. Transformers consist of two or more coils of conducting material, such as wire, wrapped around a core (often made of iron).

The magnetic field produced by an alternating current in one coil induces a similar current in the other coils

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER -----Power transformers

Laminated core

Laminated Core Transformer This is the most common type of transformer, widely used in appliances to convert mains voltage to low voltage to power electronics

Widely available in power ratings ranging from mW to MW Insulated lamination minimizes eddy current losses

Toroidal

Toroidal Transformer

Toroidal transformers compared to EI core transformers:

Lower external magnetic field Smaller for a given power rating Higher cost in most cases, as winding requires more complex and slower equipment Less robust

Autotransformer

An autotransformer has only a single winding, which is tapped at some point along the winding. AC or pulsed voltage is applied across a portion of the winding, and a higher (or lower) voltage is produced across another portion of the same winding

Polyphase transformers

Example of Y Y Connection For three-phase power, three separate single-phase transformers can be used, or all three phases can be connected to a single polyphase transformer. The three primary windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected together

Resonant transformers

A 25 kV flyback transformer being used to generate an arc. A resonant transformer operates at the resonant frequency of one or more of its coils and (usually) an external capacitor. The resonant coil, usually the secondary, acts as an inductor, and is connected in series with a capacitor.

Oil cooled transformer

For large transformers used in power distribution or electrical substations, the core and coils of the transformer are immersed in oil which cools and insulates. Oil circulates through ducts in the coil and around the coil and core assembly, moved by convection

Cast resin transformers

Cast-resin power transformers encase the windings in epoxy resin. These transformers simplify installation since they are dry, without cooling oil, and so require no fire-proof vault for indoor installations. The epoxy protects the windings from dust and corrosive atmospheres

Instrument transformers
Current transformers
Main article: Current transformer

Current transformers used in metering equipment for three-phase 400 ampere electricity supply A current transformer (CT) is a measurement device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry where they allow safe measurement of large currents, often in the presence of high voltages

Voltage transformers
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protective relays.

Pulse transformers
A pulse transformer is a transformer that is optimised for transmitting rectangular electrical pulses (that is, pulses with fast rise and fall times and a relatively constant amplitude). Small versions called signal types are used in digital logic and telecommunications circuits, often for matching logic drivers to transmission lines.

Parallel operation of transformer-----

Parallel transformers Most transformers installed in parallel have the same kVA, turn ratios, and impedances, which can make it difficult for power engineers in industrial and commercial facilities to understand circulating currents and load sharing.

conditions necessary for parallel operation

All paralleled units must be supplied from the same network. The inevitable circulating currents exchanged between the secondary circuits of paralleled transformers will be negligibly small providing that:

Secondary cabling from the transformers to the point of paralleling have approximately equal lengths and characteristics

The transformer manufacturer is fully informed of the duty intended for the transformers, so that: - The winding configurations (star, delta, zigzag star) of the several transformers have the same phase change between primary and secondary voltages

Sub Station Main Functions & Classification----

An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. These components are connected in a definite

sequence such that a ckt. can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-ckt. Basically an electrical substation consists of number of incoming ckt. and outgoing ckt. connected to a common Bus-bar systems. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers elect. power via the outgoing transmission lines.
Substation is integral part of a power system and form important links between the generating station, transmission systems, distribution systems and the load points.

Secondary Distribution

Secondary substation - Vilalonga VLG 66/20 kV

Distribution Substation

Circuit Breaker & Types of Circuit Breaker---A switch that automatically interrupts the flow of electric current if the current exceeds a preset limit, measured in amperes. Circuit breakers are used most often as a safety precaution where

excessive current through a circuit could be hazardous. Unlike fuses, they can usually be reset

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit-breakers

A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear. In cold climates, supplemental heating or de-rating of the circuit breakers . For example, a 22/10 rating. This rating means that the meter pack has a 22 kAIC tenant breaker, feeding a 10 kAIC loadcenter with 10 kAIC branches

EARTHING GROUNDING----Earthing and Grounding are basically same in concept. Difference between Earthing and Grounding is one of the most confused and misunderstood concepts. The importance of grounding in commercial and industrial installations can never be underestimated. Circuits of machines are grounded to provide an effective return path from the machines to the power source. There are many benefits of grounding to owners of buildings. These include maximum equipment protection, reducing shock hazard, and cost savings which accrue by avoiding machine servicing. Confusion arises with interchangeable terms such as earthing, grounding and bonding are used in these contexts.

Transmission lines---In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, distributing cable television signals, and computer network connections.

Explanation
Ordinary electrical cables suffice to carry low frequency AC, such as mains power, which reverses direction 100 to 120 times per second (cycling 50 to 60 times per second). However, they cannot be used to carry currents in the radio frequency range or higher, which reverse direction millions to billions of times per second, because the energy tends to radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses. Radio frequency currents also tend to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such as connectors, and travel back down the cable toward the source. These reflections act as bottlenecks, preventing the power from reaching the destination.

Types of transmission line include ladder line, coaxial cable, dielectric slabs, stripline, optical fiber, and waveguides.

History
Mathematical analysis of the behaviour of electrical transmission lines grew out of the work of James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin and Oliver Heaviside. In 1855 Lord Kelvin formulated a diffusion model of the current in a submarine cable. The model correctly predicted the poor performance of the 1858 trans-Atlantic submarine telegraph cable. In 1885 Heaviside published the first papers that described his analysis of propagation in cables and the modern form of the telegrapher's equations.

Applicability
Applicability In many electric circuits, the length of the wires connecting the components can for the most part be ignored. That is, the voltage on the wire at a given time can be assumed to be the same at all points

introduction

The Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB) functions as a single entity looking after generation, transmission and distribution in the state. While the state government announced plans to unbundle the board into six companies in early 2006, there has been no progress so far. Bihar Electricity Regulatory Commission has approved T&D losses at 38%, 35%, 32% and 29% for FY-09, FY-10, FY-11 & FY-12 respectively. BSEB had T&D losses of almost 42.61 per cent in 2006-07. As of March 31, 2005, the total transmission line length in the state was 4,681 ct. km. Of this, 132 kV lines accounted for 78 per cent. The board's total transformer capacity was 3,745 MVA. BSEB had 49 EHV substations as of March 31, 2005, including 44 at the 132 kV level. BSEB functions as an integrated entity responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the state. Recently, the new state government announced plans for unbundling the board.

Transmission Network Details Transmission Network Transformer Capacity (MVA) 2000-01 220 kV 132kV Total % change NA NA 4,034.5 200102* 1,200.0 2,080.4 3,280.4 -18.7 2002-03 1,200.0 2,080.4 3,280.4 200304 200405 CAGR (%) 5.3** 4.1** -1.8 -

1,200.0 1,400.0 2,080.4 2,345.2 3,280.4 3,745.2 14.2

Transmission Line Length (ckms) 2000-01 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV Total % change 235.0 1,584.0 4,275.0 6,094.0 2001-02 2002-03 75.0 1,113.0 3,500.0 4,688.0 -23.1 75.0 1,113.0 3,500.0 4,688.0 200304 75.0 957.0 200405 75.0 957.0 CAGR (%) -24.8 -11.8 -3.9 -6.4 -

3,648.7 3,648.7 4,680.7 4,680.7 -0.2 0.0

Number of Substations (ct. km) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 200304 200405 CAGR (%)

220 kV 132 kV Total % change

4 43 47 -

4 44 48 2.1

5 44 49 2.1

11.8 1.2 2.1 -

(MVA)

200001 Number Total capacity (MVA) 26 2,135

200102 26 2,135

200203 9 559

200304 9 559

2004-05 9 559

Step-down Transformers 200001 Number Total capacity (MVA) 442.4 200102 102.0 200203 102.0 200304 102.0 2004-05 125.0 3,745.5

4,600.0 3,500.0 3,600.0 3,280.4

Transmission Losses (%) 200001 T&D losses 30.0 200102 38.2 200203 38.0* 200304 36.7* 2004- 2005- 2006-07 05 06 38.9* 38.56 42.61

Transmission Expenditure (Rs million) Expenditure on new transmission projects 200304 380.0 2004-05 2,870.0

Key Planned Projects Physical target 2000-06 Transmission line plan (ct. km) Transformer capacity plan (MVA) 220 kV 132 kV 220 kV* 337.0 1,408.0 946.0

Ongoing Projects Under Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana

Transmission system strengthening schemes (as on January 2006)

SL

Name of Scheme

Associated Transmission Line LILO of 132 KV DehriKarmnasa Line at Bhabhua LILO of 132 KV DehriDumraon Line at Bikramganj LILO of 132 KV DehriKudra-Karmnasa Line at Sasaram

Remarks

132/33 KV New Bhabhua Substation 132/33 KV New Bikramganj Substation 132/33 KV New Sasaram Substation 132/33 KV New Bihta Substation 132/33 KV New Banka Substation 132/33 KV New Barh Substation 33/11 KV Banianpur Substation 132/33 KV New Udakishanganj Substation 132/33 KV New Jaynagar Substation 132/33 KV New Madhubani Substation 220/132 KV Darbhanga Substation 132/33 Vaishali Substation 132/33 KV New Forbesganj

Operational.

Power-Flow started.

Load-Flow started.

132 KV Khagaul-Bihta

Operational.

132 KV Sabour-Banka

Power-Flow started.

LILO of 132 KV Biharsharif-Hathidah Line at Barh 33KV S/C SiwanBanianpur 132 KV SaharsaUdakishanganj 132 KV PandaulMadhubani-JaynagarPhulparas

Power-Flow started.

Complete. DownLinking arrangements under progress. March'2006.

March'2006.

10

March'2006.

11

220 KV D/C MuzaffarpurDarbhanga 132 KV MuzaffarpurVaishali 132 KV Kishanganj-

March'2006.

12

Test charged. DownLinking arrangements under progress. March'2006.

13

Substation 14 132/33 KV New Sheetalpur Substation 132/33 KV Dhaka Substation 220/132 KV Gopalganj Substation 132/33 KV Phulparas Substation 132/33 KV Supaul Substation

Forbesganj-Kataiyaa LILO of 132 KV HajipurChapra at Sheetalpur and 132 KV VaishaliSheetalpur 132 KV D/C MotihariSitamarhi-Dhaka 220 KV D/C MuzaffarpurGopalganj 132 KV PhulparasSupaul-Saharsa LILO of 132 KV PurneaDalkhola at Kishanganj March'2006. Land acquisition delayed. March'2006. March'2006.

15 16

17

March'2006.

18

March'2006.

Sub Transmission Schemes (as on January 2006)

SL 1

Name of Scheme 220/132 KV GSS

Total Scope 2

Present Status Gopalganj: March'2006 Darbhanga: March'2006 Bhabhua, Bihta, Sasaram, Barh, Banka, Bikramganj, GSS are availing power. Vaishali: Control room & Downlinking arrangement under progress. Quarters at GSS yet to be completed. Jainagar, Dhaka: March,2006 Madhubani: March,2006 Supaul: March, 2006 Sheetalpur: March2006 Complete down-linking arrangement under progress. -

132/33 KV GSS

15

3 4

33/11 KV PSS 220 KV Line (2 Nos.)

168 Kms

CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMERS IN GRID SUB-STATION (132 kV & above) (as on March 2005) SL A 1 2 Sub-Station Voltage Transformers Ratio (MVA) 150 100 Nos. Capacity (MVA) 450 150

220 kV. Grid Sub-Station Bodh Gaya 220/132 Dehri - on-Sone 220/132

3 1

3 4 5 B 1

2 3

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

220/132 Biharsharif 220/132 Fatuha 220/132 Khagaul 220/132 Total 132 kV. Grid Sub-Station Chandauti 132/33 132/33 132/25 Bodh Gaya 132/33 Sonenagar 132/33 132/33 132/25 132/25 Karmnasa 132/33 132/25 132/25 Jehanabad 132/33 Rafiganj 132/33 Dehri-on-sone 132/33 132/33 Biharsharif (Baripahari) 132/33 Hathidah 132/33 132/33 Lakhisarai 132/33 Jamui 132/33 Sheikhpura 132/33 Nawada 132/33 Jamalpur 132/33 Sultanganj 132/33 Sabour Dumraon Arrah Patna (Jakkanpur) 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33

50 150 100 100

1 2 2 2 11 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

300 200 200 1300 40 15 25 40 50 25 20 13.5 40 20 12.5 20 40 20 50 70 20 9.4 40 30 10 40 40 7.5 20 60 40 40 100 15 20 150 60 100 60 20 20 10 20 10 100 40 40 40

20 15 12.5 20 50 25 20 13.5 20 20 12.5 20 20 20 50 20+50 20 9.4 20 20+10 10 20 20 7.5 20 20 20 20 50 15 20 50 20 50 20 20 20 10 20 10 50 20 20 20

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Khagaual Fatuha Mithapur Purnia Saharsa Khagaria Naugachhia Muzaffarpur Sitamarhi Samastipur Pandaul

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Hajipur Chapra Siwan Motihari Bettiah Ramnagar Kataiya Rajgir (Defective)

132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33

20 20 12.5 20 20 12.5 20 20 20 20

2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

40 20 12.5 40 40 12.5 20 20 40 20