As shown in the below circuit diagrams the project can be divided into two major parts:

1. Controller section:

The controller circuit has the following major sections: Power section: this section takes 12 VAC as input from a transformer and is rectified by a bridge rectifier circuit formedby four diodes 1N4007. This rectified voltage still contains ripples which is not desirable. For this purpose, a filter capacitor of 1000uF is placed after that to smoothen the rectified DC. This is then directly fed to the voltage regulator IC LM7805. The LM7805 regulates the output voltage to exactly 5 VDC irrespective of the input supply fluctuations. This 5VC is then used to power the rest of the circuitry like microcontroller & sensor section. The 10uF capacitors connected at the output of the IC LM7805 is provided for further filtering

and smoothing the DC voltage. The 12V from the rectifier is also directly fed to the relay driving circuits. The 08 nos 0.1 ceramic capacitors shown after the 7805 output are actually placed near each IC pins to minimize the interference and noise on that pins.

Microcontroller section: This consists of microcontroller ATMEGA8. The crystal connected to pin 9 and 10 of the microcontroller is used to provide clock signals to the microcontroller and all the calculations are done according to the speed of the crystal. Since the frequency of the crystal is prone to vary in case of an external noise or interference, the two 33pF capacitors connected at the both ends of the crystal stabilizes the crystal frequency. The 0.1uF capacitor at the power supply pins of the microcontroller helps reducing the external interference and any false triggering. The microcontroller controls the relay circuit from its PORT D.4 to D.7. while PORT D.0 to D.3 are configured as input for receiving signals from touch panel circuit. The 10K resistor & 1uF capacitor connected to the pin 1 of the microcontroller is to provide a time delay in microcontroller startup until the power supply fluctuations are stabilized, so that the microcontroller is always in active mode. In order to reset the microcontroller, this pin can be pulled low. Port D.7 is also connected to Transmitter section for sending signals wirelessly. Port B is connected to LCD for displaying the status of the different devices. IR sensor section: The heart of the touch detecting circuit is the Op-amp IC LM 358. This IC is used as a comparator (Inverting mode) in the circuit. The IC gets signals from the photodiode (RX). The variable resistor connected at the + (pin5) of the IC, is to set the reference voltage to the comparator between 0V to +5 V. Typically at 3.5V. An IR LED is also connected across the 5V supply with a 220E resistor to emit the IR waves. The resistor 220E limits the current to the LED to about 10mA according to the formulae V=IR. Without this resistor, the IR LED will draw too much current and gets burned. When there is no object in front of the receiver photodiode, the IR waves emitted by the LED does not falls on it and therefore there is higher potential at pin 5 of the IC (because of 10K resistor connected with +5V. and therefore the output of the op amp is low. As soon as an obstacle comes in front of the receiver, some IR falls on it and the photodiode conducts. This makes the potential on the pin 5 lower.

Therefore the output of the op amp goes high. These signals from the sensors goes to the microcontroller and the microcontroller then decides the control of related circuitry. The section also consists of a LEDs at each sensor output to check the proper working of the sensor circuits.

Transmitter section: This section receives high/low logic from the microcontroller and transmits the same data over the air through the 433 MHz transmitter module. The 750K resistor connected at pin 15 & 16 is for selecting the oscillator frequency of the IC. The 433 MHz Tx module modulates the data received and transmits it.

LCD section: This includes one LCD JHD162 which has 16 characters per row and two rows. This is connected to the microcontroller ports B.0 to B.5 to display the status of motors. The 10K variable resistor connected with the LCD pin3 controls the brightness level of the LCD. The 100 E resistor at the pin 15 of LCD is to limit the current to the backlight of the LCD.

Relay Driver Section: The output from the microcontroller is very low and therefore the microcontroller cannot drive heavy loads like buzzers, relays, solenoids and similar. This low current signals are then sent to the base of a NPN transistor through a current limiting resistor of 4K7. These signals are amplified and thereby drive the device connected between collector and positive supply.

The relay used in this project are of DPDT type ( Double pole double throw). This relay has two switches controlled from a single coil.

The diodes connected across each relay terminals are for protecting the driving transistor from being damaged from the surges created by the relay coil when it is turned off. Leds connected across the relay terminals is for visually indication of the relay status.

2. Receiver section:

The power supply, microcontroller and relay section is exactly similar to that of controller section. The signal from the receiver module is first sent to the decoder IC HT 12D which sends the relevant on/off signals to

the microcontroller on its port D.1. The microcontroller then switches the device connected at its port D.0 through a transistor circuit as explained in above section.