Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90075
DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY STANDARD FOR PIPELINE SECURITY PRE-WARNING TECHNOLOGY
Li Yunjie Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center Langfang, Hebei Province, China Zheng Juan Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center Langfang, Hebei Province, China

Tan Dongjie Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center Langfang, Hebei Province, China

Liu Yanshuang Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center Langfang, Hebei Province, China

Chen Pengchao Pipeline Jiagedaqi oil & Gas Transportation sub-company, Petrochina Pipeline Company Heilongjiang Province,China

ABSTRACT This article describes the development of industry standard for pipeline security pre-warning (PSP) technology which is an achievement of China National Petroleum Corporations Eleventh Five-Year science and technology project. By comprehensive application of signal acquisition and identification technologies, the PSP system monitors the pipeline for real time and promptly warns and locates the damages caused by illegal excavation, drilling hole for oilstealing, pipeline erosion and natural disaster. This technology applied and operated well on some long distance transport pipelines in China and was listed on the Recommendation Projects for Safe and Security by the State Administration of Work Safety in 2009. To speed up the industrial application and promotion of the PSP technology, the Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Standardization Committee (OGSTSC) of the Petroleum Industry organized the development of the standard from which transferred the research and development results. The standardization process has taken two years and gone through five major steps: first, determining the standard range; second, researching relative standards, laws and regulations; third, carrying out field tests; fourth, drafting the specifications, finally, revision and finalizing the standard. The development of PSP standard is a typical example for OGSTSC of transferring knowledge from R&D to industrial standard and finally to end users. The PSP standard development process was finished in 2010 and the industry standard SY/T 6827

Specification for Security & pre-warning System of Oil & gas Pipeline was published in the July of 2011. INTRODUCTION Pipeline security pre-warning (PSP) system monitors the pipeline for real time and early warns and locates the damages such as illegal excavation, drilling hole for oil-stealing, pipeline erosion or natural disasters. In 2009, PSP technology was recommended by the State Administration of Work Safety as a security promotion project in China. At the same time, the PSP technology standardization program was launched by the Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Standardization Committee (OGSTSC) to speed up the industrial application of this technology. OGSTSC, a branch of China Petroleum Standardization Committee, is responsible for managing the development and implement of oil and gas storage and transportation industry standards. OGSTSC is dedicated to improve the industry standard technology level and transfer pipeline safety R&D achievements to standards. In 2009, OGSTSC established a work group to develop the PSP standard, and this work was recognized as the attempt to transfer knowledge from R&D into industry standards for pipeline security. BACKGROUND OF PSP TECHNOLOGY Oil and gas pipeline industry is booming recently with China's economic development. While being important for the energy transportation, pipelines also present a risk of

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environment pollution and a threat to public security. Pipeline safety and security is the key issue of pipeline transportation. Pipeline welding defects, illegal excavation, as well as drilling on pipeline for stealing oil, the pipeline leak accidents, if not found timely, will lead to serious consequences, for instance, public injury, environmental damage and economic losses. In addition, a large number of long distance oil and gas pipelines lay through potential landslide areas [1], which also bring the potential risk into pipeline safe operation. By realtime monitoring the pipeline, PSP systems can immediately warn and locate the potential damage accidents to protect the integrity of pipelines. PSP technologies consist of several different sensor techniques and data analysis methods. Different PSP technologies, such as optical fiber pre-warning system, pipeline acoustic pre-warning system, pipeline key area pre-warning system have been developed and applied well on some long distance transport pipelines since 2006. STANDARDIZATION BACKGROUND As mentioned before, PSP systems operated well in industrial applications, and many potential pipeline damage accidents were pre-warned and found. The statistical data of PetroChina Pipeline Company shows that the third party damage accidents are effectively reduced from 2006 to 2011. When the pipeline company decided to install PSP systems on its pipeline, the design department was lacked of design support documents, the operate department wasnt clear how to choose the PSP technologies and how to manage the PSP systems either. In order to improve the pipeline safety performance and promote the industrialization of this new technology, industry standards development for PSP systems gets a top priority. The standardization of technology is the necessary road to transfer R&D achievements to large-scale industrial applications [2]. According to the National Energy Boards 2009 Energy Industry Standardization Plan, the PSP standardization project was launched and the industry standard was named as SY/T Specification for security & pre-warning system of oil & gas pipeline. The work group consists of pipeline operators, managers, experts and professors from the pipeline industry and universities. DIRECTIVES FOR STANDARDIZATION 1. Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China It was adopted at the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on June 25, 2010, was thereby promulgated and came into force as of October 1, 2010. It is the fundamental law for pipeline protection in China. 2. GB/T 1.1-2009 Structure and drafting of Standards It is the base principles to draft standards in China. Its directives specify rules to structure and draft technical specifications documents, although itself does not include

technical content. It was an adoption of the international standards ISO/IEC Directives- Part2: 2004, Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. DETERMINING THE STANDARD RANGE PSP technology is an integrated technology that involves several different technologies at different development phases. Some of these are still in the theoretical study phase; some are in the field test phase, while some others have already been implemented in the industrial applications. In this paper, we determine which PSP technologies will be standardized at first. We reviewed the damage forms of pipeline and summarized related matured pre-warning technologies which are presented in Table 1 (Appendix A). By analyzing the PSP technologies and holding coordination meetings in pipeline industry, we chose optical fiber pre-warning technology, acoustic pre-warning technology, intelligent coating pre-warning technology and pipeline key area pre-warning technology as the PSP technology standardization objects. Optical fiber pre-warning technology uses the fiber cable which is laid along the pipeline for communication as a special sensing structure. The oil leakage can be detected by the sensing structure in real-time by measuring leaked noise along the pipeline. The position of leaking point can be obtained by defining the value of time delay of the two measuring signals with the generalized correlation time delay estimation algorithm [3]. Acoustic pre-warning technology uses the sensors installed on the pipeline monitoring the acoustic signals transmission along the pipeline. Different accidents generate different signals [4], the damaging accidents can be detected and identified by monitoring terminals [5] in real-time. Pipeline intelligent coating pre-warning technology uses a parallel resistant circuit that is sandwiched between plastic bands which are wrapped around the pipe or laid above the pipe in the earth [6]. The resistant change is monitored and a mathematic model is built to detect and locate the accidents threaten the pipeline security in real-time. Pipeline key area pre-warning technology consists of perimeter security system and closed-circuit television security system, which can monitor and warn the intrusion events, and transmit the signals to the monitor center. Based on the summary and definition of different pipeline pre-warning technologies, the work group standardized the PSP technology from several aspects, such as application scope, selecting principle, design, installation, inspection and acceptance testing, management and maintenance. RESEARCHING RELATIVE STANDARDS, LAWS, AND REGULATIONS To ensure the new pre-warning standards conformity, the work group studied relative regulations and standards.

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Regulations Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Protection Law is the fundamental for pipeline security protection in China. Two kinds of pipeline security protection methods are provided for pipeline companies in this law. One is named as patrol protection, i.e., to inspect the pipeline as a routine work done by people in Clause 22; and the other one is named as technology protection, i.e., to develop and install new technology systems to protect the pipeline in Clause 24. However, there is no detailed practice for technology protection. So this standard is not to contradict the law. On the contrary, it filled the blank of pipeline technology protection standard. 2. Direct related standards Because pipeline pre-warning system is a new technology for pipeline security, there is no standard having been made by any Standard Developing Organizations (SDOs), and no standard can be used as a direct reference. Development of pipeline security pre-warning standard is a creative work. 3. Relative standards The standards of security protection, fiber communication, and pipeline coating fields have been collected, summarized and analyzed to make sure the new standards conformity, because pipeline security pre-warning technology is an integrated technology involving these fields mentioned above. These standards are presented in table 2 (Appendix A). For example, SY/T 4108 is used as the guidance of optical fiber pre-warning systems fiber design and construction, and SY/T 5918 is used as the specification for repairing the pipeline coating when the intelligence coating pre-warning system is installed. By referring to these technical standards, the new prewarning standards conformity is guaranteed, and it will not conflict to the existing pipeline operation and security management. CARRYING OUT FIELD TESTS During the application of PSP technology, we noticed that the system pre-warning ability evaluation and the pre-warning range of optical fiber pre-warning system and pipeline acoustic pre-warning system need to be confirmed. A series field tests were carried out to solve these questions. Earth rammed testing, machinery excavation testing, and digging testing were done for optical fiber pre-warning system. Standard hit testing was done for pipeline acoustic pre-warning system. The work group combined the testing results with application situation, and sent out questionnaire. Then the testing principles, testing steps, and selecting of testing equipments were standardized according to the feedback. At the same time, by doing these works, scientific and reproducible PSP testing methods are built to evaluate PSP systems.

1.

DRAFT THE SPECIFICATION How to choose the PSP technologies As we set several PSP technologies as the standardization objects in the specification, there is a question about how to choose the PSP technologies for pipeline operators. For a certain pipeline, only when enough information has been collected will it be possible to choose the suitable PSP technology. The information includes pipeline surrounding environment, potential risks, and communications etc. For example, if the pipeline doesnt apply optical fiber to communicate, its not a good idea for the pipeline company selecting optical fiber pre-warning system, because it will cost a lot to lay the optical fiber for a constructed pipeline. In the specification we give principles and suggestions about how to choose the PSP technologies. Specification of different PSP technologies For different PSP technologies, we specified the installation, construction and technical performances respectively. For instance, the monitor distance, presented in table 3, is specified for different PSP systems. Table 3 Different monitor distance for different PSP technologies Intelligent pipeline Optical Acoustic coating key area PSP fiber Prepreprepresystems warning warning warning warning system system system system Individual Individual Individual Individual Type defense equipment equipment equipment area Monitor 500m 200m distance 50,000m 7,200km PSP system acceptance test We also specified the acceptance test process and required performances for every type of PSP system. PSP system acceptance test consists of threat event simulation test and system stability test. The pipeline company will decide whether the PSP system is acceptable according to the tests results. For optical fiber pre-warning system, earth rammed tests, machinery excavation tests, and digging tests are necessary, while standard hit tests are taken for pipeline acoustic prewarning system. There are also special test methods for intelligent coating pre-warning system and pipeline key area pre-warning system. Figure 1 presents the test process and parameters of earth rammed work. The earth rammed work starts from the point 5m away from the pipeline center line, moving vertically towards the pipeline. The response point is where the PSP system in response to the testing, the distance between the pipeline center line and the response point is defined as the pre-warning range.

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It must be noticed that if the PSP system has no response to the testing, there is a limit point for the testing, and the distance is 0.5m to make sure that the earth rammer work doesnt affect the pipeline operation.

FIGURE 1 TEST PROCESS OF EARTH RAMMED WORK The test report is also standardized, during which the PSP systems alarm rate, system response time, and location accuracy are confirmed. For instance, system response time is defined as the time from the testing starting to the PSP system warning, the unit is second. In addition, the PSP standard restricts the test environment to guarantee the reproducibility of test. Test should be carried out free of noise. Wet ground situation should be avoided, while dry and dense soil environment is preferred. Before the PSP system test, the underground construction of the test point should be investigated to make sure the test activities do not affect the security of pipeline and related facilities. For example, the depth and the location of the pipeline and the buried optical fibers should be investigated before testing. The acceptable test place is where the depth of pipeline and optical fiber is suitable. PSP system operation and maintenance PSP system operation and maintenance plays an essential role for pipeline technical protection. The pipeline company can operate the PSP system well according to the standardized documents, which can maximize the PSP systems functions. In the specification, we provide the PSP system maintenance period, alarm management, and training requirements. We specify that the pipeline operation department has to check the PSP monitor center everyday to make sure it works normally. This work is necessary because the PSP system is only triggered by pipeline damage events, which may not take place every day. Checking it as a routine work can avoid the situation that the system is off-line while the operator thinks it still monitors the pipeline in real-time. In addition every half a year the PSP systems need to be inspected by certain department to ensure that the PSP system works well.

The pre-warning alarms remind the operator to response to the potential pipeline damage events. According to the degree of damage consequences, the alarms are divided into three levels listed below. Level : serious event alarm, the operator need to respond to it immediately; Level : important event alarm, the operator need to confirm it; Level : suspected event alarm, the operator need to pay attention for the follow-up events The information about how the alarms were dealt with needs to be added into alarm history record which will be called for statistics and analysis works regularly. Because the PSP technology is complicated and its new for pipeline operators, training is critical to a successful implementation of the PSP system. The contents of training include at least items listed below: PSP system principles; PSP system working instruction; Setting PSP system parameters; How to inspect PSP system; PSP system management and maintenance; Frequent troubleshooting of PSP system. DOCUMENT REVISION AND FINALIZING THE STANDARD When we have drafted the specifications of pipeline prewarning systems, public consultation was carried out and three rounds of coordination meeting were taken. These meetings provided ideal communication channels for the delegates from pipeline industry. At the meetings the delegates exchanged views, cleared up misunderstandings and reached the agreement. Then we revised the standard according to the common understanding achieved at the meetings. At last, the examination meeting of the PSP standard was taken in November 2010. The draft standard for approval was submitted in February 2011. Finally, the industry standard SY/T 6827 Specification for Security & pre-warning System of Oil & gas Pipeline was published in 2011. CONCLUSIONS It takes two years to develop the pipeline security prewarning standard. During the development process, three things should be mentioned here: first, determining the scope of the standard is very important, suitable standardized objects are the basic for the following work. We took a great deal of time to summarize the four types PSP technologies specified in the standard. These technologies are not only need to get common review of pipeline industry but also of well application on long distance transport pipelines. When the PSP technologies that need to be specified were set, the outline of the standard was worked out. Second, its not easy to widely solicit opinions and revise and reach a consensus. The PSP technology involves several parties, pipeline company, pipeline design company,

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and pipeline construction company, which represent different requirements. OGSTSC has done lots of management work for this to make sure that the standard is acceptable during the pipeline industry. Finally, the PSP technology is developing quickly, and we have already realized it and are well prepared for the standard update in the future. Industry standard development is a pivotal step for transferring R&D results into commercial application. The standardization of pre-warning technology will promote the application of it. The standard will not only provide a guide for pipeline design department, but also improve the management of pipeline operate department using the PSP systems. It will play an important role in pipeline security protection. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center for their support and acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Zhou Yan and Mr. Cai Yongjun. Special thanks to OGSTSC for their diligent work during the standard development process. REFERENCES [1] Jianping Liu, Hongju Wang, Jianbin Hao. IPC 2008-64199, Study on Buried Pipeline Security and Early-warning System in Landslide Area Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors, Proceedings of the 7th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Canada, ASME, 2008. [2] Yao Yong, Lei Fu. The Function of Product Standard in the Process of Marine Hi-tech Industrialization, Ocean Technology, 2003, 22(4), 92-96 [3] Zhou Yan, Jin Shijiu, Zhang Yunchao, Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology for Pipeline Leakage Detection and Location, Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2006, 27(2), 121-124 [4] Gary, L. B., Alfred, E. C., Real-time Monitoring of Pipelines for Third Contact, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, December 2005 [5] Yongjun Cai, Pengchao Chen, Dongjie Tan, IPC200864196, Pipeline Acoustic Pre-warning System and Method of Signal Analysis, Proceedings of the 7th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Canada, ASME, 2008. [6] Yang Zhanpin, Development of Intelligent Antiseptic and Anti-theft Monitoring System for Long Distance Pipeline [D], China University of Petroleum, 2009

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APPENDIX A TABLE 1 DAMAGE FORMS OF PIPELINE AND RELATED PRE-WARNING TECHNOLOGIES Damage Forms Machine Excavation Features Ground vibration, pipeline vibration, sounds of striking pipeline, touching pipeline coating. Excavation sounds, drilling sounds, sounds of knocking on pipeline, touching pipeline coating Leakage sounds(gas pipeline), negative press wave(oil pipeline) Landslide, earthquakes, debris flow Characteristic Signal Vibration, making a sound and producing a sound wave, pipeline-earth electromagnetic signal attenuation, changing of equivalent impedance Vibration sound wave Deformation of piping Change of stress Pre-warning Techniques 1. Distributed optical fiber sensing 2. Seismometer array 3. Acoustic detection 4. Electromagnetic pulse 5. Equivalent impedance Acoustic detection Bragg grating sensing

Drilling on Pipeline Corrosion Perforation Natural Disaster

TABLE 2 RELATIVE STANDARDS FOR DEVELOPING PIPELINE SECURITY PRE-WARNING STANDARD NO. Standard Type National, compulsory National, compulsory National, voluntary National, voluntary National, compulsory National, compulsory Industrial, voluntary Industrial, voluntary Industrial, voluntary Industrial, voluntary Industrial, compulsory Industrial, compulsory Industrial, voluntary Industrial, voluntary Standard NO. GB 3836 GB 4208 GB/T 7424 GB/T 15972 GB 50348 GB 50395 SY/T 0414-2007 SY/T 4108 SY/T 5918 SY/T 6064 SY 6186 SY 6444 SY/T 6671 SY/T 6827 Standard Name Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Degrees of protection provided by enclosure (IP code) Generic specification for optical fiber cables Specifications for optical fiber test methods Technical code for engineering of security and protection system Code of design for video monitoring system Technical standard of PE tape coating for steel pipeline Code of design and construction acceptance of FOC (HDPE tube) laying in the same trench with oil (gas) pipeline Technical criteria for external coating rehabilitation of buried steel pipeline Specification for pipeline marks Safety specification for crude oil & natural gas pipelines Safety code for petroleum engineering construction Recommended practice for classification of locations for electrical installations at petroleum facilities classified as class I, zone 0, zone 1, and zone 2 Specification for Security & pre-warning System of Oil & gas Pipeline

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

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