Sonny An

US History Honors October 18th, 2012

Chapter 8, Sections 1 & 2 Textbook Notes Section 1: Facing a New Order 1880 to 1920: Countryside City. Low wages, diseases, and wretched housing. o Jacob Riis: Photographer & journalist in New York City. Muckraker. Tenement: Apartment building (often crappy). Suburbs: Communities at the edges of big cities. o Mass transportation utilized. 1873: San Francisco began construction of cable-car lines. 1888: Richmond, Virginia, pioneered the use of the trolley car. 1897: Boston opened nations first subway, or underground railway.

Urbanization: The growth of cities. 1898: Four men with improved agricultural implements now do the work formerly done by fourteen. 1880 to 1920: 25 million immigrants entered the United States. o o Mostly southern and eastern Europeans. 1892: Ellis Island opens. 1906: Chicago had 10,000 prostitutes under the age of 19. o 7,000 cocaine addicts. Murder rate increased. Gang fights between rival political groups often marred election days. Well-connected businesses prospered, and so did the politicians (who accepted bribes). Taxpayers paid the bill.

Social problems within cities, as noted by Josiah Strong. o

Poor housing and political corruption.

Political machines: Sophisticated organizations that controlled jobs, contracts, and favors to win votes for politicians. o George Washington Plunkitt: Ward boss of Tammany Hall in New York City. 18 hours a day of kissin booty. Millionaire by the time of death.

Trusts: Combination of companies dominating an industry. o o Created for the purpose of reducing competition in that industry. Often run by a small handful of people, or even a single individual.

Growing middle class. 1|Page

Sonny An
US History Honors October 18th, 2012

Section 2: A Generation of Reformers Early 1890s: Saint Jane opens nursery for the poor. o Jane Addams: Converted Hull House into nursery. Progressives: Reformers of the early 1900s who confronted the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. 1870 to 1920: College enrollment increased more than tenfold. o Separate social science departments developed, including economics, political science, and sociology. Lester Ward: Challenged Herbert Spencers Social Darwinism idea. o o o o 1869: Began outlining his first book, Dynamic Sociology. Completed in 1883. Popular magazines include McClures, Colliers, Cosmopolitan, and American Magazine. Ida Tarbell: Famous muckraker set out to expose John D. Rockefellers ruthless methods (sell or perish). Upton Sinclair: Wrote The Jungle, about the nasty stuff in the meatpacking industry. o I aimed at the publics heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach. Book sparked a reaction to the meat industry. Muckrakers: Combined careful research, vivid writing, and intense moral outrage.

Social gospel movement: Christians who felt that church should improve life on earth. Walter Rauschenbusch: Blamed fierce competition for many social ills. Church bordered region called Hells Kitchen. Underemployment, alcoholism, and despair plagued residents of this poverty-stricken neighborhood.

Florence Kelley: One of the leaders in the battle against child labor. o o 1891: Lived and worked at Jane Addams Hull House. Became general secretary of National Consumers League (NCL). Organized boycotts.

Settlement houses: Institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people. o 1886 to 1910: 400 developed. Hull House most notable.

Early 1920s: 1 million women joined clubs that promoted the arts, education, and community health. 1892: 230 people lynched in the United States. Most were African Americans. 2|Page

Sonny An
US History Honors October 18th, 2012

Ida B. Wells: Leader of anti-lynching movement. o o o Dragged out of train for refusing to leave the white-only section. March 9th, 1892: Three African American men lynched by angry white mob. 1894: Wells moved to Chicago and launched national anti-lynching campaign.

1909: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). 1910: National Urban League.

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