Port-said university Faculty of engineering Department:- mechanical power engineering (4th year) Course:-Hydraulic machines Report in:Hydro power

generation Supervised by :Dr.eng: Mohammed El-Ghandor Prepared by:1. Ahmed Mohamed El-Sayed Ali El-Bahary 2. Ahmed sameh el sayed mahmoud El-Haridy 3. Mohammed Mahmoud El-Agamy 4. Amr Alaa El-Din Mohamed Helmy Introduction Hydropower is a renewable energy source based on the natural water cycle . Hydropower is the largest renewable energy source, and it produces around 16 % o f the worlds electricity and over four-fifths of the worlds renewable electricity. Hydropower is the most flexible source of power generation available and is capa ble of responding to demand fluctuations in minutes, delivering base-load power and, when a reservoir is present, storing electricity over weeks, months, season s or even years . In addition to flexibility and security services (spinning reserve), hydropower dams with large reservoir storage be used to store energy over time to meet syst em peaks or demand decoupled from inflows. Storage can be over days, weeks, mont hs, seasons or even years depending on the size of the reservoir . Hydropower is the only large-scale and cost-efficient storage technology availab le today. Despite promising developments in other energy storage technologies hy dropower is still the only technology offering economically viable large-scale s torage. It is also a relatively efficient energy storage option. ,

Types of Hydropower Plants There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pump ed storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not. The images below sh ow both types of hydropower plants. Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later. In the U nited States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, a nd irrigation. Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to larg e projects producing electricity for utilities. The sizes of hydropower plants a re described below. Impoundment The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a tu

rbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to mainta in a constant reservoir level. An impoundment hydropower plant dams water in a reservoir. Diversion A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a riv er through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam. The Tazimina project in Alaska is an example of a diversion hydropower plant. No dam was required. Pumped Storage When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to ge nerate electricity. Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own en ergy needs or to sell power to utilities. Large Hydropower Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts. Small Hydropower Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts. Micro Hydropower A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro -hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ran ch, or village. Advantages and disadvantages of hydro power generation Hydroelectric generation offers a number of advantages over other energy sources but faces unique environmental challenges Advantages 1. Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it s a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn t pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coa l or natural gas. 2. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rat e. 3. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping el ectricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electrici ty demand is high. 4. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the gene ration of electricity for many years 5. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leis ure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right. 6. The lake s water can be used for irrigation purposes. 7. the build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity. 8. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green ho use gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere. 9. One key advantage of hydropower is its unrivalled load following capabilit y (i.e. it can meet load fluctuations minute-by-minute).

Disadvantages 1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high

standard. 2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. 3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment i s destroyed 4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded , must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some c ountries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead. 5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For exam ple, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quake s and has depressed the earths surface at its location. 6. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of th eir control. This can lead to serious problems between neighbouring countries. 7. Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past im poundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean.

Summary This report discusses: Hydropower generation definition Hydropower generation importance Hydropower generation advantages &disadvantages Hydropower generation distribution around the world (maps) Hydropower plants types References : RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: COST ANALYSIS SERIES International Renewable Ener gy Agency (IRENA). http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_plant_types.html http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/19bHydropowerAdvantagesandDisadvantages.pd f http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/hydr2.htm