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UNIT 3: RATIOS
OUTLINE
ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS
VOCABULARY
1. RATIO 2. PROPORTION. 3. DIRECT PROPORTION DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL MAGNITUDES SOLVING PROBLEMS o Reduction to the unit. o Another method. 4. INVERSE PROPORTIONALITY INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL MAGNITUDES SOLVING PROBLEMS o Reduction to the unit. o Another method.
5. PERCENTAGES.
PASADO SIMPLE. VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES. CAN/ CANT. COULD/ COULDNT. PHO ETICS
/ :/ /u/
/ / / :/
/u:/ / /
AMOUNT MAGNITUDE CLASSROOM RELATIONSHIP RATIO TO WRITE MEASURE TO CONTAIN PROPORTION EQUIVALENT DIRECT DIRECTLY LENGTH TO SPEND CONSTANT REDUCTION TO RELATE CORRESPONDING ANOTHER RELATION DOUBLING SUPPOSE INVERSE INVERSELY WORKMAN SPEED TO FILL RESERVOIR ASSOCIATE BETWEEN PREVIOUS PERCENTAGES INCREASE DECREASE TAX DISCOUNT
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
20 : 15 =
The ratio can be simplified just like a fraction. It is necessary that the amounts are measured in the same units. If we divide the numerator by the denominator, we obtain the number of times that the numerator contains the denominator. In the previous example:
20 4 = 15 3
4 = 1' 3 3
So there are 1' 3 girls to every boy.
2.- PROPORTION
Two ratios are equal if the numbers that we obtain when we divide the numerator by the denominator are the same. In the case where two ratios are equal, both ratios are a proportion.
a c = PROPORTIO b d
In that case we are going to say that a is to b like c is to d . If we apply the lesson learned about fractions, we can say that the ratios proportional if they are equivalent. 3.- DIRECT PROPORTION Magnitudes: A magnitude is anything that can be measured. Directly Proportional Magnitudes: Two magnitudes m1 and m2 are directly proportional if when one is multiplied by (or divided by) a number, the other is multiplied by (or divided by) the same number. For example: o Length and time spent o Number of things that I buy and the price of them.
a c and are b d
When two magnitudes are directly proportional, the ratio of the first and the ratio of the second are the same. For example: Number of CDs 1 3 5 Price () 5 15 25 Direct 1 3 1 5 1 = = proportionality 5 15 5 25 5 constant Direct proportionality constant is equal to the amount of directly proportional magnitudes.
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
SOLVING PROBLEMS.
There are two ways to solve problems of direct proportionality: 1) Reduction to the unit: We find the amount of one magnitude that is related to the corresponding magnitude of another. This amount is the direct proportionality constant. Example: Peter has bought 3 pens and has paid 27. How many euros will it cost to buy 5 pens? Solution: Magnitude 1: Magnitude 2: Number of pens Cost ()
Relation: Doubling the amount of pens costs double, so they are directly proportional magnitudes (DPM) Number of pens 3 :3 1 5 5 So, he will pay 45 for 5 pens. Cost () 27 :3 09 5 45
2) Another Method: We are going to write a proportion where one ratio amount is unknown. We suppose that they are proportional and then we obtain the unknown value. In the previous example: Number of pens 3 5 Cost () 27 x
So
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
4.- INVERSE PROPORTIONALITY INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL MAGNITUDES. Two magnitudes m1 and m2 are inversely proportional if when one is multiplied by (or is divided by) a number, the other is divided by (or is multiplied by) the same number. For example: o Number of workmen and time that they spend constructing a building. o Speed and time. o Number of taps open and time it takes to fill a reservoir. When two magnitudes are inversely proportional, the multiplication of two associated amounts by their magnitudes is the same. Using multiplication to find the answer is called Constant of Inverse Proportionality and we are going to use it to obtain the values of one of the magnitudes when we know the associated amount of the other.
SOLVING PROBLEMS.
There are two ways to solve problems of inverse proportionality: 1) Reduction to the unit: The objective is the same as direct proportionality, but the way to obtain the answer is different. When we divide the amount of one of the magnitudes by a number, the same number multiplies the amount associated from the other magnitude. This is the way to obtain the amount of one of the magnitudes that is related to one of the other magnitudes. Example: 5 workmen take 30 days to finish a building. How long do 3 workmen take to build it? Solution: Magnitude 1: Number of workmen Magnitude 2: time (days) Relation: Twice the amount of workmen takes half the time, so they are inversely proportional magnitudes (DPM) Number of Time workmen (days) 5 30 :5 5 1 150 3 :3 3 50 So, 3 workmen take 50 days.
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
2) Another method: We write a proportion between a ratio of one magnitude and the inverse ratio of another magnitude. One of the values is unknown; so we are going to obtain it by finding the proportion. In the previous example, Number of workmen 5 3 So: 5.- PERCENTAGES. A percentage is a way to explain a ratio of an amount of a magnitude related to 100 units. time 30 x
So, when we work with percentages, we can use Directly proportional magnitudes. Examples: Obtain 30% of 40: 30% of is 60. What value is ? Percentage increase. Mary wants to buy a car which costs 10000. The tax on the car is 16%. How many Euros does she have to pay Marco to buy the car?
Answer: 11600 Percentage decrease. Mary wants to buy a skirt which costs 20, but it has 20% discount. How many Euros will she pay Mary to buy the skirt after the discount?
Answer: 16
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
Pronunciation
/ 'ma nt/ / 'n r/ /b 'twi:n/ /'kl :sr :m/ /'k :nst nt/
Translation
CANTIDAD OTRO/A ENTRE CLASE / AULA CONSTANTE CORRESPONDIENTE DESCUENTO DISMINUIR DUPLICAR DIRECTAMENTE DIRECTO Equivalente Fraccin Aumento INVERSA INVERSAMENTE
/'d ska nt/ /d 'kri:s/ /d 'rektli/ /d 'rekt/ / 'kw v l nt/ /frk n/ / n'kri:s/ /' n'v :rs/
LONGITUD MAGNITUD
/r 'd k n/
A.N.L.: MATHS
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
APENDIX: POPULATION PIRAMID A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a human population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which normally forms the shape of a pyramid. It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the population on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the total population. A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can show other aspects of the population. A population pyramid also tells how many people of each age range live in the area. There tends to be more females than males in the older age groups, due to females' longer life expectancy.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Population_pyramid_1_%28triangle%29.PNG This distribution is named for the pyramidal shape of its graph. Types of population pyramid
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS
While all countries' population pyramids differ, four types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country. o Stable pyramid - A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality. o Stationary pyramid - A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, also called a constrictive pyramid. o Expansive pyramid - A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. This wide base indicates a large number of children. A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band. This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries, due to little access to and incentive to use birth control, negative environmental factors (for example, lack of clean water) and poor access to health care. o Constrictive pyramid - A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have more people who are generally older. Uses of population pyramids Population pyramids can be used to find the number of economic dependents being supported in a particular population, In short: to observe the natural increase, birth, and death rate. Activities: Answer the following questions: 1. What is a population pyramid? 2. Give another name for population pyramid. 3. Why is it named population pyramid? 4. Place the following names on the graph: X-axis ,Y-axis, base, bar graphs. 5. How many types of population pyramids are there? What are their differences? 6. What are population pyramids used for?
Elena Santofimia
A.N.L.: MATHS