Source: http://www.advancedplacementhistory.com/US%20notes%201840-1861.htm ; ; ; Shifting Society I.

Demographics -1860 33 states in the union - 1820 industrial workers are ten years old - 1820 50% of export is cotton *Immigration -1830- 1060 - Irish flood into America because of potato famine, cau se by potato famine -2 million starved and 2 millions migrated to America - forced discrimination because they were Ca tholics -Natives vs. Irish / Blacks vs. Irish - Irish settle in Boston and New York - Settlers are poor -over time, Irish join power str ucture -lots of settlers - lots of votes -German Immigrants - 1.5 million or so - Settle in Wisconsin -against slavery (settle in Nort h) -immigration nativism: anti- fore igners II. Technology -Agricultural Revolution - 8,000 B.C. man learned how to farm - Industrial Revolution

-1800 A.D.- begins in England and quickly mo ves to America and Germany -Mass production of interchangea ble parts - textile factory (clothes) and steam engine -Eli Whitney invents cotton gin- 1783 -clean cotton 5x faster - cotton becomes more valuable -need more land and more slaves -Transportation -Canastoga Wagon -settlers west -Erie Canal -all water route to New Orleans - 95% cheaper transportation - Railroads: -1828 (First Railroad) -1854 (East Coast to Mississippi ) -1869 (First transcontinental - cheaper and better than canals

III. Social Trends -Second Great Awakening -Free Masons - secret society - founding fathers - primarily Baptists and Methodists - Church of Later Day Saints - Mormons

- Joseph Smith founder - believed in Polygamy more than one wife. - Joseph Smith was violently murdered by a mob - 1846 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah. -Reform movements -why does God want black slaves and women to have no rights? - slavery bad - women votes - Cult of domesticity - Backlash against social reform - truly good woman is the housewife - Jody Geoeys look 1830. - Temperance movement - alcohol is bad - bans alcohol 100 years later. - public education

IV. The Arts Washington during 1783-1859. Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851 Last of the Mohicans Transcendentalism American knock off of Daoism Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882 Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862.

Chapter 17 Peculiar Institution I. Statistics

- 80% British Cotton U.S. - 1850-1733 families owned over 100 slaves - 4 million slaves 1860 - 75% southerners owned no slaves! - 500,000 free blacks on 1860 distributed in North and South. II. King Cotton until cotton gin slavery is dying out cotton kills soil farmers needed more land to grow cotton move west

Mexican war was fought mostly by southerners because of the new move westward/Me xico.

III. The 3 Souths A. Northern Border States - Delaware - Maryland - Kentucky - Missouri -22% of the people in these states wanted to join the Confederacy but it wasnt economically safe. - 17% were black. - at least half of the industry came from the four states

B. Middle South - Virginia politically was huge during civil war. - N. Carolina - Tennessee -Arkansas -36% owned slaves/8 slaves per family -30% were black

- stayed loyal to the union until after the fighting began.

C. South deep south -Georgia -Florida -Alabama -Mississippi -Louisiana -Texas -South Carolina first to secede -43% owned 12 slaves/family -47% were black

D. The Farther north you go, the more loyal to the union. - Less agriculture - North is industry/ South is farmers - deep south was hard core against Union - first to succeed group

III. Slavery and Society -Chivalry code of behavior for knights in middle ages. - Very similar to Southern belief - strong protect the weak - slave owners protected them shelter, food, work. -Honor another strong belief by southerners - if dishonored, they would fight to the death - There were a series of slave rebellion - didnt do much good - Nat Farmer 1831 - initially a successful rebellion.

- leads 100 blacks on rebellion, killing mainly women and children (60 of them) - whites were now paranoid.

V. Abolitionism - Slavery is wrong and needs to be done away with - didnt want to compromise (north_ - Gets a lot of _ from the 2nd great awakening -William Lloyd Garrison 1831 -Newspaper publisher The Liberator - to get rid of slavery *same time as Nat Turner incident. - Frederick Douglas -19th century Martin Luther King -Poster child for abolitionism - Very educated; well off citizen - free man

Chapter 18 Manifest Destiny

I. Tyler Presidency -not really a whiz but ran with Harrison -democrat but hates Jackson -Harrison dies after 20 days and Tyler become pres. -No one likes him/not important presidency - clay proposes a third bank - Tyler (democrat) vetos it.

-Tylers own party doesnt like him -they kick him out -minor arguments with Britain

-Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

II. God Wills It! -Manifest Destiny God wants American to expand (west) - nationalism, religious duty, greed (especially among southerners)

III. James Polk: young Hickory Jealous Leader of America -Doubled Americas size in 4 years. *44 Election - clays third time running for whigs - Polk runs for the democrats - Polk 170 electoral - Clay 105 electoral *4 points - Polk has 4 Points 1. Lower tariffs (49%-25%) 2. Regulate the federal treasury settles national swbt. 3. Wants California 4. Settle Oregon Disputes w/ Britain - 54 40 or fight - 49th parallel is what he settles on - 1846 Oregon treaty we get 49 and south.

*Mexican War -Mexico is past with American over Texas -U.S. wants to buy California from Mexico peacefully for $25 Million - Mexico says NO WAY! - Mexico says that the Border was the Nueces River -> U.S. says the border wa s the Rio Grande

Mexico puts troops on their border Polk orders troops to build a fort on own border Minor bloodshed Polk declares war base on the lie he told Congress (mainly to gain C alifornia) U.S. kicked the crap out of Mexico Mexican War- 1846- 1848 Unpopular in Northeast Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- 1848 We gain: California New Mexico Nevada Utah Arizona

Afterwards, U.S. gives Mexico $15 million and says oops, our bad 1852- book called Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe comes out Within 10 years, 2 million copies are sold Paints negative picture of slavery Very big deal for people in 1850s

Chapter 19-- Road to Civil War I. Mexican Session 1848: in the area around San Francisco the worlds largest gold strike takes place Almost over night California becomes most heavily popula ted Easterners, South Americans, Chinese San Francisco becomes a city in about a month 1848- 14,000 people live in San Fran 1850- 100,200 Some become really rich- merchants, bar owners. Whores

California becomes a state because: Large Population Government could now tax people who live the re Was going to become a N / S state Problem arose due to Missouri Compromise: no slave state to enter the Union w/ free state of California- more cause to civi l war II. Compromise of 1850 Last stand of the Old Guard from early Republic Clay Webster The Compromise: California enters Union as free state South gets Fugitive Slave Law: Runaway slaves must be returned back to owne r Underground Railroad This made slavery more apparent and in the face of the n ortherners- they couldnt ignore it Many Northerners denied the Fugitive Slave Law III. Election of 1852 After Polk were Taylor (1848) and Pierce (1852) Pierces wins in 1852 End of Whig Party Under Pierces presidency, U.S. begins looking at the Cari bbean for cotton IV. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854- (Missouri Compromise is dead) Stephen Douglass creates the ide a of Popular Sovereignty- people rule Douglass is a leading voice in the Senate Calhoun

People decide whether new states are either slave or fre e People from both North and South move to the upcoming st ate of Kansas to win it over Creates a small civil war

Breakdown of the Republic I. Bleeding Kansas Douglas forges the Kansas-Nebraska Act under theory of Popular Sover eignty The collision of North and South in Kansas both tried to create a fo rmal government in Kansas (small civil war) Senator Sumner rips on South Senator Brooks walks up to Sumner and hurts hits him in the face w/ hit come in the Senate House Brooks resigned from Senate- returns to South and though of as a hero Bleeding Kansas never stops merges w/ Civil War II. Republican Party New party makes the scene in 1856 Republicans run Fremont for pres. Democrats run Buchanan American Party *- know nothings Knew nothing but that they were Americans Fremont- 114 votes Buchanan- 170 votes III. Dred Scott Case Slave: 1856-1857- Supreme Court Can a black man be a slave in a free state? Chief Justice Taney decides:

Blacks arent citizens Since black are no considered citizens, Scott has no rig ht to sue Since slaves are property, the govt cant take them w/out d ue process A slave remains a slave even if theyre in a Free state IV. Lincoln vs. Douglas 1858- Illinois Senate race between Lincoln (Rep) and Douglas (Dem) Lincoln challenges Douglas to a series of debates across Illinois Whole country hears about this Lincoln becomes famous nationwide V. John Brown Wild abolitionist fanatic Osama Bin Laden of abolitionism Wants to seize an arsenal in Harpers Ferry Give weapons to Blacks War against slave owners Robert E. Lee- command at Harpers Ferry Stops John Brown- hangs him after quick trial To South hes a (butthead)- creates bad feeling among Southerners To North hes a martyr VI. Election of 1860 The most divisive election ever Four candidates Lincoln- Republican Breckinridge- S. Democrats Bell- Const. Union Douglas- N. Democrats

Lincoln gets 40% of popular votes and wins much of election votes Becomes president Legislative of S. Carolina vote unanimously to leave the union- just because of election of Lincoln Since then 6 other states leave Union Create Confederate States of America Lincoln has 0 power to stop them

Civil War- Tale of the Tape I. Lincoln (the man!!!) A. Biography Comes from nothing Born in 1809 in horrible conditions in Kentucky Both parents were illiterate- dad is a drunken hunter At age 7 they move to Indiana Mom died when he was 9 At age 15 he begins to learn how to read and write Had about as rough a life as a slave Had one year of formal teaching-taught himself loved to learn When he becomes president in 1860 he hadnt been successfu l in anything Married Marry Todd- didnt work out well; she was bipolar B. Politics Everyone in his cabinet thought they should be president Seward and Chase knew that they were better su ited to be pres In 1860 as soon as hes elected the Southern most state se ceded Lincoln does nothing Plan wasnt to abolish slavery but to simply contain it Also to protect the Union II. Fort Sumpter April 12, 1861 Civil War begins S. Carolina attacks Fort Sumter No one is killed After For Sumter the mid-Southern states secede North is now pissed (has a Pearl Harbor affect) III. Balance Sheet

A. Southern advantages: Home-field advantage: dont have to invade War officers are greater Lee Johnston Stonewall Jackson Jeb Stewart

More experience with guns and horses Cotton B. Disadvantages Smaller population Most are black Never industrialized Not much food No real money Had political leadership Jefferson Davis is a bad pres. C. Northern advantages Lincoln Northern wheat Railroads D. Disadvantages: Terrible military leadership George McClellan sucks

IV. Foreign Affairs Will Europe recognize the South? Britain didnt like slavery

V. Gums and Butter In opening days of the war, everyone wanted their shot at glory Later in the war they have to turn to drafting