3

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-~'~l. . lI While Party express sympathy ongrounds the does for the N01 the P9. that the capitalist system in this country is responsible for the conditions in 5. which a movement N01 arise, Party course .. protest suchthe can the insists, of as
Q r M.. ,5 'i; . 4,,

that only under communism the will Negro full have freedom. a Asresult, the Partycircumspect and a policyactive is has rejectedof cooperation with the N01

to 1 It
i

In contrast CPUSA position to the is that expressed bymilitant one Marxist group, the Progressive Movement Labor PLM!,'which follo a

mag up,
.-1.1 '0 ,1;

pro- Chinese line this country. figurethis moveme communist in A leading in

who was in CPUSA, stated Harlem July, formerly the after the riots of 1964, that PLM was work with group the willing to any in Harlem--Black Nationalist
or Muslim included.

.A92 .-

Several articles pro-Chinese communist in with a slant appeared

1, .. 1 $ -92 ,,

"Muhammad Speaks" in 1964. These articles undoubtedly were published because the considers people to"brothers, N01 the Chinese be " inasmuch
.

4~a a ._ ,i i

asalso are non-Caucasian. articles, Robert they Onethe of prepared by Williams, a extremist Cuba prosecution for Negro who to to avoid ed kidnapping and who,his in speeches writings, and advocates in violence civil rights efforts States, described Red inthe United his visit China, He to

5 92

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D. iimerican gliegroesl Reaction, to NO} A well-known author "It is interesting Negro has written: historical an there olten phenomenonapeople precipice when reach that the d despair, is so

waiting inbushes messiah the a savior--a who promises to them smtch heck
trom the oi abyss turngrief into greatness." edge and the their

..,

To some dissatisiied Negroes, Elijah Muhammad, the sel!-proclaimed "Iessenger oiappearsthis Allah, " bemessiah. to Describing in in a speech
>92

2,} 1
-3
,. 4:. 4-, 4 8 ,1 . " :

llos last summer whichbeiallen in Angeles the calamities have people the surestto successunite behind you way is to me.assurewith the help I that, of
Allah, will accomplish money, you your goals: good and friendships homes, in
.
I

"United States,asked, he saved?"answer "the Elijah "Who can His was lluslim V believers followed and Messenger. wisest who faithfully obeyed His ...The and

.o 4-K; 1 r. e< _l_~ 3 5 n

L I. allwalksotliie." b_

least-privileged, to directs his I_&#39;or I? less-educated and whom Elijah appeals.

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Negroes living conditions, hopeless teel in slum and frustrated, .$ 4 .&#39;~ may an answer their problems.the Negroes, _to many These are the 4.
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5- distant white they stand world, as surrounded byfriendly other black S :&#39;<<the movement&#39;soriginal AndNO! insistence are that Negroes the people iwh 5 E "must among themselves" a oi security stay givesfollowers its sense 1
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even tranquility.

However,exceptionfew the with oi educators and a businessmen joined the N01 purely selfish, for ecopomic reasons,Negro the oi bulk the

population showsthe little interest in religiousoi theN0l. aspects

id

F2
5} ~92 age .1-&#39; 1? 3

Negro on many soundly the with If &# leaders occasions havedenounced N01 its

&#39; version of which distorted Islam, continually all established attacks

towe knowbest. solvesproblems, butbegets i what is It no only greater
antagonism. " p
T .

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the normallyto for Negro looks leadership. As a Negro pastor noted in . Harlem warned, of the the teaching Black 1luslim8v"is emu-uy going in 1 way

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z ... 13$ $ s L >I . _. J 7 . 11. H .~ ,1 T *2 C I en

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3 WhilethemajorityoiNegroesinthe United8tatesdo d
join N01, many it. Among do join, the seem to respect thosenot who

-" g ->-s .- *~> 92 V: .92. .

participate in oi The lluslim black suprema any criticism it. advocacy of arouses the sympathy Negroes.silently applaud ps oi many They the holhess i of and his Elijah ministers,condemn openly white people. taps who This sentimsms of- pride . seldom of expression.. racial which find avenues .- _. ._&#39;1-_ ~Jl:- a 5 . _ iiislinil&#39;,_&#39;repeated appeals . .-. , tor clean sell-respect, living, and self ;..r,.,. if ~?;.-- L ; . "&#39; J. .&#39;__&#39;.

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respect among AmericanThey oi waylluslims g Negroes. the the live. ; approve

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Lacking oithe knowledge complete atthe some see teachings cult, Negroes the economic advantages by only. Attracted constant about claimed publicity the
rehabilitation oicriminals, seeing many and the photographs oiwell-dressed
ministers and members ofthe guard, ofIslamF01!, are elite Fruit they

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clmembers. anything the must I these They feel that Negrobe that could help
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impressedthesuccess the has inbettering with apparent N01 had conditions

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Those Negroes read N01 who the newspaper, "Buhammad Speaks,"

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see every alist ten in issue of demands--"What Want. V the Muslims " Therst three these oi demands--full and complete ireedom, justice the equal under law, equality of opportunity--are principlesmakethe iundamental which up American creed are and desired segments society. by all ofour But stated other demands d the Muslims land anationtheir exemptionall include ior oi own, from taxation, from freedom prisonsall ior Negroes, so and forth. nose are impracticable, uneducated cannot but many Negroes help receptive being to
some these oi demands. &#39; &#39; &#39;

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Also impressed by publicity N01 Negro on the are criminals serving

92 .1 ._,_

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in federaband State They avery prisons. are receptive see group, who llaslim &#39; the within prisonsoutletprotest their as an for 1,~ against_ ~ - a ~-&#39; -.$_ "&#39;1? ,1.-,. c ,r&#39; .<i&#39;__n. &#39;_ . .92 ~ ~ ,

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With the attitude what-have-I-to-lose, they that of hope some bene ts

t.

might come by joining N01. to them the

For a multitude of reasons, there are American NegroesIb
sympathize with the Black Muslims or actually become loyal followers d i
Elijah Muhammad and his N01 leadership For those who join, "the

I 92_r.1L~ 1

- &#39;

lessenger&#39;s" word is

law, and all who

wish to remain in the cult must follow"

llijah&#39;s mm discipline as imposed by his loyal ministers an um

discipline has not been able to prevent trouble in the cult. ._
v~

Ilijah&#39;s former spokesman, leading Minister Malcolm Illjalfs X,

sons Wallace and Akbar, and his grandson liassan Sharrietf broke from the

&#39;

cult. _I- rom former these

leaders, we heard

Elijah called "a religious taker"

and "a fraud" who omoted pi "concocted religious teachings.Another HG " ~

minister who left the cult in disgust described the N01 as "organized like an

army"- -the members just "following along" trying to obey the strict discipline

demanded by higher-ups the who arecarrying on "one ofthe biggest rackets J

"lntheland." =

Who are these higher-ups of the N01? What type of man leads this , strange
. Q

organization?
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IV. LEADERSHIP j___.-----" L National Officials

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Absolute the N01 ruler over isthe "llessenger Allah, of " tliish Muhammad, the 67-year-old former Elijah from Poole Sandersville,

<2

Georgia. He approves all and decisions, formulates and N01 policy has
the entire iunds the at disposal, and oi cult his possesse
&#39; .1

s considerable

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throughout country. the E :Valuable properties seemingly humble man,has This small, frail, meek and who Iand if fourth-grade is a education, master at creating myth, mood, F, only a
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mystery. Elijah possesses that "something" mentioned in an essay on mystery,

N.

.4 seems to understand can no prestige that "there be without &#39; .

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leaders attributed to General Gaulle, for Charles de "Allah&#39;s Messen

tint, the designs, and mental operations "in the demeanor the of leader, a
there must a be which others altogether always something cannot iathom,
which puzzles stirs and their them, them rivets attention.

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~ Never appearing beforepublic without pillbox hat the his black generously encrusted crescent, seems with jewelled and stars Elijah is have of the a touch patient Oriental nenotdynamic in lace. is a ms
V speaker, public

lectures, his rather drones onL~ *.92 rasping voice ~ ,f.92,;v in

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excitement Buddenly heelectrify them a tirade will with against "Qhlhs the
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devils, " Government, "so-called "Negroes. the or nonbelieving y &#39;

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From every rostrum speaker&#39;s on which appears the public he belore Elijah practices brinkmanshipto the tactics frenzied delight d audience, his somewhom frequently veiled accusations right" of answer his with, "That&#39;s or "Praise Allah." They the "get message" even ashe carefullyrelrains
or "advocacy. " _

from specific languagecould causearrested "incitemel which him be to for

Financiallymaterially, Elijah done for and has well himself the as "Messenger of with his Allah, " wife,C1ara,and at of his it times someei

92

Q Vt _+_-J "F4 I"

children, Elijah many years resided for in a 19-room, elaborately furnished

homeChicago. Besides000 residence, also proper in this $75, he ownsother in Chicago elsewhere. an apartment aand of and In Chicago, building group other buildings owned are valued than . &#39; by Elijah at more $200,lI ~ ,1; : ii In 1961, claiming continued asthmatic it his attacks ?&#39;i_ for him Chicago, llijah $24,000 swimming-po to leave purchased a I; residence in Phoenix, Arizona. house remodeled He had this completely and moved October, while continued there in his wife to maintain home the in
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_&#39;, pretentious surro Wanting morewhich he I Chicago. Phoeni in 12- room residence built on adjoining property, imo
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___ u 3 __ &#39; __ _____ E_ ___ _ __ ,"_ H _ __ __ 1,__ ___ __ _ rm: A _ K _~_ 9 ? _:f_ I : _ ~_ __{ _ M__ 92 ___ i I_ _ r_,__ , if ._ w _M K _?_ :_ k__ ii :__ _U id m ma _Hj_:_W__>____&#39;_ _ _* H__ >IA ,_____ ___ _92 it. .V _m i_ __ __ X q >___ I_ A_ 1__ _~__ _"_ c _> ~ _v %_ A IL > _,92 &#39;_ $r_ _VWm QH _ _;__~_ __& __ _fV ___~_ _5_ :9-_V ,_*_____?_ &#39;___! __ 2 _ M_;f _%_~&#39;__*_&_Hv__ ___ i ___N ___n _?;_ _> __ _,_ A_" ____ __:__ _r_ io J _; ? ___F D m__Yl___>____.M _v__>____ J! e A mu _&#39; _A >_Y__}; 4 >___ a <_ v _V 5% H; ___H__V .. 2-. __M_ ___"W_ W -_ 3 W L &#39; ____&#39;__ ___ Y &#39;_ >Nu_:_____ _: Q ____ .____~__ _. -V ___ 9U__H I__r_t _ h_vL__&#39;M___ ________ Lu____ U_ _ U _vP_!_ m_H__m_ Q I if m ": F L E A H: if E:.y92_ _;b_ p :_ >_._ _, >._ A_ 3. A K; W 5 3 i_a_______ M hm __r_ ___g_H__!__$_"_,_ &#39;_JmI_ mlmma__ :1"! i. !_v _>_ __; ._&#39;_x_ VR: v;92 >L _v &#39;_ __v ;_V92 _i__@$ ____ &#39; >_ Vi v_ .&#39;_ I&#39;_ __ 92_M. nH ___ &#39; : _gJ!IJU_mH_; &t_ I__} __M Z?1 __D V__ H._ __,___ _L ____Vv___ ~____ _ ,1i_Qh __&#39;g;&#39; " w___w Q#39;hJg_u 3__s__ __ _&#39;> &#39; if It __ t ! _92

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January, 1964.home its This and furnishings are approximately valued at

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9100, 000. ls

retains the other Phoenix home as office. his

_ 1,

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92 1

&#39; the headquarters remain Though of N01 the in Chicago, spentIlijah

most time in of his Phoenix, where he served a is by chauffeur, cook, all! A several female secretaries. lnvolvements between several Elijah and of his

:0 92.

young, unmarried secretariesresulted in have considerable embarrassing pblicitytothisleaderofacnltthatclaimstohave raisedthe moralsolits

members through condemnation its strong of adultery, fornication, lying,
stealing, smoking, et cetera.

.535 ,s~ -x E P4 ; J "v . Yr!

In July, hos Angeles,former secretaries filed 1984, in two these of paternity naming Elijah of children. of suits as the their father One y them claimed Elijahfathered had herchildren and the claimedchild three other one
92 -1. 92

.55&#39; publicized $3
.- &#39;1 V. ix

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by llijah. Chicago, 1962, other secretaries caused In in July, two former a" . .

l that he support. Since several 1957, other young secretaries hare . i&#39; continue
I
I0

whenof left her the lawn9&#39 incident, each them baby on 0! V front mum: residence.claimed Bach um sum fathered demand had her child and "
heen similarly involvedElijah and borne with have his children. situation The
has become so notorious members of that of some llijah&#39;s temples jokingly

-,-Q4&#39;7&#39;" . daughters, andr hishaveQbeen sonsiii A &#39; wife,Ciara, his &#39; $91.
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. refer of occupational a to one the of as serving hazards secretary

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llijslrs misconduct several buttheir A &#3 for years ofcompl because

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economic dependence upon him

have hadno choicebut to ignore his Adi 1;.. &#39;

They havecompletely been throughoutlives. their

engaged in supported and by N01 activities . 1,ii_ Most oi them have held some leadership position &#39; in

Z Y. 1:
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the cult hierarchy and because ofthis have fared well economically--llijah
Q I Q t 1 a

has been generous in supplying all their wants.

Until the defections of E1ijah&#39;s Wallace andAkbar, sons

his

grandson Hassan Sharrietf, the N01 hierarchy had predominantly included most members of E1ijah&#39;s immediate family. Still holding leadership positicms

3
F

f
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are hissons Herbert Elijah,Jr , and his and son-in-law Raymond Sharriefi.
has for years been considered head public relations for the N01and, as of t.

Herbert, 36 years old, married, and having _least children, &#39; at six

"Muhammad Speaks" newspaper representative, he has travelled extensively.

Since 1962, he has madetour trips to Africa, one trip to Cubaand Mexico,

and one to Jamaica. On each trip, he hasattempted to trip impmve theimage of his father&#39;s cult support ofpersons abroad the N01. Herbert, and gain for like his father, has had anaffair with an unmarried young woman hum who
him a child and
oi this child.

with whom he is

constantly having trouble concerning support

3:1

steers
of the

old, marrieti.
F01 and

with nan r~"="i~~"" r

bakery and grocery in Chicago for years. Elijah, , tailed to Jr. .

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i3under&_ Service arrestedand later "-11; . the Selective was byFBI, Act, the regiltsiidw, _ ;_
,.&#39;

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as a conscientiouslocal objector however,henot v his hoard draft advised was

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acceptable ior military servicehe a as was"marginal literate. There " are

reports that a he heads "strong-arm group"olthe young PGinthe Chicago Temple, which on several has occasions assaulted and beaten members N01
who were being disciplined.

llijalfs daughter 41 old, to Ethel Sharrieti, mu-ma years RaymondI

For several years, she had acted as supreme ,

mrrieil, had three children first husband two by her and by Raymond. is 4 lie
diabetic and highly emotional.

captain Muslim Girls of the Training HGT!; according son Hassan, but, to her
she was temporarily suspended because broke cult by by Elijah she rules
continuing to contact Hassan after his defection.
D

Ilijah&#39;s other Lottie 88years and his daughter, Pagan, old, other two sons, Emanuel, years and Nathaniel,years are 44 old, 40 old, still
considered Muslims they not present leadership though are at in positions.

&#39; &#39; Raymond Stiarrie , yeanfs 4&6 old, r many years,he served about mm
-, 4> _, ,7 . .7 . ,.

to

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ehughter Ethel, is the supreme captain. Raymondbeen d FOL the has a Muslim&#39

a 1!&#39;i-&#39;ed.er:>
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Di the

acts also ufumszee fornot the

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The only nonfamily member Elijah&#39;sleaders among national is

John Simmons, known NOI as in the John Ali. has He been national secretary

of the since 1960, his duties N0! May,and consist mainly gathering an of fund handling the NOI&#39;s financial 87 dealings.is years old divorced. He Be and is

has served United States was in the Army, employed as a part-time teacher, worked an accountant, has as and been an member 1954. N01 since llijah&#39; son and grandson, when left cult, they the advised that Ali isan John

opportunist who cult for the isin only the financial opportunities and status
he can maintain through cooperation Elijah. Both with claimed that ll he

completely untrustworthy, has misappropriated and is cult funds, "loose

morally. " B. Dis sidents -

Though troubles erupted have among members of the on cult many

occasions inpast, had the none publicly involved the solidarity national of the hierarchy. Many people have wondered caused rash of what the detections and expulsions lesaiers of cult of former the during the year.would past E
be difficult to state certain, for because be remembered the it must that dissident former members and leaders wish loudly later conaiemed Elijiah
-sl_;t;1.i-,. 1;. 3, , I,jI_ . ., . ~ W

among his supg;a3i&#39;ie;;"s hop shad zwecruitsrs.

y,

V _ But Elijah have his "royal "Thefirst L; does trouble in family.

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outward signs of growing dissidence Malcolm a were revealedX after

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NOI OFFICIALS

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Natioxll Secretary

Supreme of Captain FOI

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t9,L:{ _"; &#39

H rbert Muhammad _

A __ ._ ,

gm uuhammad. . . _

Jr.

f}_&#39; +_ ~ ,____._7,_.._,,: V .~_,_,_; ._ ,&#39;-&#39;-.~=. ___ .

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4,-Anas -~~&#39;nQn&#39; &#39; 1 1"~ 7 .! Y .-_| I~| -" am -.&#39;i" . _ I W - &#39;_~ri-&#3 "
i 92

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a statementDecember characterizing PresidentI . on 1, 1963, John

assassination as an instance"the of chickens coming roost. " had home to He &#39; 5|?

toldacheeringliblauclienceinNewYorhCitythatthisdidnotmakehimsad,_ it made glad. him Elijah feared publicity the resulting from lla.lco1m s virulent
statements would present tosorrowing Nation an a image of cultwhich his mightto lead trouble forhim. A few days later,therefore, he announced that,
because of Malcolm&#39;s statements, not be he would permitted to makefurther

piblic speeches.

For a month, many furtive conferences were held between

Differences becamemore pro-

llalcolm and members of Elijah s hierarchy.

nounced, and early in January,

1964, Elijah

removed Malcolm minister as of

Temple No. in New York 7, City. Malcolm, onhllarch 8, 1964, publicly

announced complete break Elijah the his with and NOL

On many previous occasions, Malcolm had gloated over disasters to

white people

without incurring censure from Elijah for remarks. his For

example, on occasion thecrash ofan airlinerin France120 the of killim Georgia tourists, Malcolm spoke thetragedy as beautiful of "a thingthat has

happened.There are " indications that Malcolm&#39;s remark made following the
?resident s assassination was not the real cause but rather the excuse for

i<Kf;>:1 ,who
is/ ~= - 1-;-vs
.._......
1 &#39;

zlzny lz.:s,zre acquiringNQZ stzmrs: that been an

&#39;4 as-"*1. , ;,*. . f i , , 92n _~,. .-

made Elijah jealous and uncomfortable. ft

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re:

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Y4 _ ,.._.,_ ..5 .3! ~ . .., . _&#39; ~~ --.e<_, _" -M1 .Ix ,_ ,._7-.,,__...v a. . . Z--&#39;*a~

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92

..,_.-_,--- ....-....e-.Q ,. ---=-=&#39;-#-"-----1!

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u 1, 0

=-,-:,.e.4.,_ e, .

.-< 92.

e Over

the years, public had the press devoted more "<~ and more:
.. ea. ,4 . p

.;

&#39;4

coverage to Malcolm because denouncements of his violent of poqll in white

&#39; his many public appearances--in throughout the speeches country, iril
radio and television interviews, in and statements made press. to the

More and more importance attributed position thecultwas to his in -many

*>":&#39;1 1
. K cjf. to &#39;~

I i

F 1 a

articles reportedMalcolm that overshadowed Elijah over and was the taking cult Elijah, who ill.This caused concern and from was much to Elijah members of family. his When Elijah not to was able appearthe annual at Muslim convention on February and his place lled in Chicago 26,1963, was by Malcolm, Elijah&#39;sMalcolm "bossy" was felt was family too and "grabbing
too much publicity for himself. Resentment toward Malcolm and hostility rapidly increased variousmembers family. among of Elijah&#39;s
About time, : this Elijah sonwho Wallace, had for a long time

D L

i
-a
r I . r

been "heir apparent" position, was tr considered to iather s his released

violation. Though Wallace wasparole could engage on and not publicly in cult activities,became it obvious that attitude his toward his father and other leaders had cult changed considerably preprison attitude. from his
ail.
r. l,-I 92 .

Federal prison had been where he serving time his for Selective Service

aka, ;.@;;;,:.+,.:f";. aecend wife,

had-..92 .~_:2 _ , bow

>1? &#39;

educated at school, the Elam 2. lazing the cult&#39;s University oi No. f a8&#39;Elijah&#39;s favorite son, had acted minister-at-larg Wallace as cult a and
~ 0_ . .

l---i-V T ---&#39; , .v-:.-5 -~____ I _9- _~.?e&#39;. n !7.~";=&#39; 4 &#39;.- I-=&#39;. ,.,-"-.-92 "~ __~__ ,.-,&#39; ~&#39;_ :. &#39;.$1:-;- ._ _ .._._ _,. ii." p $8: ..~

e _ &#39; * .

5a _

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.

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like other ministersstrongly supported had allof father&#39;s beliefs. his ii .. _, April, 1960, sentenced to years to report hospital he was three for failure for
_

work as a conscientious objector. During next the three years, father his made~ unsuccessful court appeals to keep Wallace of out prison. Elijah claims to

have spent about $20, in 000 these court battles. On November1961, just 1,
threedays before entering prison, Wallace married second his wife.
~

According to Wallace, even entered prisonexperi- .7 before he he had

snced doubts about some hisfather&#39;s teachings had felt of which he were in
L

opposition to orthodoxMuslim teachings. Then, while serving his prison term,

he had to time reflect onstatement the judge had a made by who sentenced him
concerning how been "dominated father. " claimed also he had by his Be he
wondered about father connection with who father his s Fard, his claimed was

Allah but who, in Fax-d&#39;s writings had seen, called which Wallace had himself
the &#39;_&#39;Messenger of Allah. "
?

Upon leaving in prison January, 1968, Wallace saidattempted he to clarify some doubts aboutfather his of his his and teachings. talked to He
other members family concerning father&#39;s but, said, of his his behavior he becausetheir complete of financial dependence father, they nothing. on their did
N91 and F131 ..

even teaching someclasses at UniversityIslam, apparently the of he stirred

i &#39; .1&#39;.<

up <_:o_ntroversy concerning much his father&#39;s nationally and activities, both gzjf
-23-s i

.~ .-

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"

&#39; . _ &#39; .1: _ -- -__&#39;_;q*__&#39; *~n-pain &#39;-_ _ -&#39; &#39; &#39;_ ,| : ?.; ;.i &#39; bk &#39;e ~-

--

92 _. yea-gg 1 ~I, g~_.~-92< ,-V .__ . 4-

5&#39; :

. _

in the Chicago Temple. 1964, had reached By January, word Illilh &#39;

I*=

_ ,_,i-_;~~=r

,;-.A_.
r

e 4:

weneee Malcolm had and talked together with and others &#39; eebeei-em; &#39 Imam . I

relationship his various with secretariesthe misuse and oi cultiunb 1. U]

Elijah and hierarchy. some though, took action his For time Elijah no agatllt
his son. 4

Apparently, llijah&#39;s grandsonSharrie one the Hassan was of cult

X

at

members who influenced the were by swelling undercurrent in Chicago. assln,

during 1963 until least 1964, and at lay, when he allied himself Wallace, with

had regularly attended N01 meetings, acted asa lieutenant 0! POI in the Muslim Mosque No. and MM! 2, was manager 104130. of the Iclothing store.
In June,1964, Hassan left nodoubt concerning feelings his about

his grandfather the and N01. He went to Chicago the Police on I3 &#39; June requesting protection for himself his and Uncle Wallace. advised He that,
at a meeting oi theN01 in Chicagoan June both 21, had been denounced as

"hypocrites" and expelled from cult deviating the for from the teachings 0! Elijah. Because this,he feltcertain they of would be attacked, as Hansen
4

knew um other members been had disciplined by beatings delivered the by

Chicago Temple&#39;s squad. goon
.

. U-ad ,,; 1.; , , o- . . M. _, &#39; .t._Po92>3_ <.~-.;li--,.1a>..>qp~ ,,._..e.., 43.. .._.i. u ,-.X~-,:9292&#39;@& ...a~&#39;,;j-> Mvv 3 , -.,&#39;=4,,,; _,. e92 W/_;~," . .. _, &#39;;..~- e<~9292 _ .

July 8, 1964, announced the charges oi corruption the in ROI hrou

both-Wallace and Kassan. Hassan called his grandfather fake "a
-. - ->

-M-&#39;7 . .1. &#39;1 &#39; 5.3-"? &#39;19 ~;&#39;-:Y:~ -l s- &#39;5.: . :;,92=_ &#39; .".#;; .4-. 1., 5 . _~ .

&#39; I
.+ H 1-

~.e;&#39;~_~.+-,1 . _- in;-&#39;&#39;~*. _3s.~.~"=.j;-:!.i~.,~&#39;1,,, I. 17*.-Z &#39;~;.ri &#39;=&#39;~r.,_.,_s - L ; _&#39; " 2 &#39;_ &#39; ..b2- II &#39;* " -I.&#39;T"~" ":i"""&#39;>;",&# &#39;...5-__ &#39;<, ._~,a.-3} .~&#39; _ . &#39; &#39; _ ._92_,_. __ Y3;-&#39;,92jg, - ..J ; . <w;~"~ Vi
- - =&#39;*-=~&#39; -~& ~"-5: ~. _->>-en, e.* .,.=..; -&#39; 3&#39;.-;.:._ ~ i_&_ _: ~ .l~~ --.= -~ ~--&#39;-~ &#39; "Ax ~- &#39;-1 .~>;.:-$1-1 --*".e;~-.1.., ~-T 1 ..;

- : ; ~&#39;.:-&#39;- -~31. 1 W. "1&#39;-1&#39;:-*5" =-" 5 Y.-&#39;~-" ~-J-~=.~~., -~"&#39;~I-~:.

v_

-."&#39;1"&#39;.=+"~"-.1: V 1- -&#39; ""1&#39;-1 -:-.."--3. ~~ *~&#39;- 73 : 11- ?".-a --I X1? 1..~r".&#39; 13;;-, ~-1*, -_&#39;,-. "f .5 ~ *3-,1 -&#39; .-"-< 2;} v. .-- ;- -~&#39;.:*. 2;,"Q92&#39;1e"! &#39;r 153; .1 ii,-p ;-> ":<f

~ __l . _.

1 L ._i- 1:&#39;..92&#39;_92f>e

&#39;._&#39;~~_*_ rt. _,.. . _ ,_;.__ . -..=_,4 .- _~ 25- vi--, .1v_.. 5&#39;

*- 3 L..92IiDnn92i-Bil! .-_--._ _ ___ ~ . ,_ -. _ __ ,_ ,1 _ .&#39; _

I
iv Ii
.

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Be also am not said, "I relerring to single any lndividua1&#39;s __ or wrongdoin

1

Iam referring toMuhammad Mr. and whole his I corruption; ?

1, l1 b , >

stall. " Wallace agreed toaccusationsMuslim hierarchy,paper, the against the telling the
"Not only they are true, they are mild. "

Anotherof Elijah, son 25-year-old Akbar, denounced was publicly

as"hypocrite"January 1, issue a in the 1965, of "Muhammad " Speaks. Better othcated than members other of the tamily, Akbar graduatedbusiness a from school in 1958 and,since 1961, been a Chicago in the Fall has attending of university in Egypt. Cairo, Akbar&#39;s expulsion a from the followed cult visit_
F

he and Egyptian his second and child this country wife made to during

November, had expected while denounce publicly 1964. Elijah Akbar, here, to l Wallace, Malcolm X, and other "hypocrites. " Instead, a York Akbar told New newspaper that Cairo eyes been opened. whilewas in he his had Be said his of religion homemade one tight and was "a with own rules its Ffather&#39;s "brand" regulations that any tendstiile criticism 0! to its leader." his Akbar and
lamlly shortlyreturned to Egypt.

Ilijah indeed had has troublehis "royal in family"! Further confusing of Elijah the image Muhammad and the NO! were
_,.<. . :_,1., ., :.&#39;_ -..=..,.;_,~ .,. 1 .-.~.-l ,4r.,. .,1..&#39; ..-

Malcolxzds opendbreak with the March, 1964, N01 in he was outspoken- in his &#39;
:1 .-.,; age, gs .1-

E ehma.e""<;, M65. Following

g
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K IW

ii I . l,1._r _ _. qi
1 1
_

92

92_lv 1 .

i, 4;... . 1- .._

opposition to Elijah. He formed twoorganizations, the Iuslim UOQO,

-153?.

1 A e

Incorporated, and Organization Afro-American the oi Unity, which U

claimed would
left with

better serve the

Negro nationalists.Some !IOI_membors .

groups. hiring

Malcolm and became members of these new

several extended periods in 1964, Malcolm

countries He
: 1;

travelled in many ofthe Mrican

returned, amid much publicity, to the United Stateslate in

1964 and impressed many hisnewimage. with He

his violent statements although he still

appeared to have sdtenod

openly condemned Elijah andhis cult.

Early in 1965, Malcolm beganseries of rallies in New a York City.

On February 1965, asMalcolm began 21, just to speak a to gathering bout of

400 Negroes, a disturbance started and several men toward ital d ran the
the meeting firinggunsMalcolm. Be was hall at slain instantly. Arrested, and identi ed at by least one witness Malcolm&#39;s were as assassins several
Negroes who the past hadattended N01 in functions. This eventfullast week February, 1965,ended with llfl of Il &#39;

dissident son Wallace making appearancetheannual ROI an at convention I1

Chicago forgivenessthings he said to ask for had about his father and EIthe Though, sinceexpulsion the in his from cult June, 1964, Wallace heade had a
=~- -
~ .

" = . .r..._ I=

- ._ F. - .- 5. "71 ,-. t .?"w~"" *Jl!.92%@lL

4 -&#39; 5&#39;5. . " &#39; a -

- -

. &#39;5 silt?1 .1:-.~<~~

gociety, surprisingly was Wallace reaccepted into on the the NOI recomme
non oi his father. &#39;
1 * :.I

~l

Q ,6 92-

t, -.:."r._. . ~.~_~&#39;pg2_ _. _ Iv_ V W &#39;,-71--3!-; . .-. . -&#39;._ --1 ;,V1y.a:_.?,<>?__;_92 ,a__ sf;-_ ..:ai-r,t$n_ :_ ., -:~ r,~&#39;-f1;&#39;9292 " V; - . >_ ; .;_ t__ 3 - ;i__._ -. ..

l: ;92&#39;

{&#39;1
--____

The first week llarch brought of another surprising development. ,,,

.,< 3

As reportedChicago March in the press 6, on Hassan Sharrieti to decided "returnthe told. a to " At meeting his with grandfather, Hasean&#39;s plea for
reinstatement was accepted.

What the future holds Elijah for Muhammad and his organization

cannot be predicted. the-dissidents, following apparently Among hlalcolm&#39;s

isbeing over his hall taken by sister, Hrs. Collins; while Uplift Illa and, the Society is dormant, who followed now those had Wallace cannot by be pleased _
his decisions. many The accusations againstMalcolm, Wallace, Elijah by and Hassan not quickly forgotten. will be Feelings between and present former
IUI memberscontinue to strained. be ~ I -

&#39;92a L . J

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---

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92Q

2;, . 1"

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Yr

&#39;_,_ ,, ~

meg Q1 ." J

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--

,* &#39; ~I>>;* , ___ .,_ _ __

-- 0&#39;--. -~~q ---- -4._;ai-AI

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V. ORGANIZATIQNAI,-w8TRUC&#39;I,l UR "
,.

A. National Hea<k.1uarter_s &#39; , ~ &#39;

:4 92

_ Since 1984,Elijah was to Detroit, 4 when move trom . the forced

4

national headquarters beenTemple2, in of the have at cult No. Chicago. Muhammad :No.of the Holy Temple Temples oior, it is 2 Islam as

Z5 V, Y v Q in

1, Greenwoodand adjacent Avenue, to is thellniversity _ - .-.1 it oi Islam 3, 80. Sharrie his assistant, ,and and Elijah, Jr. their secretaries. A lip aecretaries who handle incoming et cetera, employed : mail, filing, are at Elijah

gt sometimes called, Muhammad&#39;s 5335 -Mosque No. 2, is located at South

&#39;5883 Greenwood. buildings are 0 at South In the basemertsof these _ the office

of the National Secretary cult s John Supremeat F0! Baym Ali, the Captain _ long-time residence Woodlawn. the cult at 4847 South Headquarters tor
newspaper, "Muhammadare Speaks," 634 79th at East Street.
B. National Egiemaerg,

,~. I /~

Though thenever membership figures N01 has published estimate reportedpublic news rangedafrom 25,000 by the media have low to Ip of high259, %3 :P nzzrnbezr&#39;70, of0&0, :1 ":*i put at 004!.or! All these

iigures l 3i3f;1j,* ::,:l , ;!_;;_&#39;=l!1;a>L, are VV

=_ meinbershipcult 7,000; figure oi the as this approximates th and estimate _

3"; . 9" ~. r. V5 _ .. . .1-92.y

his Elijalfs estimated total -,1 . ,-"&#39;0: detection,grandson Hassan th ,_ After

,~a-

, 1 vl..&#39;-&#39;~ - .&#39; _,,.,,i_..-1 &#39;~ &#39;1 !-4 .11 _-J. . 1: ~ _ .._ .~,..

E?-., ""&#39;-&#39;II""" V
,

._V .92-&#39;,-_ ,__-K_&#39;. ... -~. .-.~, .- . 4* a~- -~

-.4

1.,"J ~ - iii 9- . "-1".

.,>

......_....-_... _ ._. , <_...._.,..,.. ._. __. __ A ._._..f__.;_;_._._: __

. 92l , 4

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92 _

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madethe dissident, member Boston, Aubrey by iormer from N01 Barnette, ill his article appeared Saturday Evening" February that in "The Post,on; 37,1985. According to FBI the latest information, these membership estimatesv about_ are
3, 000 too high.

ConcerningNOI&#39;s membership, one the the Bassan said in N01 no

hierarchy&#39; positive the actual any had idea oi number of members.has been I As knownthe FBI years, membershiptime could only by for the at any given be estimated, as there a is constant influx of persons, is new which balanced by an egression of old members New begin people attending meetings onfairly a in Chicago, obtain names. But new and their "X" as members enter the g into cult&#39;s activities, at any many others given time in are various stages of disillusionment--they attend to fail meetings regularly, [ail to make the required
contributions, dogccept temple not the leaders discipline, are and soon completely out all of the cult&#39;s activities.

regular basishave Huey their entered in "Book " maintained names the oi Life,

Hassan has that said approximatelynew persons join the 100 a month

Chicago Temple but that "membersas as ones join" leave new fast and,therefore
fairnumber years &#39;ts> c:1l i~n-:;=;+;i<1&#39;a.=;s; a 0% Line * :f :1C5;~i:1C92 has remained almost the
same everal years

Chicago Temple, complained that1961 annual convention during the Muslim ,

500 person"signedfor membership ? up" but only of iive them remained in the
temple. t .

&#39;~2___..-g;._;92~&#39;*-_-&#39;~,-_1 _ -W I, a. ___ __ .~- --0-.-._~> Q. ~ ,-_ - Ii.Ii,

__,.I

L4/.

2 i

_ ~&#39; <_.

C. Temples or Mosques

Individual temples, are located cl ll or mosques, in various

&#39;:.,>

throughout the States, under tllcl lno United but are the completed all
the national headquarters at Chicago. Elijah has designated altogether 88 numbered temples,of which been one has inactiveseveral years. for The active numbered attended by800the totll 8&#39;1 temples are about 4, at

of slightly 5,000 theOnly six these temples over memberscult. of of live in Chicago; York City; Detroit; New Washington, D. and C.; Philadelphia; I.-os Angeles oi the Almost half NOI&#39;s total tothese membership belong six temples,other Six templesmemberships ofant! have between 100 800, and the restnumbered all 5 temples!less than members have100 eachseveral having than members less 20 each.

a membership memberssix temples of over 300 each These are located

About N01 members meetings of 750 attend the 31 unnumbered

N01 groups in various inthe cities Manygroupsare led country. these of by visiting ministers irom temples, are accomp nearby who frequently by members from their temples in to stimulate own an attempt interest in
these neigliboring usuallyheldsmall, rented cities. Meetings are in rooms
. t-:1 *_~_._U 5 ii
-_%==

,~ ; 1* ,&#39; &#39; 1. - ~, hi? L , ~, -if-i ...,,_,n &#39;= ,,__ _ Qt1 ,> ,. , p~ 0 _. .~J:.92!-v;&#39;L424!92|: :1; ~_,..i___,,&#39;,"92: 92~ ail

., ",4:

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~&#39; __ A.

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_r K t I

&#39; >r

MUHAMMAD&#39; TEMPl.E$
___. Vi

DI ISLAM

f 1

92/- v"4 --iv .&#39; I-1 . .. ," Si. Iv._

hLQ Iq& q ,@.

K EY
5| 0 NUIBERED

FF; <

TEIPLES GROUPS
I p

.~ . f. _*-Q. o UNNUIBERED -. v-,1 / . I 3v

NUMBERED TEMPLES
omnon, ancn.
cameo, xu..

mnumzs, ns.
nsmucrou, u. c.

xzwuex, u.

1.

cmcnnum. 0|-no wxmonx-:, aw.

nu voax, n. Y.

saw FRANCISCO, CALIF. ms ANGELES. CAUF.

swrr LGJIS, nun, FLA. I0.

LOUISVILLE, KY. RBI ORLEANS, LA. IJNROE, LA. FLINT, IICH. IUSKEGON, IICH.

sue nmco, aux-. vouncsroru. omo ATIAKTIC cm, u. 1. aosrou, uss. nnuoaunna, PA.

KANSAS cm.
sauna aauo,

IO.
mu.

PHOEN1X,AR1Z. cam, um.

SPRINGFII-1LD,Il.A$S. ..hR" C!3?3, Ci _

GU92k"i3

waau, re. c. IILIINGTON. m-21,. cwmwrr:-:, u. c. AKRON, euro

1,/=, ,=.35&#39;}. .1 Liz, L.

SAGINAI, IICH. MINNEAPOLXS, UINN. PATELGON, u. J. mama, n. 1. Paovmaucs, R. L mums!-zauas, s. c.

IEIPHIS, mam.

NASHVILLE, nun.
"rams w.1:a~1*0re, "rams , _~ -92 ~92.._~..m& .1. .- ,. .~...;..<.1, ,&#39;....e=.&#39;~.._w 1 LYNCEBURG, VA. -L -7 IQARTINSVILLE, VA.

..%~."u =.-=.~-.=...=Yv.~1,..m.; "s.>*J;~@-"<. ~

Ll&#39;.ET, ILL.
CLEVELAKD, G110 DAYTG, GEO IJ

smmcam. ALA. aamospozr, oouu.

yncmownux. rm.
Psusacol-A. ru. usr cameo. um. :92m|svn.|..&#39;.. lm. lmuuunlous. um.
&#39;~.&#39;. ~

cf ? I. I
auaoa, PA. A LO, ll. 1. oun,vA.

J.

NEWPORT HE&#39;S, VA. ;{_? !@F0l.l VA. &#39; -VA. BERKLEY,

RQRFOLK

;-,

f~_ =;-0:
**

:7.

&#39; 4-

1 ..

, VA. A&#39;l&#39;l&#39;l-LIBII. IACILIS. _

r -._. .

*-

~ _

- _"&#39; L,""&#39;""""" *.3 3-. .-,.-,,._ __

_ &#39;1

w ... y &#39; T

92

Q_@|nulI -4. -n--- 3&#39;-_~__ __~ : . &#39;; ~.._ .__,___.__.____ "1" * >&#39; *--

~" "

" 1&#39;.1+&#39;~:.=e::~:-<.--f-."-~~*= > " _

_ it

>
-r 1--

of these l unnumbered groups show only tour that groups over have 50 persons1- ~ Y.-Ia
regularly attending. 27 All of the other groups less 85 have than members each,
with manyhaving less than 10.

~ L ya, _, M I _

llost temples are located in the heart oi lower the economicor

deteriorating Negro neighborhoods. Exceptlarger temples, few for the very

are owned N01 and are by the most rented halls are which frequently onsecond the
oor overstore or some a other commercial establishment.notable . The

exceptions are in Chicago, national the headquarters, and in Washington,, D. C.

where the only NOI-builttempleis located.

lIt is interesting note half the total to that of Negro population of the United Statesof 1960 as the census! reside 11 Southern in the States which made

up the Confederate States of the Civil War

period. Yet, this in area, the N0!

has only temples 17 six and small, unnumbered having groups a membership of

only about out the 600 oi total cult membership of approximately 5, Obviously 000.
the ROI made great impression the has no on Southern Negro.

D. Temple Officers appointed by and Elijah

lh M and

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&#39; Thehighest authority individual temple minister. He in an is the is

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taken for thesupport oi the local its officers nationalV; temple and and the org-a
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~:. and exhorts group Elijah&#39;s to his oi followers contribute the many to collections . .I17"; . ?_..< 1 1

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In the larger, established minister his @ temples, devotes the 1:21. time N01 activity receives support donations to and his entire from made by the members of his temple. Usually, or rented his home residence, his unto, a and all personal necessities for himself his and family are for the paid by various funds his temple. collected at Those ministers temples in smaller
1.3 Y 1. -is 4 *1 1 9

with iew regular members obtain some employm frequently must outside to supplement they receive the the assistance from temple. Nearly all ministers do considerable travelling. They guest make appearances at other _ temples to conduct meetings, delegations or they lead from their temples _ to

attend affairs and other temples. social rallies at The most articulatewidely known and minister, untilexpulsion his
,.

last year, Malcolm MM &#39;7, York chief was X Little,No. New City. oi in As spokesman and representative the N01 travelling of Elijah Muhammad and &#3
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ior nearly years,had ten he made numerous public appearances in lectures and debates college radio television, and before forums, on and through interviews given press. to the public A tall, well-dresseci, 8~ye former convict, admitted having addict, numbers he freely been a dope runner, and eur;l.e.ritiecoming Elijah Muhammad. before "rehabilitated" by Since his
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wait; iirllaatiiix, &4$ 8-PP~....;..e..i.~:.fits?-1&#39;5.win ;.t.<.=..; &#39;~_,;.>.:-.; 1. i =-;r@..::<... &#39; mu, >1}. 5; tn;
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had been instrumental in the recruitmentof the oi many present minister

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In examining background, personalities of the education, and the j

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nine most publicized and active ministers those fromieadinl including the six temples!, one a notes distinct difference minister in the of active type prior to Malcolm&#39;s the and rise prominence type to which the cult 1953 joined after
<-..>

and rosepower, to influencedassistedMalcolm. and by

Four the nine of ministersbeen members prior had of the N01 to

1958, Three became Muslims 1940&#39;served of these in the early s, each a and prison term to registerthe for refusal for Army draft been a Bach had Mislim years attaining theminister.fourth of for before status of The these ministers was Malcolm&#39;s brothermember N01 Wilfred, though of the who, a

prior1953,not yet ato to had risenleadership had earlier position. He been rejected for service of Only of these military because mentality.onefour low
ministers, whose is 43, average agecompleted high _ school. The remainingnine leading ministers N01 after five of the joined the

Malcolm hada become officialthe cult. iive been leading in All had either in uenced by join the had received intheir Malcolm to cuii: or his assistance rather rapidleadership positions. school or rise to All had a high college
education, one D. and being a ?h. former college These professor. younger

. ,., .-. , _. -1 a ~ ~ n -_ li.*.J>-?<&#39;;5.:,92- &#39;-.,}.<... . &#39;" .&#39;<*n .i"&#39;P" Q _,I .,, , , c - _. I ~ , I&#39;, , -4 &#39;_"_4&#39 ." ~~,;i_&#39;_. _ :1;;-,f. ~ ~-_ W .. 1 .,,/ -

Twothese men were entertainers, and one of iive former one a comic the
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leader dag calypso former college ,_;_,_ of singers, The professor had
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55

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beenof the Socialist a then a first Workers Party, member and

Y. -923 f ~

.,~.~ .-&#39; &#39;-_ .,g_._ . 7&#39;.

memberdissidents who oi a of group broke iormtiz , W to oti Workers

Party. after contacts allied @011 Finally, Malcolm, Ii l l with he himlelf As might the many with varie be expected, Muslim ministers, grounds, education, control ove and experience, them and withlittle very

irom nationala oi techniques headquarters. use variety in maintaining the interest oi and in appeals could . their members Muslims. it their for new be the ministers a oi the said style of blend preaching is revival prea and the politician They ward- heeling deliver their hi so messages a voice with and sometimes calm unctuous earnestness inc withand rash statements. startling as longthe their listeners. as Anything goes, it holds interest oi the present gains followersnew Elijah, convertscolt, of the to
and donations coming iuntb. keeps the intotemples many the _ Below the next highest indivldu l minister, the authority in an

temple is F01, the thecomposed the captain of me group within 0! N01the adultmembers. Though the is male answerable to the minister, responsible the temple leader discipline and is oi the ior in the temple& Ind is automobile irom furnished , , >.&#39;__~ an
1

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the asipteii-infinancial frequently receive

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are usually men who theoom aggressive domineering relish opportun

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the members. military-type ov They maintain strict discipline the

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&#39;1 -HE [DST N01 ACTIVE IINIBTERS

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Jeremiah X Pugh!
Philadelphia
e -I. <1.

.mm

xWalcott!
Boston

John Shabazz Merrill!

Loo Angeles

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Bernard X Cashmere!
San Francisco

wumngmn, ]!_g, Baltimore

.i,

Lonnie 3X Cross! .Isaiah Karriem Edwards!

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J amea James 8X ;lcG1-e901 ! 3X $958301!! wmnd x mo DOUOR ~.

Newark, Jersey City,
_ New York
J _&#39; ,-

Chicago

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but there frequently are of conflicts between became&#39 authoritythem. This of

sufficient tothe concern national that 1962 ordered hierarchy during Elijah that &#39;

The ministercaptainthe and are important ineach officials temple,

Supremeof F0! Captain Raymond maintaincontrol the the Sharrieff closer over F01 captains. thecould appoint his without Previously. minister or removecaptain
consulting nationalheadquarters.

Trouble the officersto development between temple leads the ofactions

in temple. members one someother toobtain the Some support and the leader &#39 favored treatment. members most just out the Those suffering usually drop of temple,they but occasionally adissident and form group complain tothe
national As result, officers. a anational usually tothe officer comes temple, uestions the members, what isto taken. and decidesactionbe Sometimes the
sident membersexpelledwhen official are or, the believescontinuance the
v ~

of temple the isendangered, other one the offending officertransor temple is

ferred to another city.

Other, officials lesser in the templesag-minted are by minister tohis for accordingneed assistance inconducting ofthe the activities

temple.femalemembers The N01 areby onetheir headed of numberis who

,...&#39;*;&#39;-&#39; ~ Q?-r .~ ~ -~ ~ . 3 yaw ! *"&#39; ._-7 ,,.>"&#39; viz"TT|.3""I~&#39;f" .92&#39;92&#39; &#39;"_e,.., ,~ . -u ~./.!--. " t;.r it-xi if 1.. &#39;5?! hp{"*|" . ?; ".1 "f . ,, . I. ~ - -.1 i.

many lieutenants them needed, "to raise " assisting are as according oithe the
.,

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membershipm isno Here there standardization again, in of number l_ officers

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in various temples. displayed the Favoritism to lea by the minister

I

ridiculous situations is_ at times. assisted tiormally, each captain we

Otherderisively"palace guard. memberscalled them the " " .

or but onehis own three temple ministe lieutenants, elite 1 set upcl-.
occasionallythe meetings, to portions of field leadallowedp temple
in an bring in converts attempt to new
E. fruit Islam oi F01!_

twelve particular made ue iriends within oi the and them temple all

_&#39; assistant who tors, ministers, et-cet secretaries, temp eachgenerally hiswith w own men assistan &#39; ~ lave also are ambitious

Larger temples impe generally have investigators

to nearby areas withsmall to meet oi peopll ministers , travel who

F Captain Raymond @&#39;L3-1 l" ii=> s system vrith or6ers general

s Fruit oithe group w The mam special me is rm! elite N01, oi male Under theM composed F01&92Pr the imliviclusl 1Brsh le8t temple -/in members. lL each capts
,emp1g&#39;5 1&#39;01 is organised and governed by

similarin militaryRegula the system engagesorgan to a group physica in F531 pe*iI %.ici;;,.;r,i;e;:;; V i; 1 , ~. exercises, and _, p A receives judo , yo nn;
iaithiul iollowers at Elijah. Acting as
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trainingtob0dyul1&#39;d iscreate escortsit_ program and minds bodies healthy

l ~.

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Muhammad Arriving at ! Airport in York Newand

7 by Supreme Captain Sharrle ! and POI

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officials, these vigorous young men imparta crisply efficient toneto the meetings d the organization. l heyimpress nonmembers the Negro communities _ of with
the massedand ready power of the Muslim organization andthe accomplishments they haveachieved throughfaith in Elijah&#39;s teachings. But the F01 has other
functions .&#39;

it E. 1
i

Besides the protection of officers and property of the cult, the POI

i. 3
L

enforces compliance themany rules with cult

Probably most important ofthese many

imposed on members. all

Muslim must sell

I &#39; 4

rules is that every

the N01 newspaper, "MuhammadSpeaks. " The F01 sees to it that the members T fulfill
%
>

their obligation

to sell

the paper. To discipline those membersbreaking squads

the t have

rules, as well as nonmembers whocause trouble for the cult, goon been organizedin some of the temples. Thesesmall groups

of selected

2 employed to threaten or, on occasions, brutally assault to ,7 judo, have been have used show s~siriez~able the humanl spots on t other Negroes. Charts been to 5 body, and instructors demonstrate lethal the blows that be can used. one
1 s

1 men,

frequently ledby former professional boxers, well-trained in karate and

_ instructor

advised members his group to"obtain saltbrine" andsoak their of

t. ..
oz 5.~./- " :. _

lmnds in it to toughen theta snoazsh

_, 92 Lg. .v_ &#39; -

The F01deadly is serious. In temple one preparing a visit for fmmige

., aw 1 .- .-,_ W
l

t_--6,3. .- -.. -~-

_,.,_.= _ H
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all time. He "I look are not the said, tolike want you killers. We hers
to play.protect the costs. "_ _ We will Messenger at all _-

P. in #3

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One of men years tall,good ph consistsold, six leet 18 to 25 about with and in These men,with close excellent health. shaven a smooth hair, andinattired act all public neatly darkas honor at suits, guard even

In largetheis broken into most temples,POI several down

Young18 ageover years &#39 16 men oiand are genera toyears men 25
C1&#39;921P5-

placed Most templescom other groups.F01 in also have a junior

F. Muslim Training Girls MGT!

boysyearsage are tor the sen to up who eventually joi 16 of trained

Similar to organizationN01 ! the military-type FOI the the oi

,*&#39; 1 J 1

iemale counterpart Girlssometim called theTraining MGT! Muslim

referred to asGeneralClass. by female members Civiliz the the

bycaptain and necessa its es fffA &#39;i_l.11 many thisenga are gro
", 31
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I

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i-is-_esses or lipstick and whiteat shoes,cover th robes, no head and

-urged to be

in the activities his iemale many Elijah necessarytollowe believes tor They have in calisthenics, classes homemaking, hygien other snack:*1 :T.&#39;-.;w3?.:*;t-tt< ?%=:. "- s ff They . are constantl

izaagg

a shawl-type headdress. white They are expected ipplf purchase to

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at cult&#39;sstore, the clothing prices higherother at Chicago usuallythan at In its activities,the samediscipline from all the HGT is under strict its

superior otiicer the PG, junior cl asthe POI. like has HGT is And, it a girls
under the
G.

age oi16.

Schools

t -I L!

University oiNo. Islam1, Detroit, and oi No.in in the University 2, Islam Chicago.neither is The Detroit is Actually, a university. one in attended about 125grades nine,the Chicago ha studentsone and one in through in about 500 students school Few to graduate. and includes high subjects. stay The_ University oiNo. in February, only Islam graduated 1964, 2 four from high
school and seventeen the eighth from grade.

Two schools being operated are presently for N01 children, the

Christine X Johnson, director oi the Chicago school, saida in

r i 1

l i

recent "Muhammad Speaks" of issue of um purpose N01 the the schools is besides the regular teaching academiceducating "the of subjects, children Muslims in oi self, history of from the knowledge through the black men ancientthe to present." She the how their times described schools turn boys
citizens.

and "into self-respecting, veil-mannere girls imelligent, disciplined &#39

__, fr ..

real purpose students with while tea is to indoctrinate the Elijah&#39;s

-

&#39; -*~&#39;.commendable, movement " inside the _h those -~, .-._.._ AWhile this ~-"xi-. seems - the &#39; " ;;r,~r4_ .:_e-&#39;___."
I .. ,2,
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-A ? -; .- &#39; ,- .- .~.~;$-"-&#39;y&#39;.~~ __... I _

.1 *3 -.>&#39;i~;...;,&#39; ~,. 1&#39;:;,.&#39;.W &#39;. &#39;

"we; -<- ;.: l

92

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- _ __. I 5&#39;} ._ -v-*&#39;.: :&#39;_&#39;}-,:RB&#39;1.-& 1*;-~.1 ,?e&#39;.__: 4 - .. . *~~&#39; - -.I 7." 4 _n_

_ "

5&#39;!

-as ~- a-~..

them ignorant of American history and government of and out coltsct

_
.&#39;"&#39;

with the "white devil" 1: knownnorhave many " children. is um schools fi"
problems of discipline, many students beingsuspended and othersdroppl &#39; _
out because of pregnancy. A _

The Chicago Detroit have and schools operated since the middle

1980&#39;s,the over but they not without years have been their problems with
education and officials. health hiring 1963, Illinois Legislature the

considered concerning control schools, specifically a bill of certain aimed at controlof the Muslim school; although the but. it passed senate, itlailed
to get through the house. ,

Other temples,occasions, on have attempted tostart schools butto have been date unsuccessful. Several operate one-day-atemples do week classesN01 ior children, and have form of adult others some an
education program. _

For several years after there 1958, were

I I F 1

numerous requests and L

much publicity regarding donations large N01 fora proposed edacational i

center in Chicago. Though Chicago authorities blocked this building -,

program severalElijah has recently years ago, inaugurated program a new

02" educational center an in Qjhicago He says center he this will hast.ion" ;;.~-@.;_t~s
9 as. 1&#39;_;. s&#39;_.;, .I ~s;}3H

Muslims exclusively, but the whole nation. for black " is, therefore
.- &#39;->.~,<&#39;-1
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.- -

__. ~:____ i-_ _ . __ &#39;,n_ -_-.92._ M4. &#39;__.&#39;; vi us 1 _-_., &#39; , __~e _;fl--, *_ _&#39;-3 eq,_*: &#39;:1 ,,,, ~ ~ J12. _-,3 -&#39;1-;

.-,.,.".-&#39;. ;,;..&#39;_ _. _,fj~-{-:.;-,?;i-5:i

. ,_ _...?___,_,_ ,,_,:_u_,i92 _, g _", <3 V.,f<, ,_ . . _$_,,:-1;.
~ -&#39;--.-<- --,_- .1a_...--92". I-..&#39;aa_

&#39; &#39; " &#39;__> .1~:..1.. _4~"&#39;-_ &#39;-.~ ;&#39;&#39;~-.13 pj :f"3r 7&# ~&#39; ".- --" &#39; v

~- -.-&#39;~ 1--"&#39;"".7"

.._4__ _ :_ ;2__ &#39;, ~ ~ .,&#39; _&#39;.&#39;_";-vi;-92.e .92

&#39; "

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1

92

1&#39;

92. ._

appealing to American to contrihote llo. u all "co-called Negroes" 10! 3 Q to the .~

educational fund. llijah ieels this center would "lo-called llegroll assure the
at hisdesire togive them "knowledge of cell."

I v

.>

_&#39;. &#39;
I;_ , 3-~

.;~ ,;.

1__ 17*-!.~

". 45-

;_-Q

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-I

"h-:&#39;

--v" <13-V _..

,<_,~..,-:;,.,._ -"_ ..&#39; O

. _____ ___V ii! h-r_d_--g-t . V Ag I D- K. &#39; W g _ &#39;

t. &#39;- -~ --g-&#39; .-..-.1 _--5,,_g_,.,_,___;-z-:-Q &#39;,-I-I
il
_,-

92

vi. assouncss

t_,
~ -

A. Sources of Income _ &#39 "The prime fundsnational obligations source oi for come the from
___,_,___.._-1--t. . -7/_ ,5 __ t,;

Muslims "charity, National Ali John Secretary frequently memb reminds the

H I l 4 Y

in letters N01 temples coimtry. "Muslim? to the throughout the charity" &#39; begins 81 mm soliciting cult demand certainly home,Ali, for funds, um a membersforget rent, bills, children, "should their wives and as whenthe

Nationmoney yougive." actuallyneed, needs must Charity impliesand &# benevolence the poor and will to and good suiiering. "llus1im ch But, if reaches the poorneedy, Muhammad must the and Elijah exercise benevole forcontrols the he all resources cult cannot, said the and himself, be oi to
be suiiering lack material irom oi things. .

Other to support Nation" by members revenue "the is raised 1

92 1

bazaars, rallies,arranged ad dinners by various temples, sa the through

oi the newspaper,pro ts of businesses some cult and irom the operated by
of the temples. -

1 rt

It is significant that activity N01 to the every of the is keyed

raising of activities not produce t money. Those which do the pro desired
A abandoned and are new activitiesthen are stressed.
- .1-<&#39; &#39; .av is- 1 &#39;~&#39; it
L. -

1._
.,. _ _ s_,.. ."&#39;-lg ~ &#39; "

4nk&#39;;| _ &#39;

~_ _. g .- p__

~- 43 &#39;.- t-1 -r . . ."

~
3 ., . 92.

_ #_ -_92

92

..
8

I; &#39;

&#39; ,.&#39;7-l%1 --&#39

t
,. .1

5 l |"1.I&#39;unds * Ivory member N01 to make contrl- w oi the is required regular weekly 5;.-,.j
. ____.

*No.

92 of these is directly to tor use the tour funds sent Chicago of national organization:

lbutions to numerous spec

ial tunds collected in temple. each Honey in g collected

2 personaloi Elijah support family. the Poor Treasury Fund--Thethe for prime charity of cult, use to his
trouble with the law.

I i P

Central Pointin paying salaries organization Fund--For the the of ministers. expenses national the &#39; and to assist oi various National Security defense ot Fund--For the Muslims involved in _ 8avior&#39;s Day a is FebruaryElijahthe Fund--For which toof26 year. gift about presentedat Muslim convention held each
Elijah claims February 1877. was 26.
K Other
of funds are used for expensesthe individual temples. the

Each member to give $100 in is requestedfrom to $125 honorthe N01 W. Fard, whose date of founder, D. birth

s i

L required, the been in various iunds following have customary temples: R Administration Fund--For expenses temple salary and the ofminister. Rent or Mortgage Fund--For of or mortgage payment temple rent
payments. _

ughneeds of temple determine the the particular the number of special

tGeneral
. &#39; : : iv

Echrool Fund~=Foror special school og;>e@r:z.ti.<r.n.-oi theat classes temple

ation by temple oificersgj . Transportation -For operor! autos used Fund-

Treasury Fund~-Forexpenses general of the temple.

. .. Y

3-"f+><_.. .. 1. 71-Y ? J 1&#39; ,

,. .r:. L1-2 . 41l:.-&#39;:v-.--* ~~S=~.-;&#39;- ~

&#39;~ 1

..

-4;.---L

~+

i>
92

&#39; ,,

.,

. . K,-I-.~&#39;_

In addition regularly used special to these funds,

.

frequently taken for specific incidental purposes. For example, _

.&#39;-._ -J

_ 11 ~",..;

attends an rally N01put

on by certain a temple, the members

provide extra funds to cover his expenses. Often, when temple ollicer a
1

needs a new car or some extra item, the members must make additional
contributions .

14

:7. .~

~ The

contributions demanded membersvary in individual temples from

from aboutto $18. 50 week.Of $6 per course, not allmembers can meet these
demands and is a frequentcause forridicule of this or
against the delinquent member.

disciplinary action
A

N01 rules,ministers which

z I t

constantly stress members, to include

these rulesare for

fasting certain occasions, on reduction of regular meals to a one day, and

the nonusetobacco, liquor, and drugs. of Ostensibly,

improving members health, but wonders one if there also may an be economic
for contributions, ministers remindthe members that Muslimswho eat

reason behind these regulations made by Elijah. In their constant requests &#39

only one meal a day save $730 per year more than Christians eat who three
meals a day; that, following rulesagainst smoking the of by the and use

liqusr, they save can additional hu.n~cireds a year; of dsllars

&#39; "

92_;_2ft _,;:.&#39;, Pf ; -,,&#39;

or their Day annual 8avior&#39;s gifts.

~
I
~

it should be no hardshipthem for

to make their weekly dutyt_-_ _.d._ V. olm l contribut t v -.

-i..:?
~.

1&#39; -""*
_

.. . ... _.-5 -0&#39;. __. 1_:;;&#39;,,-...;;=._~;_,}_.~ 0;? ,,%- _.~~:_* 7>i*&#39;i-r .-_ ... _i>- :17-&#39;i&#39; l.~ - _ .-.* 5". 7_! _-1 _ o ",&#39;;~"c&#39;=" ./&#39;1:&#39; a -.~.:$_~. :&#39;;,:.,;. ;,i&#39;92"... " _-_, 924 ?.&#39;v*:.- 3_&#39;_ _. ,_ _}-_f,*P&#39;_ < .
..- .. u &#39;- ,,-.~+gY-4,;-<. ;:~ ~ ",&#39;t.~1" ~.-v.?ssi:Er..::r-*;:=..--&#39;:?l.~&&#39;-;.=;:~>~=* > < -2

_ _ 1 -> 92--_&#39;_:__._ ~-ff. -&#39; &#39; " &#39; ..3 - 47; -&#39; .".&#39;=-_<"~&#39;.3~ ""&#39;92&#39;I~"4";&#3 1 A, .-&#39; 7...__ &#39;_ .7-4. >92&#39;V 92;4.&#39;v&#39; t 01$.-;_&#39;,._&#39; u__ J>,,., , ,-_ -_* &#39; _. -,-e,.. -yd .;_:_"_..". - .92&#39;K.* 3_

l92

&#39; .

-pa

, ._ 1-1

H_ &#39; _ ""_""&#39;_-;T i_-~ A _ -~." _ .. .-.:".T_-1.-1:;-&#39;. :. 1&#39; ;,&#39;-/W" x g ~~&#39;

92 u

2. Cult

Newspagr

newspaper, "Muhammad Speaks, money-making ente is another " F01 eaptains regularly to thatprogram is emphasize "the number-one members
selling the Though the sold individual newspaper.number varies in " be to

While serving propaganda organ, asmain their the cult&#39;s weekly

temples, each required F01 member purchase to50 is to and resell 300 irom copies of issueContests byvarious eachof the are held paper. the temples. Teams are coverof each cityare awarde made up areas and prizes to certain to top Ateam of two salesmen. winning young oi one salesmen sold temple
1 copies oi edition. Currently, a 800 a particular the paper is running nationwide contest in the winner, the mostpapers which who "circulates" cult
beiore 30, 1965, a new automobile. June is promised 1965

netcult approximately the $30, 000each of "Muhamm fromweekly edition

8. N01 Businesses

Sales by unpaid "newsboys" advertisin the NOI&#39;s plus income from

Most oilarger operate restauran the temples cult the of grocery or meat stores, or stores, clothing service-type enterprise and, in nearly all other the is active, additional ar areas where cult many businesses seemed and operatedby businessmen of cult members. these Because most de eir income othermembers, irom to cult they buy sales advertising sp
t~, w " "+~v &#39;15 K &#39;>s i

- 5 -.
.

&#39;

. 92Iu &#39;_, 92__

I _. ~_-~~"&#39;, . __~"&#39;-_" =_r* 92 :4 ._ ~ _ ~.

.

-- -

.._

-<_ -

an. .r. 4.

- _._----_-

, r. _ _ re--1 V " ... ; :""I&#39;.V_ .1 ~; _ -$1,:-:1. .1 . - .. .&#39; 92"*2, ,;I&#39;_&#39;.&#39;:},.,_.__ . . 92.40. --..r&#39;1> __

__ 92 ._ _

&#39;1&#39;! . &#39;
&#39; r

in N01 the paper. reaping benefits, Then, double the cult demands siaeable
contributions these from business owners.
4. 92|_I_, i-.

Elijah constantly that followerstrade &#39; preaches his shouldonly with Muslimsthe other and stresses importance on he places Muslims developing business completely the their own enterprises separate from
white society. _
iv _, ? &#39;2 v .

Despite E1ijah&#39;s members emphasis on operating own their

92 u n I K

businesses, many restricting the cult&#39;s rules its members the make successful of businessdifficult. operation a very The memberwho owns abusiness, any just other as member, isrequired cult to attend meetings several week weekendsexpected his nights and a on and to is sellquota of cult the newspaper.cult For member establishment a whose should

stay evenings open and weekends, these requirements aloss cause him
of income. Additionally, ofthe many businessman&#39;s customers are

Y &#39;7
~. ~

cultwho members frequently credit. further. buy on This restricts the businessmanbecause, income as s mentioned members earlier, are advised their dues paying bills. topay cult before their

__. M
I

. _;.~s_;,_ "., &#39;592;.._ Y. . >.&#39; &#39; "~, 1 *1 -;" ?"~ &#39;

Y,

G9,!
4. Public_Activities--Bazaars and Rallies
. A.

A f

4&#39;

Other favorite fund- raising activities of N01 rallies the are and 1. ,f
bazaars heldby the various temples hiring the year.

Amid much publicity, bazaars supposed focus are "to public attention
on economic potential theNegro community displaying wares, the of by the
11":
92

prochcts, and services Negro businessmen. form of of " Some musical entertainment is provided, and Muslim the minister and some Negro celebrity usually

> s l

appearspeakers. course, admission as Of is charged, refreshments and md "

craftwork are sold. Heavyweight boxing champion Cassius Clay, known in the mlt asMuhammad Ali, great drawing for N01 has is a card the and appeared at
_ bazaars New in York, Boston, and other cities. A .

i I

Individual temples hold also rallies atwhich Elijah some or other

member ofnational the hierarchy usually main speech. delivers the Busloads
E Ir
I

d cult members from nearby temples attend these rallies, andvisiting

ministers precedespeaker to "warm themain up? the crowdwath praise of

Elijah. lollections arefrom those attendance, and taken in frequently the host temple arranges a where in dinner those attendance purchase &#39; may meals
&#39; following rally. the i

- _ The most important publicrally of

V &#39;_-

the cultis the anmual conveziA e on

.&_"

called the 8avior&#39;s Day the Muslims. 1965 convention of The convention~,..w W I&#39; .- . 7 My

a three-day held 26 affair February 28 the , 65-year-old throughindingy

_ , &#39; -3

J.

,1

1"_~

;_0 ~<:~ -._ "- -&#39; ,. ~-&#39;1 &#39;.<&#39;

.4

. --

-_, _
.

&#39;- - ~

&#39;< --.~ r

-~&#39;~.; T-,._ $. -,;., _,

P.-.1 av

&#39;.<_-

*&#39; "gin.-;-I-,g,gm. ~..__

.

I.

Chicago Coliseum. atallMuslim As rallies, passing after

searching procedure, visitor the enteriig hallwas by the metllmlim

92.

&#39;;.

guards holding buckets contributions. out for Ilijah appeared spoke __ and &#39; ononlytwoafternoons, 26thandthe28th. Q1Saturday the afternoon, the
27th, a Unity Bazaar was held. This is _L gd. .
L. aux

a regular event of

each annual

convention, for this bazaar there was featureda but special boxing

exhibition byCassius Clay.

tickets would
i

"Muhammad Speaks" announced had that _

"donations" ranging A . -

be on sale at cult business places for

3 I 9

from $10for ringside $1.50 to for

third-balcony seats. Clay&#39;s schechlsd. _ g

second exhibition day cancelled anundisclosed that was for reason.

E Frequently, these Muslim bazaars fall short of the claims set forth for _

F
f L .

them advance notices. in press

~ the hall which could hold 7, 500. Because of

H
Malcolm&#39;s assassinationa few

G1 the last afternoon, the 28th, Elijah spokebefore about 8,000 in

days earlier, violencewas expected,andoneformer Muslim wasbeatenand

. r
1 ~ T

forcibly ejectedjust before

Elijah wasto speak. The UnitedPress has andthat

Coliseum as he

reportedthat Elijah&#39;s ramblingspeech lastedover three hours

"even scme
iv} s -1

of his devoted followers were leaving the Chicago

droned his way through the last hour. " Concerningthe contents of

Eiialfs

E?

. speech, United the Press reported it "ranged that from

_ _,-. . .. _ .

economics toimbnn

t1igbtg_,Islam short on f_rom skirts to women,from theof and threatJ 27 ~: .3

_

lg
&#39;.~&#39;~ f. e . >

as r.~ ..l.>-

~ -e

.* . - _,-... .&#39; _ _ if. ---..- ~_ __ - :4 ._"_ .~ . 1,. .3

:=.~ 2e - -- ".2? " 4

_>,_&#39;F; . ;_. ."=. .

~_

&#39; _,

- .&#39;~; =.;; ":&#39;;.? .. ,<F=&#39;:-s*&#39;&#39;r~&#39;~f<"-1-1::-r .-fl. *.~"&#39; ~ --&#39;1 1-+16? 1&#39;f

-_ _ .. . 4-. + -_,._ _-.-4,5. -: ~- -, .3 ---_. 1.;-.-s_.~~492~ -fa ? >1 _~.1.4&#39;-3.,/-.4. -~.-,~92-._.. 2: "Q-1 Ql E_&#39; &#39;_

&#39;,"_.;,,-, C -_. ._...Q&.&#39;;i?" ~_, ? ,1 a . 7 __-.&#39;,~&#39;~,&#39; i .1. *,-,&#39;T&# 33;

-~

92_ __ ~&#39;,._.1. -- -_ -r-ii 1 ~ .

.. &#39;.. 1 ..~. _-,-av _

-4 -

U. . .

e,

&#39;

_ _

~ ..._, --1 &#39;~ ~ Y ._. lg &#39; . _

_ ___/_ &#39; -&#39; , _,, ." __,4- . _>.."~ &#39;- = ..&#39;-" _ ~~.".&#39;&#39;*-fTa ?=ra~.-1? 5" &#39; &#39; - _- - + &#39; 1. -&#39; 1" -" 4.; &#39;- ._. e..;-_.

to men He confided pictures liars. on liars. that takes people on Allah of

as are.&#39;" we The 1965 convention no was glowing success. Attendance 1 all
ninctions was considerably less than
8:_v.e_=~1u

They and skinny, re tall they&#39;re about sevennine tall, not to feet intelligent _ V ? i~ ~"_
*
at previous conventions.

Al previously mentioned, all funds property under N01 and are the

complete control of Elijah Muhammad. Although real most estate is owned in

the names of various temples, members family, or Progressive of Elijah&#39;s the

Land Developers, incorporated, Elijah, as "Messenger Allah" and the of
absolute rulerof the N01, makes approvesall decisionsinvolvingthe or financial policiesand holdings the entire cult. of &#39; _

In recent years, Elijah apparently obtained professional aid protect to

his real-,estate holdings. The Progressive Land Developers, Incorporated, was

organized in January,1963, own, operate, "to manage maintain, and subdivide

and otherwise develop and promote real-estate business. Officers of " this

company are Captain F01 Raymond Sharriefi, 2 MM No. Minister James 31 Anderson, John Hassan--Raymond cousin an old-time and Sharrietfsand member
who has authority whose is no but namefrequently utilized the cult&#39;s financial in
transactions. The to many of recent title the real-estate acquisitionsthemr if of

has ..-,,;,j,*- __LIthis corporation&#39;s been in held name.

"Sm; " V --Q--

""-= # *
- .,,

;a

&#39;=-?."r=ri*li;i1 A_ H
r. , .15. -

::=

~ < _&#39;5

- ~- &#39;--&#39;-;, . -1 . 44

-_ &#39;

-es

., -=~ .

~ _

~ ~-,

a . ~ -&#39;. u"-, _. . 1""

* -:&#39;>. ~q;-&#39;,_;~-s~.&#39;. . =~r Q 1 -- -~ .r~-;-- Q __ I _a

-1 e

-&#39; ~r o ~

~,

,, .-

..

-_ .

_ . Q Y

92

,. _&#39;

-, "

"_-

_ g

.-

&#39;- 4&#39; <3; -*_

&#39;_"." &#39; &#39; 3,""&#39;_&#39;_ ,_"*&#39;L&#39;_ -1&#39;. V-&#39;

~=.&#39;< -

For many years Dthe N01 transactedall of its business in cash; v . -_: ._a.

*
l
i

but, since the national organization the late 1961, and severalup of
1
4 9i

temples have utilized banking facilities. Claiming to be a neligious bo ,

the national organization opened corporate accounts, both checking and savings, in the name of "Muhammad&#39;s No. 2 the Holy Temples Temple of
D

2 I

I 3

of Islam. " During the 26 months prior to August, 1964, nearly $1, 750,000
I I I

passed through these accounts.

The ChicagoTemple also utilizes individual savings accounts

E
9 n Q

A J 4

for each oi the various funds to which members of HM No. 2 donate money ~

for temple expenses. Many other temples also maintain savings accountsin
their home cities for temple funds. .

.1
E

Elijah and his wife,Clara Mu.ha.mmad,have personal accounts in banks in Chicago andPhoenix. Rumors have circulated that Elijah
Y

and his

wife have also secretly deposited funds in

foreign banking

institution.

Foreign deposits been made could have by Elijah&#39;s wile and his some of
0 E
4;

sons whoin recent years have made numerous trips outside the country;

ii 5
i

however, thereare so many ways whichfunds could sentout of the by be

country secretly that it would be virtually impossible to prove this allegation.

C. g"MuhammadLsA3-Year _E*cor:omicvSavingsg_glan"__ _
&#39; .-

__
&#39; ":_. A

1 Many persons over the past few years have credited the Blaclt

l,

i ~ i

92

&#39;
*7 l

..-.a - - _ . -

various NO! programs.One these programs of which the has N01 proudly
advertised in newspaper and signs public its by on transportation vehicles
is "Muhammad&#39;s Economic 3-Year Plan." This so-called self-helpsavings
plan deserves close examination.
#1

7 ii :2
L l

Elijah Muhammad began laying groundwork his new savings the for

bank program articles on in two economics which appearedthe July in 3 and 1&#39;7, 1964, issues of "Muhammad Speaks.In these " articles, Elijah renewed
been able to produce the right leadership for his oftenrepeatedclaims that "the whitetime man&#39;s growing is shorter" and that "Christianityhas never

our people--and will. He again never" berated the "black man America" in
as people who not "a do want to accept their own responsibility," who are

"begging and praying to white the manlo accept you." Elijah

K 5

complained that

"it is difficult to plan an economic system a people are for who subject to the whim of another people. are You limited in your jobs, salaries and income

by the white man.

Y

But you stilllearn to be can not reckless and wasteful

spenders." .

Elijah advised readers, his "You can save hundreds of millions of

dollars--even billions--if would youaccept the righteconomic program and

stopthings using

which destroy health, your such as tobacco, which doctors

warnus can cause cancer. X-rays areknown also bedangerous and to produce

Q1 0
-

i >

l
I I

1 n

cancer. . . .Scientists now warn you against gazing into TV sets for any long length of time, because this can produce cancer in the body." Elijah warned, "The only salvation for you and me now is in unity and being under the guidance of Allah through his Messenger and His program solutionof Allah&#39;s

for us all. . . .Our problem is to be solved by a divine

&#39; . 22;.

Messenger. Follow me and live. Reject me anddie as people without

the help of God and friend. "

.- __ i. i

The first public announcement Elijah vs 0divine solution" appeared of in the August 28, 1964, issue of the cult paper. Large headlines proclaimed,
Plan for Negro. "
&#39;

F I

"Muhammad Calls for--3-Year Savings

Elijah contained the following excerpts:

The article by

"I appeal to all Muslims, and to all the members

5 ,.

of the original Black Nation in America. to sacrifice at least 5 cents from each day&#39;s work to create an

Economic Savings Program to help fight unemployment, abominable housing, hunger, and nakedness of the 22 million Black People here in America who continue to face these problems." g

Z 2;,
S i

"Send your 25 cents every week to Muhammad&#39;s

Mosque No. 2 -Chicago, Illinois.

will be banked until we have a million

This 25 cents
dollars to

t 1

begin building

a banking

system. "

"Let the

entire nation

sacri ce. .

."

-52-

{W

purchase farm lands sufficient feed 22 to the million

black people, will build storagewarehouses to we store our produce forthe necessities life for of
our people." &#39;
00 0 0 n0 Q

"As soon as we have enough finance in our bank to

of you be senta will receipt which willbe recorded Program for Black the Nation in America. Youwill be receipted every penny sent thisoffice, for you to
which you keep as your record. " will
in our books for the Muslims Three Year Economic

"Please respond help and yourself. Each and everyone

"I await your response.

"

The next issue of"Muhammad Speaks" contained another article by

Elijah in which claimed great he progress with "3-Year the Savings Plan.
Following are excerpts from September 1964, this 11, issue:
"This plan has been accepted by Muslims nonboth and
Muslims. . . .Let us continue this most essential work:

II

give all can stop we and buying that which we do can without.
the nextthree years, and when getenoughour we in bank we put it to work to make more will money. . . " .
n 0 1 0 0 1 I

"I am asking that the we whole nation! sacrifice for

"We would to raise least $500, like at O00, 000 the in next three years. If all would contribute willingly
. .. .we would soon have billions. .. ."

and honestly thatthey could this economic plan all to

-53-

92

"19-.> o.>
ll

"There are millions of your dollars lying the in whiteman&#39;s doing nothing anyone. . . " banks, for .

"I am appealingto you--each every oi the andone

thousands of dollars, and millions ofdollars that
Ave. --Chicago, Illinois 60615. "

22 million black people America--to of send every

penny, nickel, dime. dollar, hundredsdollars, of

you can spare to Three-Year this Economic Pla.n;&#39;

MU&#39;HAMMAD&#39;S MOSQUE NO. 2--5333 South Greenwood

". ..When our mark of million one dollars is accomplished, we are going to build a national reserve bank the for
black people of America. "

Tothe casual observer, this program may appear plausible. using But a

little arithmetic,we that Elijah Muhammad find before could accomplish hisof goal non- Negroes. For, one his known followers Muslim llevery of active faithfully contributed the per week 25 cents which has requested,take over Elijah it would
15 years, well or into 1980, collect to that amount. ,

$1, 000,opennational 000 to the reserve he need bank, would considerable fro help

Even more accomplishment to unlikely of his proposal israise $500,000the next 000, three &#39;I:o in years. reachgoal, well million this over 12
persons have would to contribute 25every weekthe next cents for three years.
Couldbe a friend the NOI some itthat of applied arithmetic to Elijalfs

"divine solution" out its and pointed inconsistencies? At rate, appeare any there

-54-

t l

E at B
1 fl i

s 4.

in theSeptember 25, 1964, issue "Muhammad of Speaks"coupon to be clipped, a

signed, andmailed to the Chicagoheadquarters oi the "3-Year Economic Plan. "
In fine print was the pledge: 9

Iam going to enclose 50with this coupon, andevery

coupon hereafter that is printed in this Newspaper. . . "
u :&#39;

Soon issuesof the paper containedmore than one coupon. The November 20issue had five. Perhaps it was felt that it "every coupon" was
forwarded to Chicago,Elijah&#39;s proposed could be started earlier than 1980. bank

D. Educational

Center

v t

Elijah Muhammadapparently desires to initiate programs frequently

to show his earnestness in aiding the "so-called Negroes" in America. With

his "3-Year Economic Plan" under way, he has renewed anearlier plan for an
N01 educational center to be built in Chicago.

This earlier proposed centerwas announced 1958. In the following in

I Y

two years, Elijah&#39;s constant appeal for contributions began with $3, 500, 000 and grew to $20, 000, 000. Though land was purchased in Chicago, it was

condemned later for

city use by the Chicago Park

District, and

the NOI was

compensated for its return.

drive never have been publicly

Whatever funds were collected

accounted for. his drive for a new

in this two-year

Now, Elijah

has revived

educational center.

In

January, 1964, the cult newspaper began campaignwith articles and drawings the

an A92_g 4 _,_"_ _92_g_ R Li _&#39; &#39;w_ %LI__. > _. S v 5 _92 _l 4.:__ "I ._ &#39; "_! 7; _=z___:___M_ = V :_ IUD. =I,_____ I:B=wU :2 ______:_______ :1 &#39; i=h _:__ _= g__=________ 28 ..__ 3: E: mi .__==_ :=_ 2________ _____:. l_ Emaoa __ h___ I/___||_.| __ ___I____________5q___w_M__m__________.______ ,IU__ }55_ . . _!_ W_HM__ _ 92Q_____a UM=_zM:_ -_.I:.&#39;l,.,_&#39; ~ M ~__ J_U L Q": H~_ ~_~ z ___u &#39;_ Q ____ 5 i. ._ .J &#39; vQT -@ .&#39; R. _. |_ __&#39;v _ ___ it_ Q. at 114 h_ IE ,5U _H____ R~_J _ ______ _.__| 92 b______ ._ I&#39; M_ _92 n 1 _. H___Wi_,WH3H __ f:_ _" ________ %_ P92 _____ _________J >g____ A_%yg_H~H mm&#39; _w% _ __1 IgEa E_______ M;_wm _W ? _&#39;_# _ J_ 92 &#39;_ _V __ _F_ _ 9 S V2 &#39;| &#39;2 Q :3 _&#39;_ 5&#39; _$~__ YT .__K____H_____ _v___ a___> ___ ;_ ___"__._ _~_*_$ _W_ 4_____O_"_A q___ ~I yM _P ,I.&#39;u_4 G 1__&#39;__y%"__~__"_, uv _A W ___% _1___ _92____ &#39; M .__ TE i_ __ _&#39; _92 _h_ ____ < >___ _- v *9_ ___ ___ __9292._ r__ I__ _,.r_. 3 P_Yr_92_r_92 &#39; _92i_hn___ 92_&_, _f___ ____ _r_ &#39;_ __ _*_*__ I. M ___

uc

&#39;1

regarding proposed center. planseven extravagantthe the The are more than
earlierones; however, thistime Elijah does not a set figure for the amount he needs before beginningproject. issue the paper the Eachof requests "all so-called Negroes" to "send your
Mosque No. 2 Educational Fund. "

contributions today to; Muhammad&#39;

, -55-

92 I"

6!

VII. RECRUITMENT MEMBERSHIP AND PROCEDURES

A. Recruitment

The most successful recruiter Black Muslims the for the over past

1 5

few yearsMalcolmX. to the had been Due rising interestNegro rights in the movement, Malcolm&#39;sonsociety, widely publicized outspoken attacks white in the press, aroused of many the curiosity American These Negroes. people, ,
therefore, were ina receptive mood when approached by recruiters Muslim "fishing" for "lost-founds" to Muhammad&#39;shear "come to and temple our
minister tell of program the you our for so-called Negro. "

I 0

All temples require their men "fish" FOI to throughout Negro areas

> 92 I

prior to Sunday, the public.NOI meetings. Frequently, thisinareas is done where Negro Christian churchestheir services.while hawking &# hold FOI men, the cult newspaper, alsoNegroes urge tovisit temple meetings. open But
strictrules forbid these recruiters,any or rank-and-file Muslim, to engage

in discussion teachings non-Muslims. NOI ministers of NOI with Only and

national officerspromote Elijah&#39;s trained to version ofare Islam permitted

to teach the "lost-founds. "

During the Spring 1964, the captain of the of F01 of one leading NOI

temples discussed procedures "fishing" whichsaid wanted followed Elijah he &#39

He said was Elijah interested the "trashy" indigent-type in or Negro rather _

-57-

. 1-. &#39; K

.4

K3

than the "elite" or "snooty" ones. According to captain, this Elijah was interesteddope addicts, in prostitutes, thieves, gamblers, and drunkards.

His technique apparently offer society&#39;s black tois to rejects the organiza-

tional apparatus of N01. Believing social the these outcasts be shunned will
in their rehabilitation. After considerable experience, Elijah the knows
unintelligent Negro apt tocult is more follow teachings .

by Negro leaders, Elijah impress them is interes other hopes to upon that he

To date, Elijah has little had successrecruiting educated in

Negroes, whom "white folks he calls loving" Negroes. He expressed his feelings toward an N01 in them at rally Detroit May, 1964. said, in He _ "Col1ege people thinkeducation will save their them. Negroes are ignorant even though attended becausedo have they college they not a knowledge of
themselves. They be will destroyed because ignorance and of their
stubbornness. "

Cult ministers other and leaders

recognize that constant the

turnover in membership requires constant recruiting efforts. One extreme measure used in Chicago the few over pastyears has been cult&#39;s the effort to interest various Negro street youthgangs in N01 membership. N01

recruiters, taking advantage ofa gang member&#39;s penchant_ for militancy,

approach and remind a youth himthe N01 basically for the that is fighting
same objective gang, that Negro as the is, supremacy; whereas and, the
-58..

92

1
i

gang is small, the N01 isand great

>

would welcome youths. additional these As

enticement, recruiters gang member promise the he receive judo _ will and
karate traininga as member the of cult. Chicago Welfare authorities, have who
closely followed recruitment this activity, reportthe Muslims have had no
,. 5
c 5 ! 92 92 I 1 I

apparent success. Gang members, introduced religious when to the aspects

lose interest in the NOI.

of

the cult the and discipline demanded of members, only meetings after a few
The cultnewspaper, "Muhammad Speaks,and Elijah&#39;s " exploitation
of famous Negro athletes other approaches to are recruitmentwhich will
discussedlater in this monograph.

be

B. Membership Procedures,

The "lost-found" Negro who been has "steered" into temple the by
E 92 NOI is by well- dressed, polite FOI guard who takes the 92&#39; recruiters metthere a ! visitor&#39;sThe guard name. explains the to visitor that before entering the meeting 92 room be must besearched. Followinga frisking, the visitor is seated near the i $4

front of hall, the facing the minister. Much the of minister- s message is
directed to him and fellowvisitors. Guestsare always his pressed to return
to the next meeting.

After the

initial visit by

a "lost-found, the follow-up methods the of

various temples be may slightly different. However, all temples continually

urge nonmembers "unite with to your own kind. Those who expressdesire " a

92

.92-;u._;_-..z.I-_ Sc a

_ t !

to learn more of N01 considered the are "registrants. "They receive a

certain amount of instruction are and furnished a which must letter they
address. This letter is sender&#39;s the application for membership and
H closes with the statement: "1 desire to reclaim my own. Please
me my original name.My slave name is. ." .

copy in handwritingElijah Muhammad& their own send to and

give

Usually, the registrant must several wait weeks before receiving an answer from Chicago.hemade no on application, II error his he is

noti ed he been has accepted membershiphis name for and enteredthe in

"Book of Life. " &#39; It is explained the to registrant that the &#39; "so-called Negro, "

during the centurieswas in he slavery, lost original his name and given was
his master&#39;s When registrant surname. the becomesN01 member, an his "slave" name is dropped he given Xmeaning unknown! and is an until his "true" namegiven is back to When him. entered "Book of " in the Life, the first James was James the second, X; James 2X; so and iorth. Members with acommon name are being "X" given now given names in

high numbers, such as James 78X, 57X, Charles John and 87X.
Buthow he receives his "true" name, if ever, is somewhat oi a

mysteryeven the member. to N01 Hassan Sharrieff, in letter his of

resignation fromdenounced his the N01, grandfatherand complain Elijah

-50-

~ ~I.i>a* V

Q!
l

;bout lib flagrant injustice assigning or with regard to " "true, original, names gq followers. neverfavor certain with any an his Elijah did old iaithfuls but "1" name, and added Hassan said his observation that slighted Muslims these were those no materialfame who achieved gain or hi Elijah&#39;s eyes. Although

Bassan recalled that Elijah said not give these had he could out names,itthat was Allah, noted Elijalfs up to he that favorites,as his such personal secreta National Secretary John Ali!, Cassius Muhammad John Simmonsand Clay Ali!, the heavyweight champion, "true" names early. boxing received their quite Clay learned he listening tobroadcast. He oi his was while a radio commented,
"I am honored. "

-51-

92

~-

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as 1

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: 3

VH1.

PUBLICITY

Elijah Muhammad understands wide fully that publicity is extremely necessary for continuation N01. Though and ministers the of the he his

appear before frequently to the public promote N01 teachings--on and radio
television, at rallies and feasts, and annual conventions--Elijah at the has
t 5 4

long felt written could the word reach "so -called Negroes" would who not attend public functions. Also, has overlookedfact this he not the that method
of spreading "messageTruth" his of brings in considerable revenue.
A. Public &#39; ations -

Beginningearly 1956, in Elijah arranged acolumn, under for his

by-line, entitled "Mr. Muhammad to regularly Speaks" appear in the weekly

F Y

Negro newspaper,Pittsburgh the "Courier. " Immediately, selling papers

became one themost important thecult&#39;s programs. of of In temples

E,

4; t

throughoutcountry, N01 the members were given for the quotas number
of these papers they requiredbuy resell. the were to and By Summer of 1959, however, E1ijah&#39;s to dictate paper s attempts the policy caused a
conflict the with publisher, and column dropped. N01 his was The then
surittzheci its hawking activity another to Negro weekly, L-os the Ange-les

"Herald-Dispatch, " which also been had printing Elijah&#39;s and column other
N01 news.

92

3 en

5!

&#39

By Fall Elijah oi hierarchy deci the1961,and some of his they had money for papers,make our"made several other now we some tor will selves. " 1961, they In October, "Chicago Defende hired the to print the

first ofnew issuepaper, "Muhammad Musl their Speaks. the Soon after, "

boughta press and theirmonth rotary issued once until themselvesown paper a
.-

July,when theybimonthly. February 1962, to it Since 12, 1965 changed a "Muhammadbeen The first at cents has issued weekly. sold Speaks" paper 10
per copy, was raisedJanuary, 1962, but the price to cents in 15
and to 20 cents
Q

in April, 1963.

articles on well written bycultmemb the cult, columns other as as Elijah and But Elijah&#39;s demands dictatorial attitude considerab and have caused The editors Angeles oi Los "Herald-Dispatch" bec the disenchant with Elijah andcolumn inMay, Crusader," dropped his1963."New a the Only struggling NegroChicago, consis weekly in has fairly in published been
runningcolumn. Prior association, Elijah&#39;s to its N01 this small paper,
leftist doctrines.

Over the Negro newspapers years, other have intermitte printed

edited by a waiter, was another name former published under supp and

Mosque No. Street, Chicago. 24 2,634 at East 79th Generally to pages 28 length, this is the averagelayout an paper superior to paper Negro in
-53~ : -1&#39;1:-P ;-

h/iuhammacl Speai-1;:s" Muham :2. gr-.ubl_ished

Q1 we
{l
technical quality. Large headlines unusual in combinations of black
and white lettering on a shadedbackground streakacross the pages.

92

Since mid1964, more more andpictures have been printed color. in

On the front page everyissue, an oi article byElijah Muhammad
usually accompanied his photograph, dramaticallyiorth by sets some

phase of teachings. Very often, also appearing thefront page his on is either a large picture or a drawing which emphasizes racial strife,

police brutality, some or form

of violence against the black man. Through

out thepaper, nearlyeverything printed tends toaggravate the soreness

of race relations in the United States andaround theworld. Always, the

white is portrayed the man as brutal oppressor the and black man the as
innocent victim. 0ne- or two-paragraph news articles and filler-type

inserts printed throughout the paper follow same this line.

Some the of

articles aredated, but many are not. The time element is not important.
One recent issue contained filler inserts, all oi whichreferred to six

Negro slave revolts in United the States <f<~.11"i.ng the 19th century.
To emphasize pmof the gress the black man through following

Elijah&#39;s teachings,describe achievements of many articles the members

who operate own their businesses. Each issue of paper the also
a sectioncalled "WhatIslam HasDone ForTherein, Me."

contains
all

various N01

members relate circumstances the which led theminto the

cult. In

- 4-

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&#39;*"!~&#39;% *.="&#39;1:.. .l-*&#39; ~

,,<@;Q%%92 &#39; MUHAMMAD 9292.9292 an0;, /i._*;,Q N I __92

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nuns. nu M
"&#39;r".=;<; , 1-"- 6 . &#39;<**z.- .- 2"
-.~._-;~;:9292~_ - -A-1-2-s .~. -.

2&#39; _,92~*.*.-.-i- r ./ W Q s.~,~;-=i>;=__Q&#39; _ &#39; <+;;>,:;--.; -92<~ ~ _92

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Typical Front Pages of Cult Newspaper

&#39;Q!

5!

cases,tell how were theythey unhappy, destitute, and without how, hope but after becoming the "Messenger they happy, followers of of Allah, are " their
economic stams has improved, they a and have purpose life. in

Many photographs sketches are and pictorial included throughout each

issue of A typical five pictures Neg the paper.contained showing issue

1

being beaten by white cartoons depicting police, two the Negro threaten being by whites, photograph of a large a sobbing Negro motherhad been whose son
slain a and one in riot, ofa Negro male victim ofa beating white by youths.
interspersedthese pictures violence many news with of white are

pictures of Negro emerging countries, smiling Elijah, leaders of African and happymembers, NOI and prominent Negroes--both Muslim and non-Muslim
The back each issue page of has a photograph and the the page of Elijah, rest of is devoted Muslim Program."consistslist of items to "The This of the 10 entitled "What Want" a of 12 the Muslims and items entitled the list "What
Muslims Believe. "V

~ 92 P

Considerable advertisinginissue appears oi "Muhammad each

Speaks." The regularly classified paper carries advertisements -plac by

businesses operated temples and NOI membe by the various NOI by individual In addition to cc>11Z7"" S a::ive::1**;isi:?i; future

are printed. thus enticed mail coupons, Readers are to clip these indiand cating thereon that they contribute to Economic Plan, wish to the "3-Year "

_ 92 _

Q! ,.0

tI

I".

or desire subscribe to to "Muhammad or " Speaks, perhaps to want purchase books productssale by shopkeepers. and other for N01 Regular features of the paper are columns by Tynnetta Deanar, _ Harriett Muhammad, Naeem. Who are featured and Abdul Basit these
columnists ?

Tynnetta Deanar, in late 1959, a young, was light-skinned, unmarried Negrobecame girl who a secretary Elijah to Muhammad and soon began column entitled Islam. " her writing a "Women in In column,

Tynnetta forcefully Elijah&#39;s woman shoul echoes teaching that the Negro
completely disassociate customspractices herseli from the and of the
white woman,the that white race real enemy people," i is "the of our What Tynnetta advocates, however, Tynnetta is not what practices Since serving as secretary Elijah, has a to she taken two vacations, once

and that black the people must develop strong pride solidarity. "racial and

travelling to Cincinnati in where birth a baby and 1960, she gave to girl, again to Albuquerque inwhere birth a baby This 1964, she gave to boy. young Negro sowho advocates pride columnist, strongly of race, on listed the girl&#39;s that the white, that herself birth certi catebaby was she was
white, and the that failiexs s.~"-iiite.

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. Q!
IUNAMIAD SPEAKS

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Program

The Messenger Allah Presents ol

The Muslim
What the
sllms Want
eenteee ee-eelreeqeeeb eeellbe92leet.e.192eellialldlleeednib 1 i

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W ffOQ OII92. 8. We wni puke. Ieenl iii!" D4" In hw. Ie nu: pence upplke rev"! I el. peg-u ell el needer den ev eelev. s. we em an-im d v~R=-Kr "I gg Q! Qeiiertlh IQt- hf! I1 it 1- h ned rectory. de wee! ewpeek h lnenee wieee reeu were eeeeeelnee ee eehblhe e eey their ewe-eit er ee wine. We ieibeve Ill! n are eel-Intel lepreithe Area It he levWe ielieve lei oer re eillplel In Quie1 til: eeperelelevD le 5 yeere-nt we are tree. nee:-eeery an and all awn ee92l*9iI92 i92apply eerewe eeell. eehwle unicollege building! limb hat eanhoi geiLion; wiu men U teacher! dull be ie tree leech ueil no end equality e er giving them 3 lweei and blood end rtCeiVl [ la Qeu peeplen|beIeyeIn|I92ea@ell.eeetc! and eel! rugecl. cl thewon: ueermenibehumen li. We bell" Ill! intermarriagenee er e ever ezperiencee, we believeour -ixinelhwldeepeelibiled Ievtl lerf aueaesoihuinndenaibeeu enng legion oi wen ueeii wuhaei Lieder-ence er heed upon U white America, ei our by iutl eenem vartnmpleie eepenuon e in sine or mftlllb . 1 Ieeeereeeu92eqli!e92IlbIHll&#39;IKN irriiary aw awn at I. We wuu n-eeaam ell Ieiieven at for gugu, Igni for git peaple in Ion! AmeriHun now held ll federal pruou We wui a. ueeeam la: blackmen end ell women now wieer eeea uenunce in inmunenbie prieou in e Noni u well u me loam ~~~-&#39; ~!7:;&#39; .~" ,"~;::~:4.<:-:.. ,...<?:<1;~; We wentbiecl every men end women lo Ive lie freedom laeccepr.reieei heme or ireied from the lllve inuLer&#39;| elil ren II Jubliel e land ilieir of own Ielaewltaiibeeteveplnierbeeelr Heel eel willie eeeflkih be beet D he prellel letweel ewe l.WIII:lJI.vlbIe@e0eiW92eeI properNine h lllll. I. WI IILIIVI D be let! QII-Al ell h& Ieriphree dell e Ptepbeh Oel. If I. II IELIZVI le be trail el be Ilele. Id we eeileveit that in eeee lunyeree wili ulna! he releurpreieeee xi ennui Ill ie QIIQGDY ll lel-eelIlll9292eve Del elk le N. 0. WI IIILIIVI2 in ALlll&#39;e Pro le!-I 58 & ltripturel they brought she in peoele I. W1: IIZLXIIVIZ inthe reeunecuou at be deed-emin panics! resurrection-but in menu: reeurrecuan believe the ecWe um aelled Negroes mall in heedoi genial are reeunecuoa, llereiore. will he resurrectme! ed nl Punhermare. we beuev pie of 00 : choice.u ii Del 0-ad would uaooee the leepuee We can had no ung mi: eeesripuon lalui sheer 6:71 more than Lb: eo-caiiea Negroes America We in believe in reeurrecuoa lie ngbieou we of I. WIS IBLIIIVI in we islgernens,we believe muiudleineni first will Ill! piece en Gad revee1ed.in Amence .. . 1.&#39;IIIL!IVIll|lIlIe Il0IIBUniied Bill-ll. r iae eepernuoa atis-celled lie be Yedenl government ibe no-called emu Ameneuu We mu black men and black man should freed urn: be la coune receive Janice in tuilymun melnihli-be e me: oi me i.u>6-or wow s from wemmes imposed iwan iuuon tar ouneivee, e4iMl former nave mexteri Names edom ua Eben!. nunednimubemeiheuavemw 1. we are not eiiawed in

l.Wewl-nth-eelen.Iewelie@lIl

92

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IIIIUAIY I.

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Muslims Believe

What the

-Qw

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92

Q1

About You," feature of November, 1 has a been the regular paper since Harriett was toAkbar fromto In 196 married Elijah&#39;s son 1960 October,

Harriett Muhammad&#39;s advice-to-the-lovelorn colu "For and

September, 1961, to where both she accompanied attend Akbar Cairo, Egypt,
immediately advice-to-the-lovelorn her began column. In 1964, June,
bigamist whoa wife three children. had deserted small and The third regular contributor Abdul to the paper, cult Basit Naeem,

schools. Their was marriage unsuccessful, and they returned S to the United and divorced in Akbar went married were October, 1963. Egypt and back to an Egyptian girl. Harriett, qualifications for with hardly the best her job, new

columnist Harriett This wife27-year remarried. becameathe time, she of

forpast eighthas praise Nae the written much years in of Elijah Muhamm

began a column,of Business, 1965, new "Speaking 29, issue " in January the of

"Muhammad purpose and furnish to Its Speaks." on advice is to report Muslim

businesses and use oi newspaper totheir stimulate the ior advertising. Naeem was entered the from Pak born in and United States India

in In the 1956, a bimonthly Moslem 1953. Fall oihe issued publication, "Th World and" Through theS. A. U. this little periodical, said, to he he desired impart informationto aboutand consolida.te various orthodox M groups in United After including N63 in the States.an article the about one issue, he contacted in dire was by cult leaders. Being iinancial strait
-51_ __@__-0-:1 .

92

>@4-4.>Q._. -O-Ab n. In--i

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Naeem published additional favorable N01 exchange for articles on the in considerable monetary a and assistance guaranteed sales 0! increase in his publication. Orthodox Muslims buying publication then stopped his and devotedattention to Muhammad he his Elijah and the Since N01. then, Naeem, pretentiously claiming a to "leading be Pakistan Muslim and
world lecturer, written profuselythe paper " has for cult extolling
Elijah Muhammad the and N01.

An editorial the in January 29, 1965, issue

whole rmblicity program through years: the

of "Muhammad

Speaks" revealstheme purpose of Muhammad&# the main and Elijah

". . .we cannot our get freedom, justice dignity and

from the American government Divine without help. It has been Diw predicted God inely that alone would sendMessenger that a and messenger is among us. "
". ..&#39;l he is slave never able to tree himself from

the master without a guide. And that guide the is Honorable Elijah Muhammad, born just that. to do "

But the "so-called Negro needs prodding. Elijah&#39;s articles

THE THLS #127012-1.1:! IS NOW AT HAND. "

concludethe urgent with appeal: "HURRYJOIN YOUR KIN AND ONTO OWN

Elijah occasionallyto change "time" he has had this that iorebeils, ~ and once hewarning above-mentioned the paper; again is in the issue of
I

.. 68 ..

w
COLUMNISTS

for "Muhammad

Speaks"

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tn.

Abdul Basit

Naeem

"Speaking of Business"

ii, --~.,_ ~ , I-a. &#39;

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Harriett Muhammad
"For and About You"

Tynnetta Deanar
"Women in Islam"

92

4 92

"America is Her come none, falling. doom has and said the shall her the dayher prophets, help in of downfall. . is goinghappen and ..What to in 1965 1966? It certainlychangeminds about will your following people- who hate a doomed -a people you and your and call who kind, who one teaches the truth abouthater. them a They the producers are

of hatred We are God righteous. " of us. with and the

.. Q9

- - u.~7-

92

B Eifploitation of Negro Athletes

Noted Negro athletes, with many admirers among members d

all races, exploited the are by NOI to gain publicity theThe for cult.

N01

has been most successful this regard withheavyweight boxing in champion

Cassius Clay. H

Clay was known prior histitle fight with Sonny to Liston on

February 25, 1964, the "great as mouth" and impish "the chatterbox who
dabbled in verse. " Clay&#39;s "I-am-the-greatest" brought antics him con-

siderable news coverage. On many occasions, he had been asked the by

press about reputed his Muslim connections. interviews During at that

time, he gave the impression that was a he not Muslimmember, although
he admitted his respect tor the religion.

Then, the

day afterClay&#39;s oi Liston, which greatly defeat

surprised the sports world, Elijah Muhammad announced to annual the

Muslim convention Chicago Cassius in that Clay wasfollower of the a

Muslims and accepted -as "MessengerAllah. Elijah claimed had him the of "
that the reason Clay not had been defeated that was "Allah and myself said

no. " Clay then thethat told press

he beenmemberof the had a Muslims

Clay&#39;s own speaking father, earlier tothe press about his son, said that Muslims the had been "hammering at and him brainwashing him"

ever he since had won Olympic the light-heavyweight Rome in title at 1960
-&#39;I !..

92

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Like many Negro Louisville, Kentucky, other youths in Clay had

evidenced someMuslims, but "marched interest in the he had also for integra-

tion. " considerable leaders Clay spent timecult in Miami traini with while _
forfight a during theof Fall 1961. During younger he 1962,his brother, with
attended several in Miami elsewhere.attention N01 functionsand But little

was paid the fact, N01 backing and in to him N01. In the was by Liston "Muhammad February 18, printed captioned "Me Speaks,"of 1963, an article to Cassius " article Clay. The supported what it Liston&#39;s ve called haymake that Clay "the was youngest, fastest -withmouth, thing coming up- his " and referred to "the best has happened Louis Liston as thing that to boxing Joe since
blazed across fistic horizon. " the

Three victories ring Clay during half of straight in the by the first

1963, andgaining considerablepress. Clay was attention in Suddenly h the became important to the Muslims. Malcolmclose X developed a friendship with Clay. restthat year, hisand During the of Cassius brother introd were as "visitors" several temples; at N01 and press the country the throughout described appearances at N01 functions. Cassiusvarious public The interes of the press became in January, Clay disappe really aroused 1964, when from Miami, l;l ? had iiiile fight, :1; wlie1*ei1e 5;i "fer 2j{ and st i..1 spoke before rally. These events thatplace a York N01 were the took New beforebecame champion open Clay and thathis affiliation with led to the N01.
-71-

-&#39;J Q! _,
3 l

92

With this new champion in his

corner, Elijah

decided it was

time tohonor Clay a with new name. OnMarch 6,1964, Elijah

bestowed &#39;

on Clay his "true" name, MuhammadAli. Since then Muhammad has l Ali
not failed to stir up the publicity which Elijah so desperately seeks. Although they may never find another Muhammad Ali, the publicity-seeking Muslims have not bypassed other Negro athletes. Professional

football star Jimmy Brown and professional basketballers Bill Wayne Hightower have each been publicized in the cult paper for
they made praising the Muslims.

Russell and statements

C. Advertisig

&#39;

Elijah Muhammad has utilized various advertising media to

publicize himself and his cult programs. With typical

extravagant and

exaggerated claims, he publisheda schedule in the first edition of "Muhammad

Speaks" which listed 198cities throughout country the where hisweekly radio
broadcasts could be heard. As is usual with Elijah&#39;s pretentious plans, his

radio broadcasting too was beset by problems. Stations

which began broad-

casting his weekly taped speeches

short periods of time because

frequently cancelled the program after

of complaints from listeners. Those stations e L; V-

whicii continued to cazmg-" i,1!*";."i*5,Ti~. 1 4: 11.1:

and were obliged to repeat previous programs.

-72-

*4! 9292 7H :1: i !_i_ ~ M e _ wu_ L L , R O m ._ ,_ _ E Xrh 1 M M 6 T! _ _" _&#39;_ &#39; "2 &#39; M &#39;_ &#39;.__ ,1 92 _YuxLFkE_V Y_ ___> 92_r _~ L V, _"_5___&#39; 1" h&#39;___ _v QP >_4_ 5,92 !lI_&#39;X&#39;k_ _ _ ____ H: __W&#39;b___ ___ _I _k IF ____1 __ >_ t_4wF _1_ 1_i. E_tr_rL_&#39;rv"_F% %;ra_:K_7 __,i 1&#39;_ "H 9__;_ _"i. _1 ; v>92v_: _l_&#39;ki H2l" 92_ h | m m NW 8 n U W S e H "__ M 0 m C

92

. !>

The actual to Elijahhis value of radio broadcasting is hardly

assessable. it is However, the schedule be set signiiicant that continues to

out the cult that frequently stations proin paper and the list of carrying his

grams and cities the list reachedchanges. The 5, of re ect March 1965,

issue of "Muhammad cities can receive listsSpeaks" E1ijah&#39 31 which

broadcastsfrom radio stations country. Fourteen beamed 19 around the of the cities supposedreceiving from Station 31 are be to the programs XERF, a Mexican station acrossborder fromRio, radio located just the Del Texas.
Another advertising Elijah was with more media tried by beset even

difficulties. in 1964, decidedpublic transportation EarlyElijah to utilize

systems to signs programs. Thisexpensive carry advertising his plan proved and disappointing to Elijah. transportationnot accept Many companies would

his advertising, othersthat to carry signs cancelled agreed soon the the program after receiving complaints from civic organizations citizens and in areas. their Whentransit program early1964.signs carrie the was beg-unin the

Elijah&#39;s in letters, "Read--Muhamm and, picture challenge: large the Newspaper. " words appeared local radio Below these the of the name station

and when Elijah s becould the time speeches heard. after Later, his econom

program was devised, those still companies accepting advertiseme his dis-

playednew signs. picture drew ne pertinent Elijah&#39;s b Again, attention, the

-13..

92 >

--J

Q .-...-_____...--- &#39; &#39; " * Q {W

caption Muhammad&#39;s Pove read: "Join 3 SavingsHelp Year to Fight Plan

ad

and Want--5335 Chicago, Buy &#39;M S0. Greenwood Illinois. Ave. 15, ,
Speaks newspaper."

Early in because theand response, 1965, of the expense lack of

the transit advertising program was discontinued.

-74-

< 9,,
IX. SECURITY MEASURES AND DISCIPLINE
A. Security Measures

"It for s everybody&#39;s the F01the protection, "explains guard to

visitor, whobe must searched before entering an meeting place. N01 Negro reporters for "Chicago told their experience the American" before about a meeting got way was Youled room, under where Elijah to speak. are into a

theywhere youa smilinga at are said, register with desk. Muslim Then you
conducted team who search you a before begin of guards to for dangerous weapons. gentle are They thorough, hat but covering to shoes: ".. .Amuscular youngyou to empty Muslim tells your pockets.ballpoint Your penclicked repeatedlyi is

92

"Then

objectionable in goes a brown your pockets into bag and you check to after meeting. get a claim redeem it the you&#39;re standing. ..arms thrust skyward. The _ muscular karate stance you one takes a and commands to move&#39; fingers to yours, into I-lis dart up then me. flick downward arms, acrossof over your the top

to make itnotminiature sure s a weapon. Anything

your chest,and underalland sides. under armpits, theyour your belt, down way The hands go inside your
around.

"Then the probing fingers downlegs, glide your

long delays. Men search men, womenAfter search women. the being cleared,
-75..
_
v

he apologizes and for frisk hopes not the you&#39;re offended. "&#39; Frisking for the as line gradually up weapons standing moves causes

inside out. The and Muslim slaps thigts your and hips, nods men standing behind to three silently you and mutters, O.K.&#39; monotone, Then dull ina

92

l e"

&#39;1

visitor entersmeeting where sit one and the hall, men on side women on

the other. speaker by stern-faced,young The is surrounded neat, body-

guards standing at ramrod lacing attention andaudience from the fixed positions the rostrum. guards into audience aroundOther F01 stare the
4 Sr. I?3
. $-

from sidepositions and rear or soundlessly around move the hall. At short intervals changes.appropriateandbrief the guard With salutes a

verbal exchange, those are on relieved. duty

Constant is because Elijah leaders always vigil kept and his

suspect the "stoo1 pigeons" presence of and "hypocrites. Alter years of cautioning to guard the faithful against pigeons," now fears stool Elijah

"hypocrites" even pigeons." more"stool Since the than cherished

Malcolm X from Elijah constantly and broke Elijah, has denounced him
1

others like who followed later deserted. him once closely but Should pigeon"aor astool "hypocrite" gain entrancetoa meeting and discovered, F01 immediately or rally be guards converge on him forcibly him. and eject During 1965 Day convention the Savior&#39;s

1.!

guards spotted had a visitor formerly attended later who meetings and spoken out N01. or more guards against the Twenty F01 charged toward
him and dragged thebackthe hall. to him of They beat and him kicked him unmercifullycrawled out doorway, before he through the where police
rescued him.

- 75

Q;

UH

B. llrotection Muhammad of Elijah

for Elijah thebodyguards. Much i Muhammad by of this the F01 protection

respect for "Messenger of him as the Allah. "
:4 92. K u I

Elaborate and showyprotection has security provided always been

Since early however,many other3 1964, when Malcolm X and cult

past undoubtedlyevidence of was ceremonial followe and ritualistic his

members protection afforded leftN01, the Elijah has very the been serious
automobiles. The supreme and newis for captain of plan the the F01 a

and complete. a procedure wa During the new inaugura Summer of 1964,

to protect Formerly, the hundred Elijah. his escorts numbered into Confusion and attempted building shoving resulted when they enter to and

selected few F01 men to at E highlytrustedtightly and trained surround

92 a 4

all times. these bodyguards, On either side of a of security column escorts acts buffer The constantly th asthe guard. are reminded F01 guards they aresoldiers ofthe greatest Elijah the Islam, serving Muhamm general, and"Fruit" be to sacrifice"the everymust that willing hisfor Messe life After the Malcolm City on assassination of York Newin Februar nevertheless, protectionthe he the afforded him welcomed by Chicago
-11-

1965, and by Malcolm&#39;s subsequent followers again threats N01 Elijah&#3 an property in Elijah notforlife; Chicago, press thatfear advised he did his the

.... ..
4

-,

-:_

&#39;

- -

*J v ,2--- -&#39;:~~.=t*
H

When appearing at the annual convention less thanaweeku alter Malcolm&#39;s death. Elijah was additionally protected on the speaker&#39;s

standaby row N01 ministers front andeither _ double of sitting in on side

of him. This double was row in addition the to regular F01 guards facing the audiencestanding shoulder in of speaker&#39 and shoulder to iront the stand.
C. iDiscipline Punishment and
xi

N01 members are constantly reminded"the first of that law Islam

is obedience." Members are a by oi "musts" "must guidedvariety and nots." Some of that they regularly meetings,the these are must attend make required financial contributions, the cult sell their quota of newspaper, and trade with Muslim-operated busmesses.. drink liquor, pork, They mus smoke, not eat
use narcotics, commit adultery. or associate non-Muslims. with Women members wear the must prescribedcovering, their homes head keep neat,

i. R

and the Muslim foods; must wear lipstick, serve proper and they not high heels,short dresses. rulesbut ofthe that have or These are a few many guided who accept Muhammad&#39;sIslam. those Elijah concocted of version
Muslims are warned thatmust without question theyobey all

orders of those in authority.member who rules Arty violates thesubjected is

to disciplinary administered leadership action by the NO] composed _ oi Elijah Muhammad, officers, temple ministers, the national the captains,
lieutenants. and investigators.

- 73 -

Q!,

l Q2
_. L

92

When a member "brought on is up charges, isgiven somehe" a trial,

times before temple meeting, a regular sometimesonly the before temple

92

92!
Y I 1 I

t;

o icials. The the guilty penalty of depends upon the the nature of chargeA and varies considerablytemples. violation, may be among Forminor a a member suspended from all activityafor from to 90 temple period 30days; if the or,
charge serious, may be is more he suspended for one five years. to

.1 1 J n-~ 1

A suspended not permitted with other member is to associate members or part any temple take in activities. Upon his of the completion sentence, member who showsproper respect to obey the and promises henceforth all Muslim rules to returnthe is permitted to organization. One altho member,

&#3 -

k: V r "2 1. i
K

suspended for having with a year an affair woman than took a other his wife, steps to ensurehe would to returnthe that be able at completion sentenc his of He continued monetary contributions his regular and sent numerous recru to
his temple.

&#39;

Except in certain isolated most severe meted cases, the penalty to violators of rules been cult has permanent expulsion During from the cult. the

past year, however, the rise dissidence among influenced of members by the expelled leaders--Malcolm Hassan--hascult&#39 X, Wallace, and led the to A resorting to measures violent to punish have been those who slandering "the ~
Messenger" and claim the Apostle questioning his to be last of Allah.

._._..-._&#39;-...- ....._ ..}.__....,._____,_..._.:-.- &#39; ,,.-__ __ ,,__,___,_,, _d"!__V ti!

Throughout 1964, the cult paper printed articles regularly

concerning hypocrites.defined is "one A hypocrite, by Elijah, who as

first he believes,and to oppose saysthen disbelieves, Mess seeks the

. t. k

and who believeDuring thehalfthe those in him." first of year, Elija.h&#39;s venomous condemnationsas were aimed X the"chief at Malcolm hypocrite, and Wallace and away the cult 1964, they after Hassan broke in fromJune,
too were denounced hypocrites. as

During the Chicagoreporting admi June, press on seven was dissident members temple who each on of the Chicago N01 complained that of them been bodily the Muslim squa had threatened harm with by goon
Onethem alreadybeaten byI- O1 Other of had been two lieutenants. newsboth Philadelphia New and York.

J E 4 IX =&#39;_ r: I 36

papers reported administered to memb similar beatings dissident in

s
i

1 } Kv

Elijah grew concerned overregarding the publicity an increasing number of hypocrites. He called an emergency ministers an meeting of

captains August 19, many they slipp at Chicago on 1964. From temples,
dissidents, and hypocrites should be met.

secretly into hear Elijah the problem Chicago to discuss how of defector

In Boston, days this conference,memb just after three a dissident

and wife were F01 guards Muslim temple. his beaten by outside the The da after dissident that, two male were badlynearly members beaten by a dozen

92

<

.3
u 92ti -4 4

f m Boston of men, in the Temple. in article One these an strong-arm men r0

d Fe bruary 1965, betheir 2"! descri "The Saturday Post, Evening " ,
punishm

beatings as
t. "

sf

entquittinga "to our shu tor and warningmouths also keep as

4

I. 5; . 1

3 I 9

re!
Xi E"?

fl
s

"

-81.-

92

.- ......

..._.,....-_..____._ __Q!
i l

X. Q01VERSUS LAW ORDER AND

A. Cont &#39; radictions &#39;

Elijah Muhammad publicly has denied that N01 the teaches or advocates use violenceor disobedience "white theof to the man&#39;s laws"
1

in order achieve its goals.This disclaimer been to has repeated in

public by ministers various NOI the of the mosques throughout the country.
The same message denialcarried in "Muhammad of is Speaks. "
I

While this attitude toward violence and disruption is publicly

enunciated, a militant more approach is actually pursued. Violent action

to prevent police officers from enterinNOI meeting to avenge halls and whatconsidered is unprovoked policeis measures. condoned.addition In
2 .A 1 @-92

obstruction of police and prison officials, excessive for requests freedom to practice "religion" prison, deliberate of their in and violation certain
laws areactions supported NO] by leaders and members.

J. 1 5 I

Black Muslim conflict with authority and the and with law order

of civil society been our has particularly evident areas in the of police jurisdiction, prison confinement, and investigations. FBI
B. Police Jurisdiction

Police departments in numerous cities have been involved in

investigations pertaining to N01 representatives. The publicized most

iii

-32-

&#39; 92

{Mr

incident in occurred in on April recent yearsLos Angeles1962, 27, when

police officers, investigation, selling in routine stopped two a men apparent clothesautomobile. The from an officers were bysuspec thereupon attacke the

who wereand by members who N01 members, numerous fellow poured from and
immediately charged leaders to exploit police brutality. ministers, N01 and

adjacentthe shots One N01killed, Inmosque. melee,were fired. member wa andmembers and were wounded othersome of police officers N01 the The
sympathy,shown of the member have a widely photograph lying on dead the
pavement at sceneof altercation. the the

extensive andnot withOctober, of undoubtedly didan 1964, the end decision

Court proceedings against N01 the fight been participants in have

Second Court in Los that the District of Appeals Angeles affirmedprior convictions of Black Muslims and 11 on charges resisting of assaultarrest. Another took in Rochester, January 6 incident place New York, on

1963.police Two officers, to investigate with dispatched a that call a man a

gum was floor on secondbuilding, were entranc the of a halted at the street
the in which hall the was holding N01 a meeting.N01 told the The guard was

purpose and, police the of officers visit wentstairs, the as the up the guard

shouted a upstairs. and assaulted warning The were officers met by sever N01 members the guard&#39;s of who respondedwarning. Upon to the arrival &#39 anotherwith a dog, officer the membersinto police K-9 thehall, retreated
-33~ ..___-_-no - cw ..

92

Q!
where they were orderedto identify themselves to policeofficers. the

Arrested were N01 15 members, the majority ofwhom were visiting

members from the Buffalo Mosque. _

Four trials have beenheld as a result of these arrests. The first trial was terminated following picketing of the courthousein which

the trial was being held. The secondthird and

trials resultedin deadlocked

juries. Following new indictments returned by grand a jury, a fourth trial

was held which endedin the conviction of the 15 members. All the defendants

received four-yearsuspended sentences were and placed on probation forone

year.

On October 27, 1963, three Flint,

Michigan, police officers

sought admission N01 meeting to an being addressed by Elijah Muhammad.

N01 guards themsurrenderweapons enteringV called on to their before

the hall,but thepolice refused obey N01 to the rule thatonly unarmed persons can enter their meetings. ElijahMuhammad then suspended the
meeting. He later instituted a million-dollar damage suit against the police officers and thecity attorney, charging that constitutional the
immunities and guarantees ofthe N01were violated by the police.
A Federal district court judge in July, 1964, dismissed the Buit_

on grounds thepolice hadlegitimate right toenter the that a hall, thatthree police officers could hardly considered many be too when about 500 people 2,

- 34

92

_ O3
1 !

were the hall,and that suit in the was merely assertion an by Elijah Muhammad that the Constitution gives the him right toconduct a public meeting or religious
A Trenton, New Jersey,patrolman approached Negroes two on

assembly a in public place with public the invited, free from police supervision.-

31 :~ .1
Q. *1
S 9

September 2&#39;7, 1964, issue them trafficticket for to a double-parking. The two Negroes, later identified as NOI members, knocked patrolman the the to

ground, kicked repeatedly, attempted him and to obtain revolver. third his A Negro seized revolver ordered NOI the and the members release the to patrolman. Apasser-by telephoned for police assistance. The NO! two members
resisted arrest. In the attack, the patrolman sufferedfractured elbow and a

tornligaments. thumb
One of the NOI attackers was found guilty of
92

l
traffic charges of

failing to obeysignal of a a traffic officer, failure show to a driver&#39;s permit

and an automobile registration, illegal double-parking, failure notify and to

E ;1 -

the BureauMotor of Vehicles a of change address. February, of In 1965, the

N01 members were indicted atrocious for assault and battery against police the
officers.

C. Prison

Confinement

Individuals claiming be Black Muslimsand followersof Elijah to Muhammad have created numerous problems forprison authoritiesin recent

years . Somethe of individuals involved members N01 prior were of the to

o;>
entering prison

92 .

confinement, while others professed different religious

and later claimed conversion

affiliation on

to the N01.

The problems created by practitioners N01 in prisons, reformatories, and detention centers have included outright violence,
preparation oi petitions or legal suits alleging authorities

as well as

were denying

them their constitutional right oi

1 4 s II, f 0 7

religious freedom.

One of the most

significant court battles between prisoners and prison authorities N has

involved N01 members or sympathizers in District of Columbia penal I
institutions.

Members of the N01 were first permitted to conduct weekly religious meetings in District penal institutions in 1955. In 1959, a _

group of Muslims nearly Reiormatory in

&#39;2. 1

rioted in a recreation where District

yard at the Lorton inmates are incarcerated.

Lorton, Virginia,

Some time later, prison

N01 program

officials isolated

a prisoner

for preaching the

to his fellow prisoners. a suit in Federal district court in

The N01 follower brought

F I

Washington, C.,charging D. discrimination not being for allowed to

practice his religion. In July, 1962, a district court judge ordered him

to be returned toareageneral the of prisoners and to be permitted to

practice his religion. In his decision, the judge indicated that N01 adherents embraced a legally recognized religion, since they believed in

- 35 -

92

Q!
i ii

aSupreme judgestated the prisoner Being. The also that, while deserved disciplinary action, had been wasand the punishment excessive base given him
officials.
1 . i..,_ Z1 . .

principally he had complaints Columb on fact that the made against of District
Rn F.
i

practice their wereriotsthe Youth the Lnrton religion, there two in Center at
.

Less than after N0l a month prisonersgranted permission were to

l; 4*,-. i.

0 I

facility. Damage of several thousandwas caused N01 dollars about by 50 followers and sympathizers. Prison promptlyfurther authorities banned Muslim services Center to prison in the Youth as dangerous discipline and order Services were in the still permitted adult of prison system, section the where
N01 leaders allowed services forN01 were to conduct the inmates. In1964, a Federal district judge ordered District officials prison

,,.

~ 92. 1 r

ll, i

&#39;. ! .i ; 2
i V
0

to permit followers N01 at the Youth Center practice to resume of the their religion.order came involvingby 15 N01 The in ruling a suit a filed prisoner The judge that"justifyprohibition declared to the of practices oi the an established religion Center,oificials prove by at the Youth the prison must satisfactory that teachings and sect create evidence practice the of the a clear and presentthe orderly of institution. was no danger to functioning the "There conclusive offered, evidence to show 1962 had the judge held, that the riots
been instigatedby members N01. Or led of the

92

. Q1
5

&#39;3

The extent of this problem is revealed in statistics issued in

June,1963. At

that time there were 183 legal petitions and 42 appeals

by NOI prisoners pending in the Federal courts D. C. of Washington, ,

and Virginia. NOI prisoners were termed"cult of harassment" a by
District of Columbia officials,who declared that thevolume ofcomplaints
was causingadministrative and investigative backlogsthat interfered with

the normal work of the Corporation Counsel&#39;s office. Typical of the complaints from Muslim prisoners wasa charge that Lorton officials hadnot lived up to anagreement to grant special

concessions duringRamadan, theMuslim&#39;s month of fasting. Actually, Ramadanis the ninth month of the Mohammedan calendar year; but, on

account of the Mohammedan year being a few days shorter than the

Gregorian calendar year, this fasting month occurs during various months
of our year. For
month of

convenience, therefore,
be Ramadan

Elijah established that the

followers.

December would

for his

Lorton officials were cooperatingwith Elijah&#39;s when they rule

allowed Musliminmates special mealtimes during December so that they

would be served before sunrise and after sunset, as is the Ramadan custom.

Mealtimes for Muslim the prisonerswere based

of the United StatesNaval Observatory.

on sunrise and sunset tables _

In spite of this consideration, Muslim

prisoners protested that it was not dark enoughto eat at the designated times

-33-

92

e _-a

Q!
F

because, according distinguish between

to Elijah&#39;s rules, there a black thread and a white

should not be enough light to thread.

? is 2
1 :-._

In a study of 38 Muslims
services in District of

who werefirst permitted

institutions, authorities rules sufficiently

to hold religious P
noted that each disciplinary

Columbia penal violated prison

of the Muslim inmates

.,.

to warrant

action during his period of incarceration, of an average group

whereas considerably less than half

92 *_ if

of prisoners ever committed violations that came to the At the time of admission of these 38 inmates,
preference; 10, Roman Catholic; nine, Muslim

?1 t: 92&#39;_. 16 indicated F I
s

attention of prison authorities.

Protestant religious indicated no

while three

religious preference.

Thus, 75 per cent of these NOI

members were recruited and trained during their confinementin jail.

i. A .

&#39;
District

While the legal proceedings of Columbia penal institutions

concerning Muslim

prisoners in

have not been ruled upon by the United States

Lu

Supreme Court, that Court has been involved in a suit brought

~

by a prisoner

at the Illinois
i i [ I

State Penitentiary

who charged that he had been denied his

constitutional right to

practice his religion. The

prisoner, sentenced in 1953

to two consecutive 100-year terms for

suit in July, 1962,

two Chicago holdup murders, brought a

court in Chicago alleging that prison

in the Federal district him from

officials prohibited

buying and reading the Koran and of his faith. Prison

Arabic language that

books and from seeing

other inmates

officials claimed

the prisoner was a troublemaker,

who was isolated for several years for

92

Q} O.!

9 ti

in

1. 1

In December, dismissed the

N

1962, the

Federal district it pertained

court in

Chicago not within

suit on grounds that

to a matter

the court&#39;s jurisdiction. On

appeal, the

United States Court of Appeals

F F

;. i v.

in 1963 dismissed the complaint and held the that Black Muslim movement
in this country the court was not a religion added, its
in the

5 T

but a racist

organization. Therefore, of religious

members were

not covered by the guaranty

F.

freedom
4"" . v._;1 21 A4 3 I

United States

Constitution.

In June,

1964, the United States Supreme Court

ruled that

the

iif ;_!. I v E. A _g.

-a a

prisoner&#39;s complaint had asserted a proper not have been dismissed by ordered to the appellate

cause oi action and should court. -The latter court was improperly

conduct hearings to determine

if prison

officials had

denied the prisoner his constitutional right

it-.1

to practice his religion.

A
I 1

hearing in this
_ In

case has
addition to

been scheduled for 1965.

resorting to the State and Federal courts for

92

-K 9 11

permission to practice their religion,

N01 prisoners have used other means

to protest prison treatment. Several years ago, for instance, theleader

V x

of an NOI

group of prisoners died from gunshot wounds received from a

prison guard during a disturbance between white and Negro prisoners in the exercise yard of the SanQuentin, California, Adjustment Center. The Center, a portion of the California State Prison, is reserved for incorrigible
inmates.

v1

U , l i
it
ll

- 90

92

s Q. 92.,
:1 it .

s N

_5_-f ;

The next about Negro inmates day,70 assembled in yard the and
=&#39;. ,_. ..
P,

refused to A work. spokesman presented toprison authorities several demands including segregation of N01 followersthe prison aplace religious. in and for

"e I!

worship. The demands denied 59 the protesting were and of prisoners refused to go work. to However, after period isolation these prisoners, a brief of for they returned Word the disturbance Quentin apparently to work. of at San spread, as severaldays later, leaders N01 in California the came to prison to present demands privilegesN01 prisoners. demands for special for Their were
refused.

-" . , : E 4

Much publicity to the is given contention that members are N01 taught to live cleanly and to improvethemselves physically, spiritually, and morally.
While adherentsprison have N01 in sought freedom to practice religion their and to follow the teachingsElijah Muhammad,sincerity depththeir of the and of convictions are sometimes in doubt.in While prison,Muslimoften asserts a devotion religion and to his claims his religious rights being are denied by

F: f. V, fl ,

?&#39; 92 P"? Q!

prison authorities. released prison, may Then, from he violate religious

principles unscrupulously.

_ For

example, N01 member ina an confined NewJersey State prison

fileda suit alleging that prison authorities discriminated against inmates. N01

7 ..._

._ . .. ._....r.>.._A _,....n-..|zIr---...=%_--..-=77 __._._..,-...,-> ..-> __..v_ ... ........_ _ _.

_, __

92 -

_ -;._1._.I 92-.-92;.&~&#39;-;.;-.2hl92& ---&#39;s, I! ,

!

while still claiming activeN01 membership, wasarrested again,this he

92

time byNew York City police,and charged assault with and battery, two
narcotics violations,impersonating an officer, auto theft, possession of
5&#39;. ".t .13. .1 J! av .v92&#39; >2 &#39;I. 31,5

burglary tools, and concealing a dangerous weapon. I-iereceived concurrent sentences of five to ten years on two counts of attempted robbery.
D. FBI Investigations .

1 During

investigations of N01 members coming within purview the

of FBI jurisdiction, information been has developed

showing how N01

literature andspeakers have fostered theimpression that violation of

United Stateslaws is cause for suspension or expulsion from the N01. The
facts, however,
K.

refute this law-abiding pose.

Primarily, N01 members in conflict with Federal statutesare

involved inalleged violations the Selective Service of Act. Among NOI

-L leaders
2 I

found guilty sentenced and to prison the in past for such violations are
Muhammad himself, son his Wallace, and son~in-law his Raymond

: Elijah

i,&#39;. .1 H

Sharrieff. In addition, numerous members havebeen investigatedfor

similar violations.

N01 ministers give members confusing andcontradictory instructions

I

concerning Selective
I

Service laws. The leadersremind NOImembers that

their allegiance to the Muslim is flag. They say that theycannot order

members

not togo war, butthat members to should use their heads decide and for

92

c if
I

themselves whether to go into the Army or

to jail,

that Elijah Muhammad

served time notgoing into Army for the and no other N01 member is better
than Elijah.
Q... .~=. 13 "2&#39;!

.5u

-Q .

1
S 0

Bernard X, was "no better than his local draft

the NOI&#39;s youthful minister Elijah. He

in San Francisco, decided induction, as July, 1968,

he

refused to report for 1961, until

ordered by

iii, 1,,
1 1 1

board. From

November,

he served time

~ 1

in a

Federal prison. Immediately following his release, he returned to his

-

NQI

5. a

ministerial duties.

4 i.

F
failure to

In one

case beginning in 1963, an N01 member was convicted for induction as ordered condition that by his local draft board. He was

appear for

placed on probation on
Br =
_.

he seek "employment of

national importance

3 .4 F I i ,.92 Fr t.

J
5

within 60 days. However, he failed do and1964 sentenced to to so in was prison

for two years for violating that condition. &#39;

_ In

another case, self-admitted N01 member a was sentenced 1964 in

for failure to report for induction. He had originally and had been classified

to two years in prison registered in

1958 with a draft

board in South Carolina

1-A. Inhe requested to 1961, be classified asa conscientious a objector,

request that 1962 but was denied. He was ordered to present himself for induction in ~ he failed to appear. where he He was then transferred residence. At to a local draft board in

New Jersey,

had taken up

a preinduction

examination

92

~ * r

2
On two occasions in 1963, however,
tion. His request for deferment to

he failed to report for inducdown. His case he was 1964,

attend school was turned

was transferred again classified

back to the South Carolina draft I-A. When FBI Agnts he neglected to report

board in late I963, and for induction in early

he was arrested by
: .9.

in New Jersey and refused to give a signed

t

statement concerning to report induction. informed his failure ior He a I

United States commissioner that he was an N01 member and would not submit

to inductioninto thearmed servicesfor either combatant

duty, because of his religious beliefs. grand jury in South Carolina indicted

or noncombatant

A Federal

the N01 member

1
1

for violation Selective Service he consented trial in of the Act, but to stand
New Jersey. On pleading guilty, he was given a two-year secretary the FBI. sentence. of the N01, Several years enunciated a policy not to sign any
8

ago, John Ali, national contacts with

governing NOI

He warned members to

papers if if interviewed

requested by the FBI and to report immediately by FBI Agents.

i I

: E

NOI leaders

-94-