DRIVES USED IN SHIP PROPULSION

A TERM PAPER
Submitted by

09EE10 DIVYA.M 09EE11 ELAVARASI.E 09EE12 ISWARYA.S 09EE16 KALAIYARASI.K

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Government Aided Autonomous Institution Affiliated to AnnaUniversity) COIMBATORE-641014, TAMILNADU MAY 2012

INTRODUCTION
Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship or boat across water. While paddles and sails are still used on some smaller boats, most modern ships are propelled by mechanical systems consisting a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, in jet drives, an impeller. Choice of a suitable propulsion depends on: size of the ship speed (type of cargo) length, duration of voyage cost (operational expenses) fuel

TYPES OF DRIVES USED IN SHIPS

Diesel Engine Steam Turbines Gas Turbines Nuclear Turbine Hybrid Propulsion System

A)DIESEL ENGINE:
Operation:
A diesel-electric transmission system includes a diesel engine connected to an electrical generator, creating electricity that powers electric traction motors. No clutch is required.In a diesel-electric direct drive arrangement, the (usually single) propeller is driven directly by an electric motor, while two or more dieselgenerators provide electric energy for charging the batteries and/or driving the electric motor. This mechanically isolates the noisy engine compartment from the outer pressure hull and reduces the acoustic signature of the submarine. It is most widely used propulsion.

Types of Engine Used In Diesel Engines:

Two-stroke (large engines) Four-stroke (auxiliary engines)

a)Two-stroke Engines Operation

A two-stroke, two-cycle, or 2-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or up and down movements, of the piston. Twostroke engines often provide high power-to-weight ratio, usually in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the "power band".

b)Four-stroke Diesel Engines Operation

A four-stroke engine, also known as four-cycle, is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokesintake, compression, power, and exhaust during two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle. Intake Stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close. The volume of

air/fuel mixture that is drawn into the cylinder, relative to the volume of the cylinder is called, the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Compression Stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head. Power Stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel engine, which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead centre. Exhaust Stroke: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuelair mixture out through the exhaust valve(s).

a) Two-stroke Diesel Engine

b) Four-stroke Diesel Engine

Advantages of Diesel Engine:

most efficient prime mover lower fuel consumption less bunker space

Disadvantages of Diesel Engine:

more expensive to build and maintain more noise and vibration heavier

B) STEAM TURBINES
Operation:
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator.The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

d)Steam Turbines Advantages of Steam Turbine:

Low noise low weight low maintenance costs

Disadvantages of Steam Turbine:

higher fuel consumption

more space obtained (power /weight ratio raised) C)GAS TURBINES

Operation:
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.

e)GAS TURBINES
Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section. There, the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine which powers the compressor and, for some turbines, drives their mechanical output. The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas. Energy can be extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air or thrust or any combination of these and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, or even tanks.

D)NUCLEAR TURBINES:
Operation:
A nuclear-powered ship is constructed with the nuclear power plant inside a section of the ship the reactor compartment. The components of the nuclear power plant include a high-strength steel reactor vessel, heat exchanger(s) (steam generator), and associated piping, pumps, and valves. Each reactor plant contains over 100 tons of lead shielding, part of which is made radioactive by contact with radioactive material or by neutron activation of impurities in the lead.

f)Nuclear Turbines
The propulsion plant of a nuclear-powered ship or submarine uses a nuclear reactor to generate heat. The heat comes from the fissioning of nuclear fuel contained within the reactor. Since the fisioning process also produces radiation, shields are placed around the reactor so that the crew is protected. The nuclear propulsion plant uses a pressurized water reactor design which has two basic systems Primary system Secondary System

a)Primary System
It circulates ordinary water and consists of the reactor, piping loops, pumps and steam generators. The heat produced in the reactor is transferred to the water under high pressure so it does not boil. This water is pumped through the steam generators and back into the reactor for re-heating. In the steam generators, the heat from the water in the primary system is transferred to the secondary system to create steam. The secondary system is isolated from the primary system so that the water in the two systems does not intermix.

b)Secondary System
In the secondary system, the steam flows from the steam generators to drive the turbine generators, which supply the ship with electricity, and to the main propulsion turbines, which drive the propeller. After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed into water which is fed back to the steam generators by the feed pumps. Thus, both the primary and secondary systems are closed systems where water is recirculated and renewed.

Advantages:
Operational cost is less Faster Operation

Disadvantages: Produce more Noise

E)HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM

Operation:
Hybrid Propulsion for ships as Ships with both mastmounted sails and steam engines were an early form of hybrid vehicle. The modern approach to design a hybrid ship propulsion system today is from an electrical propulsion system powered off the generators in the electric plant.This approach optimizes the most efficient use power sources for propulsion. Typically this type of system is simply a motor on the gear.

g)Hybrid Propulsion System

ADVANTAGES:
Conserve fuel

Produces low levels of toxic fumes

CONCLUSION:
Thus the various drives used in ship propulsion used in ship propulsion are discussed here. Electrical drives are advantageous then other prime movers because of its rugged construction and suitable to any environment. As the shaft has to be immersed in water electrical drives are best suitable for its high efficiency and speed regulation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.marineinsight.com www.brighthubengineering.com Diesel electric drive,by man diesel&turbo Marine Propulsion Guide by James Walker