Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Javier Junquera
Bibliografa
Fsica, Volumen 1, 3 edicin
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr. Ed. Thomson ISBN: 84-9732-168-5 Captulos 2 y 3
Fsica, Volumen 1
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands Ed. Pearson Eduacin ISBN: 968-444-350-1 Captulo 8
Dinmica:
Estudio del movimiento de un objeto, y de las relaciones de este movimiento con conceptos fsicos tales como la fuerza y la masa.
Cinemtica:
Estudio del movimiento, usando los conceptos de espacio y tiempo, sin tener en cuenta las causas que lo producen.
Desplazamiento es el cambio del vector de posicin de un objeto. El desplazamiento es una magnitud relativa: depende del sistema de referencia escogido
Rotacin: el movimiento de cambio de orientacin de un slido extenso de forma que, dado un punto cualquiera del mismo, este permanece a una distancia constante de un punto fijo.
Velocidad: cambio de la posicin de un objeto por unidad de tiempo Magnitud vectorial (tiene mdulo, una direccin y sentido)
Celeridad: mdulo del vector velocidad en un instante concreto (mdulo de la velocidad instantnea). (al ser un mdulo, su valor es siempre positivo).
En el intervalo de tiempo
Velocidad media
Es independiente del recorrido que siga la partcula entre los dos puntos (es proporcional al desplazamiento que slo depende de las posiciones inicial y final) El mdulo de la velocidad media no es la celeridad media
Velocidad media
La velocidad media de la partcula durante el intervalo de tiempo que va desde ti hasta tf es igual a la pendiente de la lnea recta que une los puntos incial y final en la grfica posicin-tiempo
Dividimos el intervalo de tiempo en pequeos incrementos de duracin Asumimos que la velocidad es constante durante cada uno de esos pequeos incrementos Desplazamiento en cada uno de esos pequeos incrementos Desplazamiento total
rea de uno de los rectngulos estrechos
El desplazamiento de una partcula durante el intervalo de tiempo que va desde ti hasta tf es igual al rea situada bajo la curva entre los puntos inicial y final en la grfica velocidad-tiempo
Velocidad media calculada en el intervalo que va desde A hasta B Pendiente positiva (al menos el signo est bien)
Velocidad media calculada en el intervalo que va desde A hasta F Pendiente negativa => Velocidad media negativa (contrario al sentido de la velocidad en el punto A, en el que el coche se mueve hacia la derecha)
Cmo cambia la velocidad media del coche a medida que el punto B se aproxima al A? La lnea azul se aproxima a la lnea verde (tangente a la curva en el punto A) La pendiente de esta lnea tangente representa la velocidad del coche justo en el momento en el cul comenzamos a tomar los datos (punto A).
60
40
10
20
30 (a)
40
50
Active Figure 2.3 (a) Graph representing the motion of the car in Figure 2.1. (b) An enlargement of the upper-left-hand corner of the graph shows how the blue line between positions and approaches the green tangent line as point is moved closer to point .
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point as suggested in (b) and observe the blue line approaching the green tangent line.
represents the velocity of the car at the moment we started taking data, at point . What we have done is determine the instantaneous velocity at that moment. In other La velocidad instantnea puede ser positiva, negativa words, the instantaneous velocity vx equals the limiting value of the ratio x t as t approaches zero:1
o cero
La celeridad instantnea de una partcula se define como el mdulo del vector velocidad instantnea
La celeridad instantnea no tiene direccin asociada y, por lo tanto, no tiene signo algebraico
Si
Definicin de aceleracin
Cuando la velocidad de una partcula vara con el tiempo, se dice que est sometida a una aceleracin.
La velocidad es una magnitud vectorial, que tiene un mdulo, una direccin y un sentido
Por lo tanto, el cambio en la velocidad, puede ser un cambio en: 1. En el mdulo (ejemplo, al pisar el acelerador o el freno) 2. En la direccin o el sentido (ejemplo, al girar el volante)
Aceleracin media
Tambin puede definirse como la derivada segunda del espacio con respecto al tiempo
Si
x Slope = vx f
xi Slope = vx i 0 (a) vx Slope = ax axt vx i vx i 0 (b) ax Slope = 0 ax 0 (c) Active Figure 2.10 A particle moving along the x axis with constant acceleration ax; (a) the posit t vx f t t t
If the acceleration of a particle varies in time, its motion can be analyze. However, a very common and simple type of one-dimen which the acceleration is constant. When this is the case, the aver any time interval is numerically equal to the instantaneous accel within the interval, and the velocity changes at the same rate throu If we replace ax by ax in Equation 2.6 and take ti 0 and tf t nd that ax or vxf vxi a xt (for constant a x) vxf t vxi 0
This powerful expression enables us to determine an objects ve know the objects initial velocity vxi and its (constant) accelera graph for this constant-acceleration motion is shown in Figure straight line, the (constant) slope of which is the acceleration a the fact that ax dvx/dt is a constant. Note that the slope is p positive acceleration. If the acceleration were negative, then t Figure 2.10b would be negative. When the acceleration is constant, the graph of acceler 2.10c) is a straight line having a slope of zero. Because velocity at constant acceleration varies linearly in t tion 2.9, we can express the average velocity in any time int mean of the initial velocity vxi and the nal velocity vxf : vx vxi 2 vxf (for constant a x)
El desplazamiento de una partcula durante el intervalo de tiempo que va desde ti hasta tf es igual al rea situada bajo la curva entre los puntos inicial y final en la grfica velocidad-tiempo
Como
Si
Dimension
Table 2.2
Kinematic Equations for Motion of a Particle Under Constant Acceleration
Equation vxf xf xf v xf 2 vxi a xt x i 1(vxi vxf )t 2 x i vxi t 1ax t 2 2 v xi 2 2a x(x f x i) Information Given by Equation Velocity as a function of time Position as a function of velocity and time Position as a function of time Velocity as a function of position
acceleration, together with some simple algebraic manipulations and the require that the acceleration be constant. The four kinematic equations used most often are listed in Table 2.2 for c
En los problemas vamos a suponer que: 1. La resistencia del aire puede ser ignorada. 2. La aceleracin de cada libre es constante, mdulo sobre la superficie de la Tierra g = 9.80 m/s2 dirigida hacia el centro de la Tierra (hacia abajo).
Curiosidades: mdulo sobre la superficie de la Tierra g = 1.67 m/s2 mdulo sobre la superficie del Sol g = 274 m/s2
ing the basics Movimiento en tres dimensiones. of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli Vectores posicin y desplazamiento electrons in a uniform electric eld. We begin by studying
nature una partcula como and acceleration. Objetivo: conocer la posicin deof position, velocity, funcin del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m denitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram Vector posicin: es el vector que describe la posicin de una partcul Se different positions, velocities, andde referencia hasta la ubicaci dibuja desde el origen de un sistema accelerations for a given p
de la partcula.
ti ri rf O
tf Path of particle x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo completely known if its position is known as a function of Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th the xy plane is located de una partcula es la diferencia entredrawn from the origin posicin inicial El desplazamiento with the posiposition vector r, su posicin final y su of some coordin tion vector r drawn from the origin cated in the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl to the particle. The displacement of position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point , de the particle as it moves from to
ing the basics Movimiento en tres dimensiones. of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli Vectores posicin y desplazamiento electrons in a uniform electric eld. We begin by studying
nature una partcula como and acceleration. Objetivo: conocer la posicin deof position, velocity, funcin del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m denitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram different positions, velocities, and accelerations for a given p
ti ri rf O
tf Path of particle x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo completely known if its position is known as a function of Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th the xy plane is located with the posiNotad como la magnitud del desplazamiento es inferior a la distanciathe originpor some coordin position vector r, drawn from recorrida of la partcula tion vector r drawn from the origin en in the xy plane, cated su trayectoria as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl to the particle. The displacement of position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point , de the particle as it moves from to
ing the basics Movimiento en tres dimensiones. of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa motions, ranging from the motion Vector velocidad media wide variety of uniform electric eld. We begin by of satelli electrons in a studying
nature una partcula como and acceleration. Objetivo: conocer la posicin deof position, velocity, funcin del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m denitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram Vector velocidad media de la partcula durante el intervalo de tiempo different positions, velocities, and desplazamiento y a given p se define como el cociente entre el vectoraccelerations for el intervalo
de tiempo
ti ri rf O
tf Path of particle x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo completely known if its position is known as a function of Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th the xyvelocidad media es una posiLa plane is located with the magnitud vectorial, con la r, drawn from the origin of some coordin position vector misma direccin que el desplazamiento. tion vector r drawn from the origin cated in the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl Es independiente to the particle. The displacement of de la trayectoria entre los puntos inicial y final. position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point , de the particle as it moves from to
ing the basics Movimiento en tres dimensiones. of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa motions, ranging from the motion Vector velocidad media wide variety of uniform electric eld. We begin by of satelli electrons in a studying
nature una partcula como and acceleration. Objetivo: conocer la posicin deof position, velocity, funcin del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m denitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram different positions, velocities, and accelerations for a given p
ti ri rf O
tf Path of particle x
El vector velocidad media es independediente de la trayectoria entre los puntos inicial y final (es proporcional al desplazamiento, que slo depende de los puntos inicial y final)
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo completely known if its position is known as a function of Figure Si unaparticle moving in 4.1 A partcula comienza su movimiento en un determinado punto,begin by describing th idea to motion in the xy plane. We y al cabo de un tiempo vuelve a ese punto position haber r, drawn from the origin of some the xy plane is located with the posi- despus de vectorrecorrido una cierta trayectoria, su coordin velocidad media es cero porque su desplazamiento es cero. tion vector r drawn from the origin cated in the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl Sin of to the particle. The displacementembargo, su celeridad media no es nula. position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point , de the particle as it moves from to
Multiplying or dividing a vector quantity by a positive scalar quantity such as t changes only the magnitude of the vector, not its direction. Because displacement is a vector quantity and the time interval is a positive scalar quantity, we conclude that the average velocity is a vector quantity directed along r. Note that the average velocity between points is independent of the path taken. This is because average velocity is proportional to displacement, which depends only on the Objetivo: conocer initial and nal de unavectors and not on the path taken. Astiempo la posicin position partcula como funcin del with one-dimensional motion, we conclude that if a particle starts its motion at some point and returns to this point via any path, its average velocity is zero for this trip because its displacement Vector velocidad instantnea se define como el lmite de la velocida Direction of v at is zero. Figure 4.2 suggests such a situation in a baseball park. When a batter hits a media cuando el intervalo de tiempo en el que se mide tiende a cero home run, he runs around the bases and returns to home plate. Thus, his average velocity is zero during this trip. His average speed, however, is not zero. Consider again the motion of a particle between two points in the xy plane, as shown in Figure 4.3. As the time interval over which we observe the motion becomes smaller and smaller, the direction of the displacement approaches that of the line tanr1 r2 r3 gent to the path at . The instantaneous velocity v is dened as the limit of the average velocity r/ t as t approaches zero:
" '
lim
t :0
r t
dr dt
(4.3)
El
That is, the instantaneous velocity equals the derivative of the position vector with x respect to time. The direction of the instantaneous velocity vector at any point in a parO ticles path is along a line tangent to the path at that point and in the direction of Figure 4.3 As a particle moves beLa direccinits average veloc- velocidad instantnea en cualquier punto de la trayectoria de una motion. tween two points, del vector The por la lnea tangente a la trayectoria en ese punto. speed, v is called the ity is inpartcula of the dis-determinado magnitude of the instantaneous velocity vector v the direction viene placement vector r. As the end which is a scalar quantity. point of the path is moved velocidad instantnea viene determinado por la direccin del movimiento. from sentido del vector As a particle moves from one point to another along some path, its instantaneous to to , the respective disvelocity vector changes from vi at time ti to vf at time tf . Knowing the velocity at these placements and corresponding El intervals become smaller and velocidad instantnea se le conoce como celeridad instantnea. mdulo del vector points allows us to determine the average acceleration of the particlethe average time acceleration a of a particle as it moves is dened as the change in the instantaneous smaller. In the limit that the end
sions
y vi
v vi
vf
ri rf
vf
Figure 4.4 A particle moves from position to position . Its velocity vector changes from vi to vf. The vector diagrams at the upper right show two ways of determining the vector v from the initial and nal velocities.
La aceleracin and a positive scalar quantity t, we conBecause a is the ratio of a vector quantity v media es una magnitud vectorial, con la misma direccin que el along en la velocidad. clude that average acceleration is a vector quantity directedcambio v. As indicated in Figure 4.4, the direction of v is found by adding the vector vi (the negative of vi) to the vector vf , because by denition v vf vi. When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time inter-
sions
y vi
v vi
vf
or
lmite del cociente entre el cambio en la posicin y el intervalo de tiempo, cuando el intervalo de tiempo tiende a cero.
vi vf v
ri rf
vf
Figure 4.4 A particle moves from position to position . Its velocity vector changes from vi to vf. The vector diagrams at the upper right show two ways of determining the vector v from the initial and nal velocities.
Because a is the ratio of La aceleracin instantnea es una magnitud vectorial. a vector quantity v and a positive scalar quantity t, we conclude that average acceleration puede serquantity directed along como en su direccin o en el sentido. El cambio en la velocidad is a vector tanto en su mdulo v. As indicated in Figure 4.4, the direction of v is found by adding the vector vi (the negative of vi) to the vector vf , because by denition v vf vi. When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time inter-
Si el vector posicin es conocido, podemos conocer el vector velocidad sin ms que tomar la derivada
A no ser que se especifique otra cosa, supondremos que los vectores unitarios permanecen constantes con el tiempo
Si
En notacin vectorial
En notacin vectorial
which is the vector version of Equation 2.12. This equation tells us that the position vector rf is the vector sum of the original position ri, a displacement vit arising from the initial velocity of the particle and a displacement 1at 2 resulting from the constant 2 acceleration of the particle. Graphical representations of Equations 4.8 and 4.9 are shown in Figure 4.5. Note from Figure 4.5a that vf is generally not along the direction of either vi or a because the relationship between these quantities is a vector expression. For the same reason,
time
vf
at
yf
1 a t2 2 y
rf
1 at 2 2
vi vxi axt
vyit x yi xi ri
vit x vxit
1 a t2 2 x
Un
At the Active Fig vxf at http://www.pse6.co xf can investigate the e (a) (b) different initial positi velocities on the na Active Figure 4.5 Vector representations and components of (a) the velocity and (b) the posiand velocity (for cons tion of a particletres dimensiones con aceleracin constante es equivalente moving with a constant acceleration a. acceleration). movimiento en
a tres movimientos independientes en las direcciones x, y, y z con aceleraciones constantes ax, ay, y az.
Equivalente a suponer: - la velocidad inicial del objeto es pequea (para que el efecto del rozamiento sea despreciable). - rango de movimiento pequeo comparado con el radio de la Tierra (podemos considerar que la Tierra es plana dentro de ese rango). - la altura mxima del objeto es tambin pequea comparada con el radio de la Tierra (g vara con la altura). - la Tierra est en reposo.
t the Active Figures link ://www.pse6.com, you ange launch angle and speed. You can also obthe changing compoof velocity along the tray of the projectile.
vy vi vy i
vx i
PITFALL PREVENTION
i
vx i
vx i
ussed in Pitfall Prevention any people claim that the vyi v ation of a projectile at pmost point of its trajecActive Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with zero. This mistake arises a velocity vi. The velocity vertical y sentido positivo and Sistema de referencia:This change is vector v changes with time in both magnitudehacia arriba eje y sea result of acceleration in the negative y direction. confusion between zero direction. the l velocity and zero accelerThe x component of velocity remains constant in time because there is no accelIf the projectile were to eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at ence zero acceleration at the peak of the path. ghest point, then its velocPosicin inicial: en t = 0, la partcula est en el origen (xi = yi = 0) that point would not ethe projectile would Repeating with the y component and using yi 0 and ay g, we obtain horizontally at constant from then on! This does yf vyit 1a yt 2 (vi sin i)t 1gt 2 (4.12) 2 2 ppen, Velocidad inicial: because the accelerNext, from Equation 4.11 we nd t xf/(vi cos i) and substitute this expression for t is NOT zero anywhere he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
t the Active Figures link ://www.pse6.com, you ange launch angle and speed. You can also obthe changing compoof velocity along the tray of the projectile.
vy vi vy i
vx i
PITFALL PREVENTION
i
vx i
vx i
i
vyi v
ussed in Pitfall Prevention any people claim that the ation of a projectile at pmost point of its trajeczero. This mistake arises confusion between zero l velocity and zero accelerIf the projectile were to ence zero acceleration at ghest point, then its velocthat point would not ethe projectile would horizontally at constant from then on! This does ppen, because the acceleris NOT zero anywhere he trajectory.
Active Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with a velocity vi. The velocity Velocidad change is vector v changes with time in both magnitude and direction. This the result of acceleration in the negative y direction. The x component of velocity remains constant in time because there is no acceleration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at the peak of the path.
Posicin
g, we obtain
1 2 gt 2
(4.12)
xf/(vi cos
t the Active Figures link ://www.pse6.com, you ange launch angle and speed. You can also obthe changing compoof velocity along the tray of the projectile.
vy vi vy i
vx i
PITFALL PREVENTION
i
vx i
vx i
ussed in Pitfall Prevention any people claim that the vyi v ation of a projectile at pmost point of its trajecActive Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with zero. This mistake arises a velocity vi. The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitude and Posicin confusion between zero direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction. l velocity and zero accelerThe x primera velocity remains constant in time because there is no accelDespejando t de la component ofecuacin y If the projectile were to eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at sustituyendo en la segunda ence zero acceleration at the peak of the path. ghest point, then its velocthat point would not ethe projectile would Repeating with the y component and using yi 0 and ay g, we obtain horizontally at constant from then on! This does yf vyit 1a yt 2 (vi sin i)t 1gt 2 (4.12) 2 2 ppen, because the accelerEcuacin de una parbola Equation 4.11 we nd t x /(v cos ) and substitute this expression for t Next, from is NOT zero anywhere f i i he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
t the Active Figures link ://www.pse6.com, you ange launch angle and speed. You can also obthe changing compoof velocity along the tray of the projectile.
vy vi vy i
vx i
PITFALL PREVENTION
i
vx i
vx i
ussed in Pitfall Prevention any people claim that the vyi v ation of a projectile at pmost point of its trajecActive Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with zero. This mistake arises a velocity vi. The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitude and Posicin confusion between zero direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction. l velocity and zero accelerThe x primera velocity remains constant in time because there is no accelDespejando t de la component ofecuacin y If the projectile were to eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at sustituyendo en la segunda ence zero acceleration at the peak of the path. ghest point, then its velocthat point would not ethe projectile would Repeating with the y component and using yi 0 and ay g, we obtain horizontally at constant from then on! This does yf vyit 1a yt 2 (vi sin i)t 1gt 2 (4.12) 2 2 ppen, because the accelerEcuacin de una parbola Equation 4.11 we nd t x /(v cos ) and substitute this expression for t Next, from is NOT zero anywhere f i i he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
SECTION 4.3 P
1 2
gt 2
vit rf O
(x, y)
Figure 4.8 The position vector rf of a projectile launched from the origin whose initial velocity at the origin is vi. The vector vit would be the displacement of the projectile if gravity were absent, and the vector 1 gt 2 is its vertical displacement due to its downward 2 gravitational acceleration.
Tiro parablico: Ilustracin del movimiento de cada libre, con y sin velocidad inicial a lo largo de x
rection. Thus it takes the ball about 4 s to go up and another 4 s to come back down, for a total time of flight of approximately 8 s.
keep in mind the importance of separating the two nents and of making approximations to give you ro pected results.
Horizontal Range and Maximumaltura mxima, la componente Punto de altura mxima En el punto de Height of a Projectile de la velocidad a lo largo de y se anula
vy A = 0 vi h
i
O R
Let us assume that a projectile is launched from the origin at ti 0 with a p component, as shown in Figure 4.10. Two points are especially interesting to the peak point , which has Cartesian coordinates (R/2, h), and the point La partcula llegar al punto de has coordinates (R, 0). The distance R is called the horizontal range of the p altura mxima en el instante t1 and the distance h is its maximum height. Let us nd h and R in terms of vi, i, a Alcance horizontalh by noting that at the peak, vyA 0. Therefore, we We can determine Equation 4.8a to determine the time tA at which the projectile reaches the pea vyf vyi ayt
Figure 4.10 A projectile launched from the origin at ti 0 with an vi sin i initial velocity vi. The maximum tA g height ofCmo se puede aumentar h? the projectile is h, and the horizontal range is R. At , the Substituting this expression for tA into the y part of Equation 4.9a and peak of the mdulo the particle Aumentando trajectory,de la velocidad inicial with h, we obtain an expression for h in terms of the magnitude and di y yA has coordinates (R/2, h).
Durante este tiempo, la partcula se habr 0 vi sin i gt A desplazado una distancia h a lo largo de y
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleracin de cada libre menor (la Luna) h (vi sin
vi sin i) g
1 2g
vi sin g
rection. Thus it takes the ball about 4 s to go up and another 4 s to come back down, for a total time of flight of approximately 8 s.
keep in mind the importance of separating the two nents and of making approximations to give you ro pected results.
Horizontal Range and Maximum distancia horizontal recorrida. Punto de altura mxima En alcance R es la Height of a Projectile En el punto de alcance mximo yf = 0
vy A = 0 vi h
i
O R
Let us assume that a projectile is launched from the origin at ti 0 with a p component, as shown in Figure 4.10. Two points are especially interesting to the peak point , which has Cartesian coordinates (R/2, h), and the point has coordinates (R, 0). The distance R is called the horizontal range of the p and the distance h is its maximum height. Let us nd h and R in terms of vi, i, a Alcance horizontalh by noting that at the peak, vyA 0. Therefore, we We can determine Equation 4.8a to determine the time tA at which the projectile reaches the pea vyf vyi ayt
0 vi sin i gt A Figure 4.10 A projectile launched from the origin at ti 0 with an vi sin i initial velocity vi. The maximum tA Como g height ofCmo se puede aumentar R? the projectile is h, and the horizontal range is R. At , the Substituting this expression for tA into the y part of Equation 4.9a and peak of the mdulo the particle Aumentando trajectory,de la velocidad inicial with h, we obtain an expression for h in terms of the magnitude and di y yA has coordinates (R/2, h).
2
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleracin the cada libre menor de initial velocity vector: (la Luna) v sin i v sin i 1 h (vi sin i) i Slo para movimientos 2g i simtricos g g
SECTION 4
vi = 50 m/s
150
200
250
x(m)
Active Figure 4.11 A projectile launched from the origin with an initial speed of
vf vi vf v
(a)
(b)
(c)
that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this Elnature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetalla trayectoria del and its vector velocidad siempre es tangente a means center-seeking), objeto y perpendicular al radio de la trayectoria circular. magnitude is v2
en una trayectoria circular, tambin tiene una aceleracin, ya que vara la path of the object and perpendicular to vector velocidad. path. We now show direccin del the radius of the circular
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from to , its velocity vector changes from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity v, which objeto se mueva circle una celeridad constante Aunque un is toward the center of the con for small r.
vf vi vf v
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves Elfrom v to v .velocidad siempre es from theto , its velocity vector changes vector (c) The construction for determining direction oftrayectoria del tangente a la the change in vei f y perpendicular of radio for la trayectoria circular. locity v, which is toward the centeral the circlede small r.
objeto
El vectorthe object and perpendicular to the radiuscircular uniforme siempre es path of aceleracin en un movimiento of the circular path. We now show perpendicular a la trayectoria uniform circular motion is always perpendicular crculo. that the acceleration vector in y siempre apunta hacia el centro del to the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this Si no fuera as, habra una componente de la aceleracin paralela a la nature is called centripetal acceleration (centripetal means Esta componente trayectoria, es adecir, paralela al vector velocidad. center-seeking), and its magnitude contribuira is aumentar la celeridad, contradiciendo nuestra hiptesis a
v2
Partcula con movimiento circular uniforme: E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions mdulo de la aceleracin
vi r r O v ri rf vf vi vf v
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from changes El ngulo. (c) The construction for determining theto posicinvectorigual al entre los dos vectores , its velocity change in vedirection of the es from vi to vf entre los dos vectores r. locity v, which is toward the center of the circle for small velocidad
ngulo
en
acceleration
ac
(4.15)
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us that the acceleration is centripetal. First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partcula con movimiento circular uniforme: E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions mdulo de la aceleracin
vi r r O v ri rf vf vi vf v
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from to , its velocity vector changes from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity v, which is toward the center of the circle for small r.
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show Aceleracin that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its magnitude is
instantnea
acceleration
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us that the acceleration is centripetal. First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partcula con movimiento circular uniforme: E R 4 Motion in Two Dimensions resumen de la aceleracin
vi r r O v ri rf vf vi vf v
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.17 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed experiences uniform circular motion. (b) As a particle moves from to , its velocity vector changes from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the change in velocity v, which is toward the center of the circle for small r.
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this Aceleracin centrpeta nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its magnitude is
En el movimiento circular uniforme, la aceleracin se dirige hacia el centro del crculo y tiene por mdulo
El vector aceleracin centrpeta no es constante: v2 (4.15) acceleration - su mdulo si es constante y ac r dada por la expresin anterior. viene - su direccin cambia de manera contnua segn se desplaza el objeto: where r is the radius centro del crculo. siempre apunta hacia elof the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal. First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Se define el periodo como el tiempo requerido para completar una vuelta Se suele representar por la letra y se mide en segundos
De donde
large (such as at point ). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing). In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at 0 and the acceleration is always completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is one-dimensional (in this case, ar 0, but at may notlargo de una trayectoria curva, Imaginemos una partcula que se mueve a lo be zero).
Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in the xy plane. If the velocity vector v (always tangent to the path) changes in direction El the components of the acceleration tangente a la trayectoria and magnitude, vector velocidad siempre es a are a tangential component at and a radial component ar .
large (such as at point ). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing). In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at 0 and the acceleration is always completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is one-dimensional (in this case, ar 0, but at may notlargo de una trayectoria curva, Imaginemos una partcula que se mueve a lo be zero).
res link m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in ionModelo geomtrico: se sustituye la v (always tangent to the path) changes in direction the xy plane. If the velocity vector trayectoria real en cada punto por una trayectoria circular, coaster and magnitude, the components ofde curvatura de laatrayectoria en ese punto. cuyo radio es el radio the acceleration a are tangential component at and a radial component ar .
Sustituimos pequeas porciones de la trayectoria real por trayectorias circulares (lneas discontinuas).
ways completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is one-dimensional (in this case, ar 0, but at may not be zero).
at
Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in theExpresamosvelocity vector v (alwayscada punto mediante dos direction xy plane. If the la aceleracin en tangent to the path) changes in componentes, and magnitude, the components of the acceleration a are a tangential component at en funcin de un origen situado en el centro de cada crculo. and a radial component ar .
La aceleracin tangencial produce el cambio del mdulo del vector velocidad de la partcula. Su mdulo es:
La aceleracin radial se debe al cambio de la direccin del vector velocidad de la partcula. Su mdulo es:
Radio del crculo modelo Signo menos: la aceleracin centrpeta se dirige hacia el centro del crculo modelo, y ste es opuesto al vector unidad en la direccin radial
Para una celeridad constante, ar es mayor cuanto menor sea el radio de curvatura
r r a ar x O
at
Figure 4.19 (a) Descriptions of the unit vectors r and . (b) The total acceleration a of a particle moving along a curved path (which at any instant is part of a circle of radius r) is the sum of radial and tangential component vectors. The radial component vector is directed toward the center of curvature. If the tangential component of acceleration becomes zero, the particle follows uniform circular motion.
(a)
(b)
Equivalencia entre grados y radianes Grados Radianes 0 0 30 /6 45 /4 60 /3 90 /2 180 270 3/2 360 2
Unidades: (rad/s)
Se define la frecuencia como el nmero de vueltas que la partcula completa en un segundo. La frecuencia se mide en (revoluciones/segundo) = Hertz
Celeridad angular
Por definicin
integrando
Vector velocidad angular Mdulo: celeridad angular Direccin: perpendicular al plano del movimiento Sentido: tornillo a derechas