbruderhof. Because of the dis-
15
tance between the two places, we thought it best that those with greatest responsibilities should be changed from time to time, so the unity of the Brotherhood would be preserved. We had planned all this years ahead, but soon events would interfere with these preparations. WHO HAS THE GREATEST STAYI G POWER, HITLER OR US? The Saarland region was integrated back into Germany on the 13th of January. [Editorial note: Under the Treaty of Versailles the Saarland region, rich in coal, had been passed to France for a period of fifteen years after which time its future was to be determined by plebiscite. It had therefore been outside Nazi control.] Because of this an important emigration newspaper printed there, and which we had read eagerly on the Almbruderhof had to be discontinued. On his travels abroad Eberhard Arnold in particular picked up German emigration literature which he studied eagerly. We always pondered the question: Who has the greatest staying power, Hitler or us? In mid February Eberhard went to Kassel to make contact with the authorities again. To his surprise he learned from a senior government official that compulsory military service would come into force in only a few weeks time. The official had a warm understanding of us, and after Eberhard had explained our faith position on the matter, he paced the room exclaiming: It is shocking what will be done to you! What is going to happen? There are no exceptions to this law! Prepare yourselves! That was an important hint, and for the first time I want to make the Brotherhood aware of the name of this official. Until now we have kept it to ourselves so as not to cause the man any problems. It was the deputy Senior President of the Province of Hessen-Nassau in Kassel, Dr Jerschke. In the previous year he had signed the positive expert opinion on behalf of the Agricultural Minister. So there were still some brave men in the Third Reich! On the Rhnbruderhof we discussed the situation. If it came to it, the only possibility was to send all those eligible for compulsory military service to the Almbruderhof. In return the British and Swiss members there would come and support the Rhnbruderhof. But there was still a problem. How could the practical work on the Rhnbruderhof be organized? Once again the necessity of each individual taking responsibility for the work of all was clearly established. This time Eberhard Arnold spoke of different grades of responsibility as we can see in the records we still have from the 1st of March 1935. So we prepared ourselves inwardly as well as practically for the promulgation of a law, which once again would have a drastic effect on our communal life. Everyone had to be issued a passport in preparation for the coming departures. Our favourite expert for obtaining passports at the district office in Fulda was Arno [Martin]. It was not all that easy; each time it was great news when someone managed to get their papers in order. Eberhard Arnold went off to Liechtenstein again to make the necessary preparations there. But before that we had the experience of the visit of Leyton Richards from the Carrs Lane Church in Birmingham. He had previously been to Berlin, and had been very impressed by the attention given to him by German government officials. We had a long talk with him in which we particularly enlarged on our economic needs, and asked him if it was possible for him to help us from England. Our friend gave us little hope. But he did say that a Bruderhof in England would be
a different matter altogether and could expect to receive support. We took note of that, and came back to it at a later date. Hans Meier and Kurt [Zimmermann] were sent to Basle on the 3rd of March. On the one hand they were there for the sales, and on the other, to observe developments. THE BREAK WITH THE RELIGIOUS SOCIALISTS On the 11th of March we had a dispute with the Religious Socialists in Zurich which must be mentioned. Leonhard Ragaz and [Robert] Lejeune were at the meeting for the Religious Socialists and the Werkhfern [Werkhof a religious communistic farm co-operative above Rschlikon near Zurich]. The Bruderhof was represented by Eberhard Arnold and Hans Meier. The Religious Socialists complained that some of our members out on a mission travelling around in their country supposedly spoke too negatively about the Religious Socialist movement. They also accused us of not having the right attitude towards the state. They had read the Christmas letter mentioned above, and rejected it strongly. They totally, rejected our attitude towards the National Socialism. Ragaz said, according to Hans Meiers minutes: Anyone who at Christmas 1934 could stand by the statement which was made on the 12th of November 1933, has gone astray. [This is where EA speaks of meinen geliebten Regenten Hindenburg und Adolf Hitler.] Besides, there is a song to be sung to the tune of: Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott. (To the question Eberhard inserted, as to whether he knew this song, Ragaz denied it). The part in the Christmas letter which speaks of a courageous Lebensschiff [Ship of Life] also shows arrogance! Eva Lezzi said: Is it really unity from which you make decisions, is it really the Holy Spirit that speaks to you, the Spirit of the Church? That is the final question. It gave us a lot to think about. Since reading your statement on the election, I no longer doubt it's a terrible mistake. I had not recognised this so clearly until seeing this statement. I was outraged. I would have wished all shame upon you. They particularly took offence to the reverence we showed in our petitions towards the government of Adolf Hitler. They were of the opinion that Adolf Hitler was a demon. Several more malicious accusations were voiced without giving Eberhard and Hans Meier the opportunity to correct them. The whole discussion continued in discord. Another example from Hans Meiers notes: Eberhard: Love and respect are our vocation; it's awful that you consider our witness to Adolf Hitler to be rubbish. Ragaz: Yes it is rubbish! Eberhard: We stand by the words of Paul that every government is from God, and that we should help our enemies through love! Ragaz: Against the explanation about the statement to Adolf Hitler I just want to say that Hitler represents and personifies the totalitarian power of the state, and even if he is not the devil himself, he seems to be possessed by the devil. I consider Hitler to be the poorest person on earth, and the most pitiful. But no one will understand your declaration in the way that you explain it. People will think you believe the murders by Hitler are also sanctioned by God ... Eberhard: We love Hitler, and curiously, it is this very statement about which you complain which has brought us the enmity and hatred of Hitler. So after this discussion we left in disharmony to go our separate ways. The break with the Religious Socialists was complete.
To be continued
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