When the drybulb wetbulb and dewpoint Whenthedry bulb,wet bulb,anddew point temperaturesarethesame,theairis saturated.Itcanholdnomoremoisture.

saturated It can hold no more moisture Whenairisatasaturatedcondition,moisture enteringtheairdisplacesmoisturewithinthe entering the air displaces moisture within the air.Thedisplacedmoistureleavestheairin theformoffinedroplets.Whenthiscondition the form of fine droplets When this condition occursinnature,it iscalledfog

 Humidity ratio can be expressed as pounds of Humidityratiocanbeexpressedaspoundsof moistureperpoundofdryair,orasgrains of moistureperpoundofdryair.Thereare7000 moisture per pound of dry air There are 7000 grainsofwaterinapound.To appreciatethe magnitudeoftheseunitsofmeasurement,at magnitude of these units of measurement at sealevelonepoundof70F airoccupies approximately13.5cubicfeet,andonegrain approximately 13 5 cubic feet and one grain ofwaterinthatairweighs abouttwo thousandths(0.002)ofanounce thousandths (0 002) of an ounce

Forexample,at25F,onepoundofdryaircanabsorbandhold19.14grains ofwater;at30Fitcanabsorb24.19grains;at35Fitcanabsorb29.94grains; andsoon.Eachoftheseconditionsisasaturationpoint

 The air entering the cooling coil may be Theairenteringthecoolingcoilmaybe 100%recirculated(A),100%outdoor(B),ora mixtureofthetwo(C). mixture of the two (C)

 Sensible Heat Ratio SensibleHeatRatio

AirQuantity Air Quantity

Beforeproceeding,one moresetofcurvesonthe psychrometric chartmust beidentified. b id tifi d Thesecurvedlines representthechangesin drybulbandwetbulb y temperaturesasair passesthroughatypical coolingcoil.Theseare commonlyreferredtoas commonly referred to as coilcurves

 Somedesignersprefertosetthesupplyair So e des g e s p e e to set t e supp y a temperatureat55Forusea20F temperature differential(RoomDBSupplyDB)withoutregard fortheactualsensible h f h l bl heatratiooftheroom. f h Usingoursameexample,letsexaminehowthis hasthepotentialforcreatingaproblem.Assume h th t ti l f ti bl A thatthebuildingdesignchangestouseamuch higher qualityglassthatwill reducethesensible higherquality glass that will reduce the sensible portionofthedesignloadfrom80,000Btu/hr to 47,000Btu/hr.This reducestheSHRto0.70.

 PlottingthisnewSHRlineonthepsychrometric ott g t s e S e o t e psyc o et c chart,wefindthattheSHRlinecrosses thecoil curveatapproximately49FDB(D). Ifthesystemisarbitrarilydesignedwitha55F supplyairtemperatureD',theresulting room conditionswillfallonthe0.70SHRlinedrawn diti ill f ll th 0 70 SHR li d throughD'.TheresultingroomconditionsA'will be78 FDB,57%RH.Thisarbitrarydesignpractice be 78FDB, 57% RH. This arbitrary design practice resultsinahigher roomrelativehumiditythan desired.

TOR

 In the previous example the sensible heat Inthepreviousexample,thesensibleheat ratiowasbasedonfullloadordesignload conditions.Itmustbeunderstoodthatthe conditions It must be understood that the sensibleportionoftotalheatgainis particularlysubjecttochangethroughoutthe particularly subject to change throughout the day,causingtheratioofsensibletototalheat gaintochange gain to change

 To maintain the design room conditions A for TomaintainthedesignroomconditionsAfor thispartloadsensibleheatratio,adifferent supplyaircondition onethatfallsonthe supply air conditionone that falls on the 0.70SHRlineandadifferentairfloware required.Butsupposethesysteminthis required But suppose the system in this examplewasdesignedtodeliver aconstant quantityofairandvaryitssupplytemperature quantity of air and vary its supply temperature tomeetthechangingloads.

 ThisnewsupplyairtemperatureDisdeliveredin pp y p sufficientquantitytoabsorbtherooms sensible heatgain,butitdoesnotfallonthepartload SHRlineandisnotdryenoughtocompletely SHR line and is not dry enough to completely absorbthelatentheatgain.Whenthe conditionedairenterstheroom,itmixeswith roomairalongthe0.70sensibleheatratioline i l th 0 70 ibl h t ti li fromD'toA'.TheresultingroomconditionA', wheretheSHRlineintersectstheroomdrybulb y temperatureline(78F),showsthattherelative humidityincreasedto61%.

 Thisisthemannerinwhichaconstantvolume, variabletemperaturesystemwithamodulatingcoil performs.Itprovidesaconstantquantityofairtothe roomandrespondstopartloadconditionsbyvarying p p y y g thesupplyairtemperature.Thisisperformedby modulatingtheflowofthecoolingfluidthroughthe coil,typicallyusinga2wayor3waycontrolvalve yp y g y y controlledbyathermostatthatsensestheroomdry bulbtemperature.Suchasystemcanprovidegooddry bulbtemperaturecontrol.Asthesensibleheatratio p changesfromfullload,however,itmaylosecontrolof theroomrelativehumidity

 One method of improving the constant Onemethodofimprovingtheconstant volumesystemsabilitytocontrolroom humidityistoreheatthesupplyair.Inthis humidity is to reheat the supply air In this example,reheatisprovidedbya heatingcoil locateddownstreamoftheairhandler.This located downstream of the air handler This reheatcoiliscontrolledbya thermostat sensingtheroomdry bulbtemperature,while sensing the room drybulb temperature while thecoolingcoiliscontrolledtoprovidea constantleaving airtemperature constant leavingair temperature

 Adding reheat permits better room humidity Addingreheatpermitsbetterroomhumidity controlatvariouspartloadconditionswhile maintainingroomdry bulbtemperature maintaining room drybulb temperature control.Realize,however,thatthissystem usesmoreenergythanthepreviousconstant uses more energy than the previous constant volumesystemwithamodulatingcoolingcoil: itconstantlycoolsthesupplyairto56.5 F, it constantly cools the supply air to 56 5F thenreheatsthe airasnecessarywhenthe buildingsensibleloaddrops. building sensible load drops

 The faceandbypass dampers are controlled Theface and bypassdampersarecontrolled bytheroomdrybulbthermostat.Thecooling coilisallowedto runwild, causing the air coil is allowed to run wild causingtheair thatdoespassthroughittobecooledmoreat partialairflows partial air flows

 This supply air E mixes with room air along the ThissupplyairEmixeswithroomairalongthe partload0.70SHRline,arrivingatthe resultingnewroomconditionsA While the resulting new room conditions A'.Whilethe quantityandtemperatureofsupplyairare suitabletoabsorbtheroom ssensibleheat suitable to absorb the rooms sensible heat gain,theyareunabletocompletelyabsorbthe latentheatgain.Theresultisashiftinroom latent heat gain The result is a shift in room conditionsfromthedesignpointAto78FDB, 58%RH(A ). 58% RH (A')

 The result is a shift in the room conditions Theresultisashiftintheroomconditions fromthedesignpointAto78FDBand59%RH (A ).WhilethesimpleVAVsystemdoesa (A') While the simple VAV system does a betterjobofcontrollingroomhumiditythan thesimpleconstant volumesystem,itisstill the simple constantvolume system it is still unabletomaintainthedesiredconditionof 50%RH. 50% RH